Papers by Jonathan Esteve
1. Objectives. To present a simple method that could be used as an epidemiological instrument tha... more 1. Objectives. To present a simple method that could be used as an epidemiological instrument that can help survey the malnutrition. 2. Material and methods. The calculi of Nutrimetry (Nutrimetría) are based on the Z-scores of Height-for-age (HAZ) and BMI-for-age (BAZ) after the World Health Organization references. Each child will sum 1 for HAZ≤-2, 5 for HAZ≥2, and 3 for the rest. Also will sum 0 for BAZ≤-1, 6 for BAZ≥1, and 3 for the rest. After summing the points from both variables, all the possible scores are 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11. The prevalence values for each category will be arranged on a 3x3 square. From left to right, the upper row will contain: 5, 8, 11; the middle row: 3, 6, 9; the bottom row: 1, 4, 7. Even numbers reflect healthy weight, while odd numbers reflect thinness (small numbers) or overweight/obesity (large numbers). We measured the weight and height of 4701 boys and 4509 girls aged 5 to 11 years from public schools of the State of Yucatan. We calcula...
The marathon psyching teams commonly offer strategies, after a psychological assessment, on how t... more The marathon psyching teams commonly offer strategies, after a psychological assessment, on how to be mentally prepared for the race. During the intervention, psychologists frequently find runners coming back from injuries or insecure about how much their body can handle. The aim of this study is to examine how injuries and preparation plans could influence how marathon runners set goals. During the two days prior to the race, 111 recreational runners (102 males, 9 females) aged M=39.2 years (SD=9.6) voluntarily accepted to participate in this study before being counseled by sport psychologists at the expo. A survey was electronically administered prior to the interview and consisted of 18 questions including the experience as a marathon runner, the training plan they followed, the appearance of injuries, and the goals for that particular race. The discrepancy between time goals and real performance was calculated. T-tests and correlations were used to assess the relations between v...
1. Objectives. To run the application of Nutrimetry into a representative dataset of Mexican chil... more 1. Objectives. To run the application of Nutrimetry into a representative dataset of Mexican children and adolescents, as a way to show how this instrument can help assess malnutrition and decide appropriate public health interventions. 2. Material and methods. 20,550 males and 20,451 females aged 0-19 years from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2012) were studied. The calculi of Nutrimetry (Nutrimetría) were applied as explained elsewhere, based on the SD scores of Height-for-age and BMI-for-age after the World Health Organization references. 3. Results. About 50% of the Mexican children and adolescents are coded as 6 (normal BMI and stature). About 30% of children are coded as 9 (normal height and high BMI, 20/25% in adolescents). The high stature codes (5, 8 and 11) sum no more than 2% within childhood. Code 4 (short stature, normal BMI) is about 8% during early childhood and 4.8% during childhood. However, boys and girls show clearly different patterns duri...
Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) age-based cut-offs values have been widely used to perform sc... more Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) age-based cut-offs values have been widely used to perform screening of childhood obesity. However, they must not be well fitted for all ethnics, so several prevalence data are biased. It was our aim to perform an analysis of prevalence of weight, height and BMI in a specific sample of Yucatán. Methods: Our analysis of 14,434 (7,057 girls and 7,377 boys, between 3 and 18 years) children and adolescents (4 to 15 years old) was based on the cross-sectional measurements performed on Yucantán region México) during 2010–2011 period. Weight and height were measured using classical procedures, and BMI was calculated. This represented a 3.47% of the children population in public schools in the state of Yucatán. The LMS (lambda-mu-signma) method (Cole, 1990) was used to construct smoothed age-and gender-specific curves, using the software package LMS Chart Maker Pro, version 2.54. Results: According with WHO criteria these results were found for a) weight:...
