Journal of the science of food and agriculture, Jan 23, 2016
Grapevine cluster morphology influences the quality and commercial value of wine and table grapes... more Grapevine cluster morphology influences the quality and commercial value of wine and table grapes. It is routinely evaluated by subjective and inaccurate methods that do not meet the requirements set by the food industry. Novel 2D and 3D machine vision technologies emerge as promising tools for its automatic and fast evaluation. The automatic evaluation of cluster length, width and elongation was successfully achieved by the analysis of 2D images, significant and strong correlations with the manual methods being found (r= 0.959, 0.861 and 0.852, respectively). The classification of clusters according to their shape can be achieved by evaluating their conicity in different sections of the cluster. The geometric reconstruction of the morphological volume of the cluster from 2D features worked better than the direct 3D laser scanning system, showing a high correlation (r= 0.956) with the manual approach (water displacement method). In addition, we constructed and validated a simple lin...
A set of SNP markers associated to bunch compactness and related traits were identified in grapev... more A set of SNP markers associated to bunch compactness and related traits were identified in grapevine. Bunch compactness plays an important role in the sanitary status and perceived quality of table and wine grapes, being influenced by cultural practices and by environmental and genetic factors, which are mostly unknown. In this work, we took advantage of genetic, genomic and bioinformatic advances to analyze part of its molecular basis through a combination of transcriptomic and association analyses. Results from different transcriptomic comparisons between loose and compact grapevine clones were analyzed to select a set of candidate genes likely involved in the observed variation for bunch compactness. Up to 183 genes were sequenced in a grapevine collection, and 7032 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in more than 100 varieties with a frequency of the minor allele over 5 %. They were used to test their association in three consecutive seasons with bunch compactness and two of its most influencing factors: total berry number and length of the first ramification of the rachis. Only one SNP was associated with berry number in two seasons, suggesting the high sensitiveness of this trait to seasonal environmental changes. On the other hand, we found a set of SNPs associated with both the first ramification length and bunch compactness in various seasons, in several genes which had not previously related to bunch compactness or bunch compactness-related traits. They are proposed as interesting candidates for further functional analyses aimed to verify the results obtained in this work, as a previous step to their inclusion in marker-assisted selection strategies.
Domestication and selection of Vitis vinifera L. for table and wine grapes has led to a large lev... more Domestication and selection of Vitis vinifera L. for table and wine grapes has led to a large level of berry size diversity in current grapevine cultivars. Identifying the genetic basis for this natural variation is paramount both for breeding programs and for elucidating which genes contributed to crop evolution during domestication and selection processes. The gene VvNAC26, which encodes a NAC domain-containing transcription factor, has been related to the early development of grapevine flowers and berries. It was selected as candidate gene for an association study to elucidate its possible participation in the natural variation of reproductive traits in cultivated grapevine. A grapevine collection of 114 varieties was characterized during three consecutive seasons for different berry and bunch traits. The promoter and coding regions of VvNAC26 gene (VIT_01s0026g02710) were sequenced in all the varieties of the collection, and the existing polymorphisms (SNP and INDEL) were detect...
Bunch compactness is a key factor on the determination of grape quality. The use of qualitative v... more Bunch compactness is a key factor on the determination of grape quality. The use of qualitative visual systems for its determination is quite controversial, hindering some studies that require objective and quantitative measures of the trait. Here, eleven indexes published in literature and eight designed in this survey were tested with three different criteria to determine their usefulness for the estimation of bunch compactness. A sample of 110 grape bunches of different morphology, from 11 different varieties, were classified by a panel of 14 judges according to the visual OIV descriptor Nº 204. Besides, a number of measures were taken from the same bunches, which were used for the indexes’ calculations. Several indexes designed here proved to be more suitable to obtain quantitative estimations for this trait in a genetically diverse set of varieties than the indexes previously published. Two of the selected indexes, CI-18 and CI-19, are based on the combination of six metrics fr...
Background Interaction between TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and LEAFY (LFY) seem to determine the inf... more Background Interaction between TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and LEAFY (LFY) seem to determine the inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis. In a parallel way, overexpression of VvTFL1A, a grapevine TFL1 homolog, causes delayed flowering and production of a ramose cluster in the reiterated reproductive meristem (RRM) somatic variant of cultivar Carignan. To analyze the possible contribution of this gene to cluster phenotypic variation in a diversity panel of cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sativa) its nucleotide diversity was characterized and association analyses among detected sequence polymorphisms and phenology and cluster traits was carried out.ResultsA total of 3.6 kb of the VvTFL1A gene, including its promoter, was sequenced in a core collection of 140 individuals designed to maximize phenotypic variation at agronomical relevant traits. Nucleotide variation for VvTFL1A within this collection was higher in the promoter and intron sequences than in the exon regions; ...
Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 2015
ABSTRACT Background and AimsGrapevine bunch compactness is an important trait with impact on frui... more ABSTRACT Background and AimsGrapevine bunch compactness is an important trait with impact on fruit quality, mainly affecting the susceptibility to bunch rot. Many and different variables have been reported to have a significant influence on the variation of bunch compactness in particular cultivars, but little is known about the role of such variables in a wider framework. The aim of this work was to identify and weight the features responsible for the natural variation in bunch compactness in a large and diverse grapevine collection.Methods and ResultsDifferent statistical tests were sequentially applied to select the determining variables most influencing bunch compactness. Significant and low correlation was obtained for most of the variables studied for three consecutive seasons, confirming the multifactorial nature of this trait. Multivariate analyses indicated that there are three groups of variables with a significant influence on bunch compactness. Two groups, represented by the total number of berries per bunch and by the length of the first ramification of the bunch, are major factors responsible for the trait variation, whereas berry dimensions have a secondary role.Conclusions Bunch compactness is defined by the difference between its morphological (apparent) volume and its actual (solid) volume. The results showed that the actual volume is mainly determined by the total number of berries, whereas the morphological volume also depends on its spatial arrangement, determined by the architecture of the rachis.Significance of the StudyThis is the first multiyear study of bunch compactness at a multicultivar level, and it has allowed the selection and weighting of the main variables affecting the trait. These variables are suitable targets to study the underlying genetics of the trait.
Background: Interaction between TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and LEAFY (LFY) seem to determine the in... more Background: Interaction between TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and LEAFY (LFY) seem to determine the inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis. In a parallel way, overexpression of VvTFL1A, a grapevine TFL1 homolog, causes delayed flowering and production of a ramose cluster in the reiterated reproductive meristem (RRM) somatic variant of cultivar Carignan. To analyze the possible contribution of this gene to cluster phenotypic variation in a diversity panel of cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. vinifera) its nucleotide diversity was characterized and association analyses among detected sequence polymorphisms and phenology and cluster traits was carried out.
This work evaluated the technical feasibility of supercritical CO 2 extraction of caffeine from c... more This work evaluated the technical feasibility of supercritical CO 2 extraction of caffeine from coffee husks, an abundant residue of the coffee industry. Different pre-treatments (initial humidity and milling) and operational conditions (pressure, temperature, time and flow rate) were studied in a CO 2 continuous flow laboratory-scale unit. While prior wetting of the coffee husks was needed, milling was not required to extract the caffeine. The use of higher flow rates and/or operational times resulted in higher extraction rates. The process was favoured with increased operational pressure and temperature due to higher solubility. The maximum extraction yield obtained of this alkaloid was 84% when working at 373 K and 300 bar, using 197 kg CO 2 /kg husks. After water washing, the caffeine was at least 94% pure. Comparing world production data, the initial caffeine content and global extraction yield data of other natural sources, this process could be very advantageous for its technological application.
Aims: Analysis of the diversity and distribution of wine yeasts isolated from organically and con... more Aims: Analysis of the diversity and distribution of wine yeasts isolated from organically and conventionally grown grapes, and during the subsequent fermentation with or without starter cultures in six different commercial wineries. Methods and Results: PCR-RFLP screening of isolates revealed the involvement of ten different species. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, scarcely isolated from grapes, was the dominant species during the latter phases of fermentation, identifying 108 different genotypes by means of SSR analysis. Species and strains' diversity and presence were strongly influenced by the farming system used to grow the grapes and the system of vinification. Conclusions: Organic farming management was more beneficial in terms of diversity and abundance than the conventional one. Induced fermentation generated a great replacement of native yeasts. Although winery-resident yeasts resulted to be predominant in the process, some noncommercial strains originally in the vineyard were found in final stages of the fermentation, confirming that autochthonous strains of S. cerevisiae are capable to conduct the fermentation process up to its end. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study of natural yeast communities from commercial vineyards and wineries is an important step towards the preservation of native genetic resources. Our results have special relevance because it is the first time that the real situation of the yeast ecology of alcoholic fermentation in commercial wineries belonging to the relevant wine-producing Appellation of Origin 'Vinos de Madrid' is shown.
Wine production in most countries is based on the use of commercial strains leading to the coloni... more Wine production in most countries is based on the use of commercial strains leading to the colonisation of the wineries by these strains with the consequent reduction of autochthonous biodiversity. This implies that wine styles could therefore become standardised. The vineyard could be an important source of native yeasts of oenological interest. For this reason the objective of this study was to compare two agronomic conditions with the aim of preserving yeast biodiversity in the vineyard. A three year sampling plan was designed to evaluate the influence of different agronomic parameters on the biodiversity of fermentative grape yeasts. Thus two vineyards, one organic and one conventional, with three different grape varieties (Shiraz, Grenache and Barbera) were chosen. In total, 27 samples were collected from both vineyards. Of these, 1080 colonies were isolated and a total of 9 species were identified. The strains identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae were genotyped by microsatellite analysis obtaining nine different electrophoretic patterns. Classical ecology indexes were used to obtain the richness (S), the biodiversity (H') and the dominance (D) of the species studied. The results indicated a clear influence on grape associated yeast diversity of the phytosanitary treatment used in the vineyard. This is the first time that classical ecology indexes have been used to study the ecology of the spontaneous fermentation of grape musts and the species Candida sorbosa and Pichia toletana have been described in vineyards of the Madrid winegrowing region.
