The paper deals with analysis of the influence of geometrical configuration of device cabling upo... more The paper deals with analysis of the influence of geometrical configuration of device cabling upon voltages induced in cable interfaces. The analyzed properties are the cable height and the cable length for common mode disturbance, and the loop width for differential mode disturbance. The analysis is solved both by analytical calculation and by numerical simulation. Achieved results are compared mutually as well as with results obtained by measurements performed according to standardized procedures. Finally the analyzed parameters are ordered in correspondence of their importance for objectivity and reproducibility of immunity tests against electromagnetic field.
Power Line Communication (PLC) systems start to be widely used for different communication servic... more Power Line Communication (PLC) systems start to be widely used for different communication services. As the transfer medium of PLC system does not have strictly defined characteristics the approach to evaluation of EMC characteristics of PLC system elements has to be different from obvious one. In the paper several possible ways are presented. Some experimental results are also given.
ABSTRACT In contrast to half-wave dipoles, Bilog antennas are more popular among test engineers d... more ABSTRACT In contrast to half-wave dipoles, Bilog antennas are more popular among test engineers due to their broadband properties - it is not necessary to change them during the measurement. On the other hand they bring additional errors into measurement, so there are more uncertainty sources and the entire uncertainty is larger. The effect of ground plane on Bilog antenna directivity pattern and consequently the effect of their interference to measurement uncertainty are not measurable. To examine this influence the numerical simulation has been used. The uncertainty contribution is expressed as maximal difference between antenna factors of Bilog and half-wave dipole antenna respectively at same angle of incidence. From the analysis it is evident that though ground plane presence influences the directivity pattern of Bilog, its entire effect is not so significant on the uncertainty. It is mainly influenced by the Bilog directivity pattern errors (the difference from dipole one) by itself. As it results from the analysis, using Bilog antenna is more suitable for larger measuring distance to get lower uncertainties.
2012 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering, 2012
ABSTRACT The main goal of this paper is the analysis of the properties of the magnetic field wave... more ABSTRACT The main goal of this paper is the analysis of the properties of the magnetic field wave properties according to distance from discharge point in order to obtain a quantification of electromagnetic pollution in surroundings of the studied equipment. The measurements are performed with the field probe in the vicinity of the ESD (electrostatic discharge) event, oriented parallel to the discharge plane to ensure maximum coupling, in order to assess the time domain measurement of magnetic field. The radiated magnetic field associated with the discharge can be determined from the discharge current or from the induced voltage in the field probe, based on Faraday's law. Magnetic field will be evaluated after multiple contact discharges in different points. The waveforms of magnetic fields are different depending on the ESD generator construction. In the paper we present the influence of two factors upon magnetic field wave above horizontal coupling plane: distance from discharge point and size of ground strap.
2008 14th Conference on Microwave Techniques, 2008
ABSTRACT EMC test houses are obliged to derive the uncertainty budget of their measurements. One ... more ABSTRACT EMC test houses are obliged to derive the uncertainty budget of their measurements. One of these measurements is radiated EMI measurement. Selection of the receive antenna is an important uncertainty source in such a measurement. Choice of Bilog antenna instead of half-wave dipole is convenient due to its broadband properties, but it can influence the total uncertainty of the measurement. Bilog antenna is directional antenna; its directivity pattern (normalized radiation pattern) is different to the dipole's one. Because all the theoretical calculations consider a dipole and its properties, the use of Bilog can cause additional error, which increases the measurement uncertainty. Analysis of this influence is the aim of this paper.
The standard site method was used to measure antenna factor. Based on calculation of antenna fact... more The standard site method was used to measure antenna factor. Based on calculation of antenna factor uncertainty, ways of more precise estimation of uncertainty, leading to uncertainty reduction, are presented. Using uncertainty standards together with known approaches to radiated emission measurement uncertainty calculation, a model of antenna factor measurement and an equation for calculation of its uncertainty were derived. Possible steps to reduce resultant measurement uncertainty are described, including an analysis of correlation, and acknowledgment of frequency dependence. The uncertainty was calculated in 25 frequency points in the range from 30 MHz to 1000 MHz. Furthermore, various calculations of uncertainty are executed to examine the suggested effects on the uncertainty value.