1. Objectives. The Body Mass Index (BMI), percent of fat mass, and percent of lean mass have been... more 1. Objectives. The Body Mass Index (BMI), percent of fat mass, and percent of lean mass have been linked to cardiometabolic risk. The aim of this study was to determine how these indicators might be influenced by parental attitudes and feeding practices. 2. Material and methods. 91 students, aged 4 to 17 years, and their mothers (who were in charge of their feeding) participated in a survey. The sample was randomly selected, stratified by residence area, age and sex. We assessed skinfolds (triceps, calf, and abdomen), circumferences (waist, biceps, and thigh), and we calculated BMI, lean body mass (LBM), and body fat (BF). The mothers answered the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ), which is composed of five scales: healthy eating guidance, monitoring, parent pressure, restriction, and child control. We calculated partial correlation for each pair of variables, controlling the age. We estimated multiple linear regressions for each anthropometric variable. 3. Result...
Resumen El manuscrito actual es la traducción del Posicionamiento sobre el Entrenamiento de Fuerz... more Resumen El manuscrito actual es la traducción del Posicionamiento sobre el Entrenamiento de Fuerza para Jóvenes: el Consenso Internacional de 2014. El consenso original es a su vez una adaptación del posicionamiento de la United Kingdom Strength and Conditioning Association. British Journal of Sports Medicine y representa el documento nal rati cado o cialmente a nivel ejecutivo por cada organización que lo respalda. Para enlazar con la versión original del manuscrito en inglés diríjanse a:/20/bjsports-2013-092952.full. Summary The current manuscript is a translation of the Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus. The original manuscript was adapted from the o cial position statement of the UK Strength and Conditioning Association on youth resistance training. It was subsequently reviewed and endorsed by leading professional organisations within the elds of sports medicine, exercise science and paediatrics. The authorship team for this articl...
Plos One, 2008
Background: Distance running performance is a viable model of human locomotion.
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2014
Purpose: To describe training loads during an Ironman training program based on intensity zones a... more Purpose: To describe training loads during an Ironman training program based on intensity zones and observe training-performance relationships. Methods: Nine triathletes completed a program with the same periodization model aiming at participation in the same Ironman event. Before and during the study, subjects performed ramp-protocol tests, running, and cycling to determine aerobic (AeT) and anaerobic thresholds (AnT) through gas-exchange analysis. For swimming, subjects performed a graded lactate test to determine AeT and AnT. Training was subsequently controlled by heart rate (HR) during each training session over 18 wk. Training and the competition were both quantified based on the cumulative time spent in 3 intensity zones: zone 1 (low intensity; <AeT), zone 2 (moderate intensity; between AeT and AnT), and zone 3 (high intensity; >AnT). Results: Most of training time was spent in zone 1 (68% ± 14%), whereas the Ironman competition was primarily performed in zone 2 (59% ± 22%). Significant inverse correlations were found between both total training time and training time in zone 1 vs performance time in competition (r = -.69 and -.92, respectively). In contrast, there was a moderate positive correlation between total training time in zone 2 and performance time in competition (r = .53) and a strong positive correlation between percentage of total training time in zone 2 and performance time in competition (r = .94). Conclusions: While athletes perform with HR mainly in zone 2, better performances are associated with more training time spent in zone 1. A high amount of cycling training in zone 2 may contribute to poorer overall performance.
