The relative antiproliferative activity of natural interferons alpha and beta was compared in 43 ... more The relative antiproliferative activity of natural interferons alpha and beta was compared in 43 in vitro assays of 25 human cell lines or strains. After 120 hr of continuous exposure to 100 units/ml, interferon beta produced greater than 20% growth inhibition in 22 cells (88%), and interferon alpha produced 20% growth inhibition in 9 cells (36%). Only Daudi (Burkitt's lymphoma) cells were consistently more inhibited by interferon alpha. In the other 24 human cells, the effect of interferon beta was greater or equal to interferon alpha. Although no tissue specificity for interferon beta was evident, interferon alpha generally had greater antiproliferative effects in cells of hematopoietic origin. The effect of interferon alpha was usually established by 72 hr with little further growth inhibition at 120 hr. Conversely, interferon beta often had a greater antiproliferative effect at 120 than at 72 hr. These findings support the hypothesis that various interferons may differ in their biological, cell-regulatory, and clinical effects.
We live in the Information Age, and much of that information comes to us in the form of numbers. ... more We live in the Information Age, and much of that information comes to us in the form of numbers. But before numerical information can be useful it must be analyzed, interpreted, and assimilated. Unfortunately, teaching the techniques for making sense of data has been neglected at all levels of
We analyze extensions of the Poisson process in which any interarrival time that exceeds a fixed ... more We analyze extensions of the Poisson process in which any interarrival time that exceeds a fixed value r is counted as an interarrival of duration r. In the engineering application that initiated this work, one part is tested at a time, and N (t) is the number of parts that, by time t, have either failed, or if they have reached age r while still functioning, have been replaced. We refer to {N (t), t ≥ 0} as a replace-after-fixed-time process. We extend this idea to the case where the replacement time for the process is itself random, and refer to the resulting doubly stochastic process as a replace-after-random-time process.
We introduce systematic methods to create optimal designs for order-of-addition (OofA) experiment... more We introduce systematic methods to create optimal designs for order-of-addition (OofA) experiments, those that study the order in which m components are appliedfor example, the order in which chemicals are added to a reaction or layers are added to a film. Full designs require m! runs, so we investigate design fractions. Balance criteria for creating such designs employ an extension of orthogonal arrays (OA's) to OofA-OA's. A connection is made between D-efficient and OofA-OA designs. Necessary conditions are found for the number of runs needed to create OofA-OA's of strengths 2 and 3. We create a number of new, optimal, designs: 12-run OofA-OA's in 4 and 5 components, 24-run OofA-OA's in 5 and 6 components, and near OofA-OA's in 7 components. We extend these designs to include (a) process factors, and (b) the common case in which component orderings are restricted. We also suggest how such designs may be analyzed.
Fifty-nine evaluable patients with stage III bronchogenic carcinoma, participating in a randomize... more Fifty-nine evaluable patients with stage III bronchogenic carcinoma, participating in a randomized clinical trial evaluating the effect of adjuvant immunotherapy with levamisole or BCG in the treatment of clinically advanced lung cancer, were studied for their immunocompetence by in vitro and in vivo assays. Immunological tests consisted of measurements of natural killer (NK) cell and killer (K) cell cytotoxicity, skin testing reactivity to recall antigens, absolute lymphocyte count, and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels. Pretherapy K cell cytotoxic levels, skin test reactivity to trichophyton antigen, and increased IgA levels were predictive of the overall clinical course. Despite non-specific immunotherapy, progressive decline of NK and K cell cytotoxicity occurred during the course of the disease. These findings, however, were of limited clinical value. Initial performance status and disease extent significantly influenced time to progression and survival. Little further prognostic information was obtained from the immunological tests over those provided by clinical performance status and disease extent. No statistically significant differences were found in either time to progression or survival between controls and patients receiving either levamisole or BCG.
factors (or process/design) parameters which influence critical quality characteristics; these ex... more factors (or process/design) parameters which influence critical quality characteristics; these experimental designs are used for pilot studies and screening experiments to gain maximum information in a limited number of experimental trials. Chapter 8 provides guidelines to engineers for making industrial experiments successful in their own organizations; these industrial experiments are performed using full or fractional factorial designs (Montgomery 1991) or orthogonal array designs (Taguchi 1986) for improving the product quality and process efficiency. Chapter 9 explores a number of real industrial case studies. This book answers the questions “What do I do and how do I do it?” which concerns engineers, but it does not always answer the question “Why do I do it?” which usually concerns the scientists. There are no mathematical or statistical proofs, but it explains good skills for engineering (see also Ruiz Espejo and Singh 2006).