IEE Colloquium on ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) and ESD Counter Measures, 1995
ABSTRACT This paper describes experimental and numerical results of Electromagnetic (EM) pulses c... more ABSTRACT This paper describes experimental and numerical results of Electromagnetic (EM) pulses caused by Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) in the IEC802.2 standard set-up. Results obtained by combined Spice-TLM model of the ESD event were compared with E and H field measured by a small optically linked field sensor. They enable the distribution of the EM field above the conductive table to be determined. This provides an opportunity to estimate of the induced currents and voltages in sensitive elements during ESD testing
Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2011
In the present time of the electronics development lot of the measure equipments are standing in ... more In the present time of the electronics development lot of the measure equipments are standing in a very close neighborhood of each other. The surrounding of them is then full of various signals of various frequencies and shapes. The electromagnetic influence of these equipments is important for their functionality and performance. The high frequency disturbance with the frequency of 1 MHz and more influence of course also the performance of the operational amplifiers. Lot of such circuit swith the lower power consumption are also sensitive to the very small disturbances. This paper is our contribution to the creating of an Analog Behavioral Model (ABM ) of the OPAMP, which is one of thevery power ful tool and can be used for the SPICE simulations. Some results of the simulations with our proposed model were compared with the measured results as well as with the SPICE simulations on the transistor level. The results showed the good agreement between the modeled and measured values.
2017 11th International Conference on Measurement, 2017
The paper is focused on finding the optimal test setup for measuring radiated emission and testin... more The paper is focused on finding the optimal test setup for measuring radiated emission and testing RF radiated immunity of electronic devices using GPS receiver. The aim is to ensure the full functionality of tested equipment under the immunity test as well as full functionality of the emission measuring system. The test setup was designed with the help of numerical simulations and experimental measurements.
The paper compares behaviour of different types of coupling/decoupling networks for immunity test... more The paper compares behaviour of different types of coupling/decoupling networks for immunity testing against electric fast transient (Burst) from the point of view of their pulse transfer as well as their directivity. Aim of the paper is to show the possibility of using also electromagnetic clamp instead of capacitive clamp, which is less robust, in case of in-situ testing or special testing. The influence of overvoltage protection elements for auxiliary equipment decoupling upon the resulting test severity level is evaluated. Streszczenie. W artykule porównano właściwości różnych rodzajów sieci sprzęgających/odsprzęgających do badań odporności na szybkie elektryczne stany przejściowe (Burst) pod kątem przenoszenia impulsów oraz kierunkowości. Celem pracy jest wykazanie możliwości wykorzystania również cęgów elektromagnetycznych zamiast klamry pojemnościowej, która jest mniej wytrzymała w przypadku testów in-situ lub specjalnych. Oceniono wpływ elementów ograniczających przepięcia na odsprzęganie wyposażenia pomocniczego dla danego poziomu narażeń. (Porównanie sieci sprzęgających do wstrzykiwania impulsów EFT).
The paper deals with the methodology of measurements of conducted and radiated electromagnetic em... more The paper deals with the methodology of measurements of conducted and radiated electromagnetic emissions of devices equipped with a GSM interface whereas their full functionality has to be maintained during the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measurement. At first it briefly describes a standard measurement method and an auxiliary system securing the GSM signal in a shielded semi-anechoic chamber, where the measurement takes place. Then it picks up the most important factor, which causes the rise of radiated emission level during GSM communication and it demonstrates the level of this emission increase. At the end the paper outlines to ways to suppress this phenomenon and analyses the circumstances by other wireless communication technologies.