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2014
To quantify the impact of training-intensity distribution on 10K performance in recreational athl... more To quantify the impact of training-intensity distribution on 10K performance in recreational athletes. Methods: 30 endurance runners were randomly assigned to a training program emphasizing low-intensity, sub-ventilatory-threshold (VT), polarized endurance-training distribution (PET) or a moderately high-intensity (between-thresholds) endurance-training program (BThET). Before the study, the subjects performed a maximal exercise test to determine VT and respiratory-compensation threshold (RCT), which allowed training to be controlled based on heart rate during each training session over the 10-wk intervention period. Subjects performed a 10-km race on the same course before and after the intervention period. Training was quantified based on the cumulative time spent in 3 intensity zones: zone 1 (low intensity, <VT), zone 2 (moderate intensity, between VT and RCT), and zone 3 (high intensity, >RCT). The contribution of total training time in each zone was controlled to have more low-intensity training in PET (±77/3/20), whereas for BThET the distribution was higher in zone 2 and lower in zone 1 (±46/35/19). Results: Both groups significantly improved their 10K time (39min18s ± 4min54s vs 37min19s ± 4min42s, P < .0001 for PET; 39min24s ± 3min54s vs 38min0s ± 4min24s, P < .001 for BThET). Improvements were 5.0% vs 3.6%, ~41 s difference at post-training-intervention. This difference was not significant. However, a subset analysis comparing the 12 runners who actually performed the most PET (n = 6) and BThET (n = 16) distributions showed greater improvement in PET by 1.29 standardized Cohen effect-size units (90% CI 0.31-2.27, P = .038). Conclusions: Polarized training can stimulate greater training effects than between-thresholds training in recreational runners.
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2014
The aim of this study was to describe the pacing distribution during 6 editions of the world cros... more The aim of this study was to describe the pacing distribution during 6 editions of the world cross-country championships. Methods: Data from the 768 male runners participating from 2007 to 2013 were considered for this study. Blocks of 10 participants according to final position (eg, 1st to 10th, 11 to 20th, etc) were considered. Results: Taking data from all editions together, the effect of years was found to be significant (F 5,266 = 3078.69, P < .001, ω 2 = 0.31), as well as the effect of blocks of runners by final position (F 4,266 = 957.62, P < .001, ω 2 = 0.08). A significant general decrease in speed by lap was also found (F 5,1330 = 2344.02, P < .001, ω 2 = 0.29). Post hoc analyses were conducted for every edition where several pacing patterns were found. All correlations between the lap times and the total time were significant. However, each lap might show different predicting capacity over the individual outcome. Discussion: Top athletes seem to display different strategies, which allow them to sustain an optimal speed and/or kick as needed during the critical moments and succeed. After the first group (block) of runners, subsequent blocks always displayed a positive pacing pattern (fast to slow speed). Consequently, a much more stable pacing pattern should be considered to maximize final position. Conclusions: Top-10 finishers in the world cross-country championships tend to display a more even pace than the rest of the finishers, whose general behavior shows a positive (fast-to-slow) pattern.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2011
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2008
Esteve-Lanao, J, Rhea, MR, Fleck, SJ, and Lucia, A. Runningspecific, periodized strength training... more Esteve-Lanao, J, Rhea, MR, Fleck, SJ, and Lucia, A. Runningspecific, periodized strength training attenuates loss of stride length during intense endurance running. J Strength Cond Res 22: 1176-1183, 2008-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a running-specific, periodized strength training program (performed over the specific period [8 weeks] of a 16-week macrocycle) on endurance-trained runners' capacity to maintain stride length during running bouts at competitive speeds. Eighteen well-trained middle-distance runners completed the study (personal bests for 1500 and 5000 m of 3 minutes 57 seconds 6 12 seconds and 15 minutes 24 seconds 6 36 seconds). They were randomly assigned to each of the following groups (6 per group): periodized strength group, performing a periodized strength training program over the 8-week specific (intervention) period (2 sessions per week); nonperiodized strength group, performing the same strength training exercises as the periodized group over the specific period but with no week-to-week variations; and a control group, performing no strength training at all during the specific period. The percentage of loss in the stride length (cm)/ speed (mÁs 21 ) (SLS) ratio was measured by comparing the mean SLS during the first and third (last) group of the total repetitions, respectively, included in each of the interval training sessions performed at race speeds during the competition period that followed the specific period. Significant differences (p , 0.05) were found in mean percentage of SLS loss between the 3 study groups, with the periodized strength group showing no significant SLS change (0.36 6 0.95%) and the 2 other groups showing a moderate or high SLS loss (21.22 6 1.5% and 23.05 6 1.2% for the nonperiodized strength and control groups, respectively). In conclusion, periodized, running-specific strength training minimizes the loss of stride length that typically occurs in endurance runners during fatiguing running bouts. the TM . Schematic representation of the study design. SLS = step length (cm)/speed (mÁs 21 ).