This diagram illustrates the scope of software development and how much of this is often left out... more This diagram illustrates the scope of software development and how much of this is often left out in Agile methods. In looking at the diagram we can see that it starts with the inception of an idea that will help the customer. It may be that the customer does not get the idea, but the intended value is focused on the customer. At some point the business discusses this and decides on a set of capabilities that will be built. The development team takes on the project, builds it and delivers it to the customer to be consumed. Management’s role, which is all too often ignored in the Agile space, has the important role of ensuring the work taking place in the value stream is not be impeded.
Tutorialpg. 185Balancing of pump rotating components, especially impellers, is common practice. T... more Tutorialpg. 185Balancing of pump rotating components, especially impellers, is common practice. The purpose of this effort was to determine the proper design of pump components and balance arbors, create appropriate procedures, and establish their validity through repeatability and reproducibility studies. Examples of tests and recommendations for users are included
We introduce order-of-addition (OofA) experiments, which study the order in which m components ar... more We introduce order-of-addition (OofA) experiments, which study the order in which m components are applied, such as the order in which m chemicals are added to a mix or m layers to a film. We discuss a way for designing such experiments using the traditional paradigm of factors. A full design with m components requires m! runs, but we show that optimal or near-optimal experimental designs can be created with far fewer runs for the important practical cases of m ¼ 4; 5; 6; 7: An analysis method for OofA experiments is explained and is then illustrated with a case study of three sequential experiments.
The relative antiproliferative activity of natural interferons alpha and beta was compared in 43 ... more The relative antiproliferative activity of natural interferons alpha and beta was compared in 43 in vitro assays of 25 human cell lines or strains. After 120 hr of continuous exposure to 100 units/ml, interferon beta produced greater than 20% growth inhibition in 22 cells (88%), and interferon alpha produced 20% growth inhibition in 9 cells (36%). Only Daudi (Burkitt's lymphoma) cells were consistently more inhibited by interferon alpha. In the other 24 human cells, the effect of interferon beta was greater or equal to interferon alpha. Although no tissue specificity for interferon beta was evident, interferon alpha generally had greater antiproliferative effects in cells of hematopoietic origin. The effect of interferon alpha was usually established by 72 hr with little further growth inhibition at 120 hr. Conversely, interferon beta often had a greater antiproliferative effect at 120 than at 72 hr. These findings support the hypothesis that various interferons may differ in their biological, cell-regulatory, and clinical effects.
We live in the Information Age, and much of that information comes to us in the form of numbers. ... more We live in the Information Age, and much of that information comes to us in the form of numbers. But before numerical information can be useful it must be analyzed, interpreted, and assimilated. Unfortunately, teaching the techniques for making sense of data has been neglected at all levels of
We analyze extensions of the Poisson process in which any interarrival time that exceeds a fixed ... more We analyze extensions of the Poisson process in which any interarrival time that exceeds a fixed value r is counted as an interarrival of duration r. In the engineering application that initiated this work, one part is tested at a time, and N (t) is the number of parts that, by time t, have either failed, or if they have reached age r while still functioning, have been replaced. We refer to {N (t), t ≥ 0} as a replace-after-fixed-time process. We extend this idea to the case where the replacement time for the process is itself random, and refer to the resulting doubly stochastic process as a replace-after-random-time process.