2016 26th International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA), 2016
The paper is focused on finding the optimal test setup for testing radiated immunity of electroni... more The paper is focused on finding the optimal test setup for testing radiated immunity of electronic devices communicating via wireless transmission paths. The aim is to ensure the full functionality of equipment under test as well as full functionality of testing system by concurrent existence of both electromagnetic fields. A model of the test site for analysis of these conflictions was created in numerical simulator and the simulation results were verified by measurements.
Nowadays, it is very important to know and to keep uncertainty of EMC measurements at low value t... more Nowadays, it is very important to know and to keep uncertainty of EMC measurements at low value to ensure the comparability of measurement results from different laboratories. This paper deals with analysis of uncertainties caused by improper test site configuration - especially by receiving antenna positioning. The analysis is performed at frequency range witch biconical broadband antenna works in and it is based on measurements. Nevertheless, it can be more simple to get results using theoretical analysis, but is does not include the test site properties.
Modern electronic systems including wired and wireless communication ports impose the requirement... more Modern electronic systems including wired and wireless communication ports impose the requirement to equip EMC test lab with various additional interfaces which are necessary to support all operational modes of device under test during test procdures. The paper describes such EMC testing chamber interfaces, which allow bidirectional wired and wireless data transfer between the tested device and auxiliary technical means placed outside the testing space. Streszczenie. Współczesne systemy elektroniczne zawierające porty komunikacji przewodowej i bezprzewodowej narzucają wymagania w zakresie wyposażenia stanowiska badawczego laboratorium EMC w różnorodne interfejsy komunikacyjne niezbędne do zapewnienia wszystkich wymaganych trybów pracy urządzenia poddawanego badaniom. W artykule opisano interfejsy komunikacyjne do komory bezodbiciowej EMC, które pozwalają na dwukierunkowy, przewodowy i bezprzewodowy przesył danych pomiędzy urządzeniem poddanym badaniom a aparaturą pomocniczą zlokalizowaną na zewnątrz komory. (Układ interfejsów do komory bezodbiciowej EMC).
Self-calibration techniques could eliminate measurement errors caused by time changes and compone... more Self-calibration techniques could eliminate measurement errors caused by time changes and component aging. For ADC performance enhancement also averaging is necessary. In the paper the iterative measurement error correction method is presented in combination with averaging. Dither theory for Gaussian noise has been used for exhibition of averaging abilities in ADC characteristic improvement. Experimental ENOB value improvement is more than 1.5 bit.
The paper deals with errors, which rise up during Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) realising harmonic... more The paper deals with errors, which rise up during Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) realising harmonic analysis for power quality measurements, if it is performed by digital signal processors (DSP). For FFT realisation there exist different algorithms based on the same principal but differing in the calculation operations sequence. The paper compares results obtained by radix-2 decimation in frequency and decimation in time algorithms. Then it gives possible improvements for overall error suppression.
2015 25th International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA), 2015
This paper deals with analysis of effect of a test site geometrical arrangement on the test valid... more This paper deals with analysis of effect of a test site geometrical arrangement on the test validity when immunity test of large systems against radiated radiofrequency electromagnetic field is performed. Such a system often equipped with complex cabling cannot be arranged in accordance with normalized setup described by a standard. This leads to lower test validity. The analysis is focused on effect of cabling arrangement on induced current flowing through the cabling. Results obtained by numerical simulations are compared with measurements.
One of the disturbing effects during the radiated emission measurement is the presence of the rec... more One of the disturbing effects during the radiated emission measurement is the presence of the receiving antenna cable. Its influence to the measurement uncertainty as well as to the field distribution is analysed in this paper. Also, solutions how to avoid great inaccuracy are examined.
Many factors that influence radiated emission measurement exist. Except of factors relative to me... more Many factors that influence radiated emission measurement exist. Except of factors relative to measuring chain "test site - antenna - receiver" there are some factors caused by operating personnel like inappropriate configuration of tested equipment, etc. Tested equipments contain generally attached cables of different length; the longer ones shall be shortened by folding into a bundle. The aim of this paper is to analyze the behavior of such cables and its influence on results of radiated emission measurement.