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2005
We report the case of an elite male, East African endurance runner (18 years old) who ranked in t... more We report the case of an elite male, East African endurance runner (18 years old) who ranked in the top 15 in the World Cross Country Championships (sub 21 year old category) despite having a ventricular septal defect (VSD; width: 0.22 cm) that was diagnosed 2 weeks after this event with echocardiographic evaluation. This athlete was a moderate altitude native (,3000 m). Cardiac dimensions were within normal limits and no significant pathological signs were observed. His Vo 2max was relatively low given his performance level (67.9 ml kg 21 min 21 ). Despite his limited training background (only 1 year), his running economy was, however, better than the values reported in our laboratory for Caucasian runners of the same age. Further cardiological follow up might confirm that the VSD causes no pathological effects or any performance detriment in future years. V entricular septal defects (VSD) are one of the most common cardiac abnormalities encountered in a paediatric population. 1 This type of lesion is very rare in the developed world because: (i) the prominent murmur associated with most defects makes it easy to detect during infancy or childhood, which leads to surgical repair before the patient reaches adulthood; and (ii) small VSD undergo spontaneous closure before adulthood. 2 Patients operated on for VSD in childhood are usually considered to be cured. However, anatomical, haemodynamic, functional, electrical, and echocardiographic abnormalities may persist, justifying long term cardiological follow up. No reports are available on the occurrence of VSD in elite athletes. Besides its potential pathological effects, a VSD might have a deleterious effect on sports performance making achievement of elite status unlikely. From 1989 to April 2003, 5285 elite (Olympic class) athletes of both sexes (mostly Caucasians, with mean ages of 23 years (male) and 21 years (female)) from more than 30 sports disciplines (endurance sports, track and field, team sports, etc) underwent one or more echocardiographic evaluations (a mean of six evaluations per athlete) in our sports cardiology department. In this large series of evaluations, however, we only identified one case of VSD, diagnosed in April 2003, which is described below. This very low incidence in elite athletes would suggest, at least partly, that VSD are normally self limiting conditions that preclude participation in competitive sports.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2006
Mesenchymal cells recruited to damaged tissues must circulate through the bloodstream. The absolu... more Mesenchymal cells recruited to damaged tissues must circulate through the bloodstream. The absolute numbers of circulating mesenchymal stem cells (cMSCs) in two different models of acute and chronic skeletal muscle injury were determined. cMSCs were present in significantly higher numbers in both models than in healthy controls. These results support the hypothesis that MSCs are mobilised into the bloodstream after skeletal muscle tissue damage. These two models (acute and chronic) would be of value in the search for molecular mediators of mobilisation of MSCs into the circulation.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2006
The case is reported of an elite, male, white endurance runner (28 years of age), who is one of t... more The case is reported of an elite, male, white endurance runner (28 years of age), who is one of the best non-African runners in the world despite carrying the C34T mutation in the gene (AMPD1) that encodes the skeletal muscle specific isoform of AMP deaminase, an enzyme that plays an important role in muscle metabolism. The frequency of the mutant allele in sedentary white people is 8-11%. Previous research has shown that this mutation, at least in homozygotes, can impair the exercise capacity of untrained people and their trainability. The maximum oxygen uptake of the study subject was exceptionally high (83.6 ml/kg/min), whereas his ammonia and lactate concentrations at high submaximal running speeds were lower than those of other world class runners who are not carriers of the mutation. The partial metabolic deficiency of the study subject is possibly compensated for by his exceptionally favourable anthropometric characteristics (body mass index 18.2 kg/m2).
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Papers by Jonathan Esteve