We introduce systematic methods to create optimal designs for order-of-addition (OofA) experiment... more We introduce systematic methods to create optimal designs for order-of-addition (OofA) experiments, those that study the order in which m components are appliedfor example, the order in which chemicals are added to a reaction or layers are added to a film. Full designs require m! runs, so we investigate design fractions. Balance criteria for creating such designs employ an extension of orthogonal arrays (OA's) to OofA-OA's. A connection is made between D-efficient and OofA-OA designs. Necessary conditions are found for the number of runs needed to create OofA-OA's of strengths 2 and 3. We create a number of new, optimal, designs: 12-run OofA-OA's in 4 and 5 components, 24-run OofA-OA's in 5 and 6 components, and near OofA-OA's in 7 components. We extend these designs to include (a) process factors, and (b) the common case in which component orderings are restricted. We also suggest how such designs may be analyzed.
Fifty-nine evaluable patients with stage III bronchogenic carcinoma, participating in a randomize... more Fifty-nine evaluable patients with stage III bronchogenic carcinoma, participating in a randomized clinical trial evaluating the effect of adjuvant immunotherapy with levamisole or BCG in the treatment of clinically advanced lung cancer, were studied for their immunocompetence by in vitro and in vivo assays. Immunological tests consisted of measurements of natural killer (NK) cell and killer (K) cell cytotoxicity, skin testing reactivity to recall antigens, absolute lymphocyte count, and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels. Pretherapy K cell cytotoxic levels, skin test reactivity to trichophyton antigen, and increased IgA levels were predictive of the overall clinical course. Despite non-specific immunotherapy, progressive decline of NK and K cell cytotoxicity occurred during the course of the disease. These findings, however, were of limited clinical value. Initial performance status and disease extent significantly influenced time to progression and survival. Little further prognostic information was obtained from the immunological tests over those provided by clinical performance status and disease extent. No statistically significant differences were found in either time to progression or survival between controls and patients receiving either levamisole or BCG.
factors (or process/design) parameters which influence critical quality characteristics; these ex... more factors (or process/design) parameters which influence critical quality characteristics; these experimental designs are used for pilot studies and screening experiments to gain maximum information in a limited number of experimental trials. Chapter 8 provides guidelines to engineers for making industrial experiments successful in their own organizations; these industrial experiments are performed using full or fractional factorial designs (Montgomery 1991) or orthogonal array designs (Taguchi 1986) for improving the product quality and process efficiency. Chapter 9 explores a number of real industrial case studies. This book answers the questions “What do I do and how do I do it?” which concerns engineers, but it does not always answer the question “Why do I do it?” which usually concerns the scientists. There are no mathematical or statistical proofs, but it explains good skills for engineering (see also Ruiz Espejo and Singh 2006).
This diagram illustrates the scope of software development and how much of this is often left out... more This diagram illustrates the scope of software development and how much of this is often left out in Agile methods. In looking at the diagram we can see that it starts with the inception of an idea that will help the customer. It may be that the customer does not get the idea, but the intended value is focused on the customer. At some point the business discusses this and decides on a set of capabilities that will be built. The development team takes on the project, builds it and delivers it to the customer to be consumed. Management’s role, which is all too often ignored in the Agile space, has the important role of ensuring the work taking place in the value stream is not be impeded.
Tutorialpg. 185Balancing of pump rotating components, especially impellers, is common practice. T... more Tutorialpg. 185Balancing of pump rotating components, especially impellers, is common practice. The purpose of this effort was to determine the proper design of pump components and balance arbors, create appropriate procedures, and establish their validity through repeatability and reproducibility studies. Examples of tests and recommendations for users are included
We introduce order-of-addition (OofA) experiments, which study the order in which m components ar... more We introduce order-of-addition (OofA) experiments, which study the order in which m components are applied, such as the order in which m chemicals are added to a mix or m layers to a film. We discuss a way for designing such experiments using the traditional paradigm of factors. A full design with m components requires m! runs, but we show that optimal or near-optimal experimental designs can be created with far fewer runs for the important practical cases of m ¼ 4; 5; 6; 7: An analysis method for OofA experiments is explained and is then illustrated with a case study of three sequential experiments.
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Papers by Joseph Voelkel