The paper deals with analysis of the influence of geometrical configuration of device cabling upo... more The paper deals with analysis of the influence of geometrical configuration of device cabling upon voltages induced in cable interfaces. The analyzed properties are the cable height and the cable length for common mode disturbance, and the loop width for differential mode disturbance. The analysis is solved both by analytical calculation and by numerical simulation. Achieved results are compared mutually as well as with results obtained by measurements performed according to standardized procedures. Finally the analyzed parameters are ordered in correspondence of their importance for objectivity and reproducibility of immunity tests against electromagnetic field.
Power Line Communication (PLC) systems start to be widely used for different communication servic... more Power Line Communication (PLC) systems start to be widely used for different communication services. As the transfer medium of PLC system does not have strictly defined characteristics the approach to evaluation of EMC characteristics of PLC system elements has to be different from obvious one. In the paper several possible ways are presented. Some experimental results are also given.
ABSTRACT In contrast to half-wave dipoles, Bilog antennas are more popular among test engineers d... more ABSTRACT In contrast to half-wave dipoles, Bilog antennas are more popular among test engineers due to their broadband properties - it is not necessary to change them during the measurement. On the other hand they bring additional errors into measurement, so there are more uncertainty sources and the entire uncertainty is larger. The effect of ground plane on Bilog antenna directivity pattern and consequently the effect of their interference to measurement uncertainty are not measurable. To examine this influence the numerical simulation has been used. The uncertainty contribution is expressed as maximal difference between antenna factors of Bilog and half-wave dipole antenna respectively at same angle of incidence. From the analysis it is evident that though ground plane presence influences the directivity pattern of Bilog, its entire effect is not so significant on the uncertainty. It is mainly influenced by the Bilog directivity pattern errors (the difference from dipole one) by itself. As it results from the analysis, using Bilog antenna is more suitable for larger measuring distance to get lower uncertainties.
2012 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering, 2012
ABSTRACT The main goal of this paper is the analysis of the properties of the magnetic field wave... more ABSTRACT The main goal of this paper is the analysis of the properties of the magnetic field wave properties according to distance from discharge point in order to obtain a quantification of electromagnetic pollution in surroundings of the studied equipment. The measurements are performed with the field probe in the vicinity of the ESD (electrostatic discharge) event, oriented parallel to the discharge plane to ensure maximum coupling, in order to assess the time domain measurement of magnetic field. The radiated magnetic field associated with the discharge can be determined from the discharge current or from the induced voltage in the field probe, based on Faraday's law. Magnetic field will be evaluated after multiple contact discharges in different points. The waveforms of magnetic fields are different depending on the ESD generator construction. In the paper we present the influence of two factors upon magnetic field wave above horizontal coupling plane: distance from discharge point and size of ground strap.
2008 14th Conference on Microwave Techniques, 2008
ABSTRACT EMC test houses are obliged to derive the uncertainty budget of their measurements. One ... more ABSTRACT EMC test houses are obliged to derive the uncertainty budget of their measurements. One of these measurements is radiated EMI measurement. Selection of the receive antenna is an important uncertainty source in such a measurement. Choice of Bilog antenna instead of half-wave dipole is convenient due to its broadband properties, but it can influence the total uncertainty of the measurement. Bilog antenna is directional antenna; its directivity pattern (normalized radiation pattern) is different to the dipole's one. Because all the theoretical calculations consider a dipole and its properties, the use of Bilog can cause additional error, which increases the measurement uncertainty. Analysis of this influence is the aim of this paper.
The standard site method was used to measure antenna factor. Based on calculation of antenna fact... more The standard site method was used to measure antenna factor. Based on calculation of antenna factor uncertainty, ways of more precise estimation of uncertainty, leading to uncertainty reduction, are presented. Using uncertainty standards together with known approaches to radiated emission measurement uncertainty calculation, a model of antenna factor measurement and an equation for calculation of its uncertainty were derived. Possible steps to reduce resultant measurement uncertainty are described, including an analysis of correlation, and acknowledgment of frequency dependence. The uncertainty was calculated in 25 frequency points in the range from 30 MHz to 1000 MHz. Furthermore, various calculations of uncertainty are executed to examine the suggested effects on the uncertainty value.
IEE Colloquium on ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) and ESD Counter Measures, 1995
ABSTRACT This paper describes experimental and numerical results of Electromagnetic (EM) pulses c... more ABSTRACT This paper describes experimental and numerical results of Electromagnetic (EM) pulses caused by Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) in the IEC802.2 standard set-up. Results obtained by combined Spice-TLM model of the ESD event were compared with E and H field measured by a small optically linked field sensor. They enable the distribution of the EM field above the conductive table to be determined. This provides an opportunity to estimate of the induced currents and voltages in sensitive elements during ESD testing
Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2011
In the present time of the electronics development lot of the measure equipments are standing in ... more In the present time of the electronics development lot of the measure equipments are standing in a very close neighborhood of each other. The surrounding of them is then full of various signals of various frequencies and shapes. The electromagnetic influence of these equipments is important for their functionality and performance. The high frequency disturbance with the frequency of 1 MHz and more influence of course also the performance of the operational amplifiers. Lot of such circuit swith the lower power consumption are also sensitive to the very small disturbances. This paper is our contribution to the creating of an Analog Behavioral Model (ABM ) of the OPAMP, which is one of thevery power ful tool and can be used for the SPICE simulations. Some results of the simulations with our proposed model were compared with the measured results as well as with the SPICE simulations on the transistor level. The results showed the good agreement between the modeled and measured values.
2017 11th International Conference on Measurement, 2017
The paper is focused on finding the optimal test setup for measuring radiated emission and testin... more The paper is focused on finding the optimal test setup for measuring radiated emission and testing RF radiated immunity of electronic devices using GPS receiver. The aim is to ensure the full functionality of tested equipment under the immunity test as well as full functionality of the emission measuring system. The test setup was designed with the help of numerical simulations and experimental measurements.
The paper compares behaviour of different types of coupling/decoupling networks for immunity test... more The paper compares behaviour of different types of coupling/decoupling networks for immunity testing against electric fast transient (Burst) from the point of view of their pulse transfer as well as their directivity. Aim of the paper is to show the possibility of using also electromagnetic clamp instead of capacitive clamp, which is less robust, in case of in-situ testing or special testing. The influence of overvoltage protection elements for auxiliary equipment decoupling upon the resulting test severity level is evaluated. Streszczenie. W artykule porównano właściwości różnych rodzajów sieci sprzęgających/odsprzęgających do badań odporności na szybkie elektryczne stany przejściowe (Burst) pod kątem przenoszenia impulsów oraz kierunkowości. Celem pracy jest wykazanie możliwości wykorzystania również cęgów elektromagnetycznych zamiast klamry pojemnościowej, która jest mniej wytrzymała w przypadku testów in-situ lub specjalnych. Oceniono wpływ elementów ograniczających przepięcia na odsprzęganie wyposażenia pomocniczego dla danego poziomu narażeń. (Porównanie sieci sprzęgających do wstrzykiwania impulsów EFT).
The paper deals with the methodology of measurements of conducted and radiated electromagnetic em... more The paper deals with the methodology of measurements of conducted and radiated electromagnetic emissions of devices equipped with a GSM interface whereas their full functionality has to be maintained during the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measurement. At first it briefly describes a standard measurement method and an auxiliary system securing the GSM signal in a shielded semi-anechoic chamber, where the measurement takes place. Then it picks up the most important factor, which causes the rise of radiated emission level during GSM communication and it demonstrates the level of this emission increase. At the end the paper outlines to ways to suppress this phenomenon and analyses the circumstances by other wireless communication technologies.
2016 26th International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA), 2016
The paper is focused on finding the optimal test setup for testing radiated immunity of electroni... more The paper is focused on finding the optimal test setup for testing radiated immunity of electronic devices communicating via wireless transmission paths. The aim is to ensure the full functionality of equipment under test as well as full functionality of testing system by concurrent existence of both electromagnetic fields. A model of the test site for analysis of these conflictions was created in numerical simulator and the simulation results were verified by measurements.
Nowadays, it is very important to know and to keep uncertainty of EMC measurements at low value t... more Nowadays, it is very important to know and to keep uncertainty of EMC measurements at low value to ensure the comparability of measurement results from different laboratories. This paper deals with analysis of uncertainties caused by improper test site configuration - especially by receiving antenna positioning. The analysis is performed at frequency range witch biconical broadband antenna works in and it is based on measurements. Nevertheless, it can be more simple to get results using theoretical analysis, but is does not include the test site properties.
Modern electronic systems including wired and wireless communication ports impose the requirement... more Modern electronic systems including wired and wireless communication ports impose the requirement to equip EMC test lab with various additional interfaces which are necessary to support all operational modes of device under test during test procdures. The paper describes such EMC testing chamber interfaces, which allow bidirectional wired and wireless data transfer between the tested device and auxiliary technical means placed outside the testing space. Streszczenie. Współczesne systemy elektroniczne zawierające porty komunikacji przewodowej i bezprzewodowej narzucają wymagania w zakresie wyposażenia stanowiska badawczego laboratorium EMC w różnorodne interfejsy komunikacyjne niezbędne do zapewnienia wszystkich wymaganych trybów pracy urządzenia poddawanego badaniom. W artykule opisano interfejsy komunikacyjne do komory bezodbiciowej EMC, które pozwalają na dwukierunkowy, przewodowy i bezprzewodowy przesył danych pomiędzy urządzeniem poddanym badaniom a aparaturą pomocniczą zlokalizowaną na zewnątrz komory. (Układ interfejsów do komory bezodbiciowej EMC).
Self-calibration techniques could eliminate measurement errors caused by time changes and compone... more Self-calibration techniques could eliminate measurement errors caused by time changes and component aging. For ADC performance enhancement also averaging is necessary. In the paper the iterative measurement error correction method is presented in combination with averaging. Dither theory for Gaussian noise has been used for exhibition of averaging abilities in ADC characteristic improvement. Experimental ENOB value improvement is more than 1.5 bit.
The paper deals with errors, which rise up during Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) realising harmonic... more The paper deals with errors, which rise up during Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) realising harmonic analysis for power quality measurements, if it is performed by digital signal processors (DSP). For FFT realisation there exist different algorithms based on the same principal but differing in the calculation operations sequence. The paper compares results obtained by radix-2 decimation in frequency and decimation in time algorithms. Then it gives possible improvements for overall error suppression.
2015 25th International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA), 2015
This paper deals with analysis of effect of a test site geometrical arrangement on the test valid... more This paper deals with analysis of effect of a test site geometrical arrangement on the test validity when immunity test of large systems against radiated radiofrequency electromagnetic field is performed. Such a system often equipped with complex cabling cannot be arranged in accordance with normalized setup described by a standard. This leads to lower test validity. The analysis is focused on effect of cabling arrangement on induced current flowing through the cabling. Results obtained by numerical simulations are compared with measurements.
One of the disturbing effects during the radiated emission measurement is the presence of the rec... more One of the disturbing effects during the radiated emission measurement is the presence of the receiving antenna cable. Its influence to the measurement uncertainty as well as to the field distribution is analysed in this paper. Also, solutions how to avoid great inaccuracy are examined.
Many factors that influence radiated emission measurement exist. Except of factors relative to me... more Many factors that influence radiated emission measurement exist. Except of factors relative to measuring chain "test site - antenna - receiver" there are some factors caused by operating personnel like inappropriate configuration of tested equipment, etc. Tested equipments contain generally attached cables of different length; the longer ones shall be shortened by folding into a bundle. The aim of this paper is to analyze the behavior of such cables and its influence on results of radiated emission measurement.
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Papers by Karol kovac