A three year sampling plan was designed in order to evaluate the influence of different agronomic... more A three year sampling plan was designed in order to evaluate the influence of different agronomic parameters on the biodiversity of fermentative grape yeasts. Thus, two vineyards with different biological defense systems (organic and conventional), with three different grape varieties (Shiraz, Grenache and Barbera) were chosen. A total of 27 samples were collected from the two vineyards. Spontaneous fermentation occurred in 24 and 12 of the samples from the conventional and organic vineyards respectively. These results indicated a clear influence on grape associated yeast biodiversity of the phytosanitary treatment used in the vineyard. RESUMEN En este trabajo se ha diseñado un plan de muestreo en dos viñedos de la Comunidad de Madrid (convencional y ecológico) con tres variedades de vid diferentes (Syrah, Garnacha y Barbera) durante tres años, para evaluar la influencia de distintos parámetros agronómicos sobre la biodiversidad de levaduras fermentativas de la uva. De las 27 muestr...
Journal of the science of food and agriculture, Jan 23, 2016
Grapevine cluster morphology influences the quality and commercial value of wine and table grapes... more Grapevine cluster morphology influences the quality and commercial value of wine and table grapes. It is routinely evaluated by subjective and inaccurate methods that do not meet the requirements set by the food industry. Novel 2D and 3D machine vision technologies emerge as promising tools for its automatic and fast evaluation. The automatic evaluation of cluster length, width and elongation was successfully achieved by the analysis of 2D images, significant and strong correlations with the manual methods being found (r= 0.959, 0.861 and 0.852, respectively). The classification of clusters according to their shape can be achieved by evaluating their conicity in different sections of the cluster. The geometric reconstruction of the morphological volume of the cluster from 2D features worked better than the direct 3D laser scanning system, showing a high correlation (r= 0.956) with the manual approach (water displacement method). In addition, we constructed and validated a simple lin...
A set of SNP markers associated to bunch compactness and related traits were identified in grapev... more A set of SNP markers associated to bunch compactness and related traits were identified in grapevine. Bunch compactness plays an important role in the sanitary status and perceived quality of table and wine grapes, being influenced by cultural practices and by environmental and genetic factors, which are mostly unknown. In this work, we took advantage of genetic, genomic and bioinformatic advances to analyze part of its molecular basis through a combination of transcriptomic and association analyses. Results from different transcriptomic comparisons between loose and compact grapevine clones were analyzed to select a set of candidate genes likely involved in the observed variation for bunch compactness. Up to 183 genes were sequenced in a grapevine collection, and 7032 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in more than 100 varieties with a frequency of the minor allele over 5 %. They were used to test their association in three consecutive seasons with bunch compactness and two of its most influencing factors: total berry number and length of the first ramification of the rachis. Only one SNP was associated with berry number in two seasons, suggesting the high sensitiveness of this trait to seasonal environmental changes. On the other hand, we found a set of SNPs associated with both the first ramification length and bunch compactness in various seasons, in several genes which had not previously related to bunch compactness or bunch compactness-related traits. They are proposed as interesting candidates for further functional analyses aimed to verify the results obtained in this work, as a previous step to their inclusion in marker-assisted selection strategies.
Domestication and selection of Vitis vinifera L. for table and wine grapes has led to a large lev... more Domestication and selection of Vitis vinifera L. for table and wine grapes has led to a large level of berry size diversity in current grapevine cultivars. Identifying the genetic basis for this natural variation is paramount both for breeding programs and for elucidating which genes contributed to crop evolution during domestication and selection processes. The gene VvNAC26, which encodes a NAC domain-containing transcription factor, has been related to the early development of grapevine flowers and berries. It was selected as candidate gene for an association study to elucidate its possible participation in the natural variation of reproductive traits in cultivated grapevine. A grapevine collection of 114 varieties was characterized during three consecutive seasons for different berry and bunch traits. The promoter and coding regions of VvNAC26 gene (VIT_01s0026g02710) were sequenced in all the varieties of the collection, and the existing polymorphisms (SNP and INDEL) were detect...
Bunch compactness is a key factor on the determination of grape quality. The use of qualitative v... more Bunch compactness is a key factor on the determination of grape quality. The use of qualitative visual systems for its determination is quite controversial, hindering some studies that require objective and quantitative measures of the trait. Here, eleven indexes published in literature and eight designed in this survey were tested with three different criteria to determine their usefulness for the estimation of bunch compactness. A sample of 110 grape bunches of different morphology, from 11 different varieties, were classified by a panel of 14 judges according to the visual OIV descriptor Nº 204. Besides, a number of measures were taken from the same bunches, which were used for the indexes’ calculations. Several indexes designed here proved to be more suitable to obtain quantitative estimations for this trait in a genetically diverse set of varieties than the indexes previously published. Two of the selected indexes, CI-18 and CI-19, are based on the combination of six metrics fr...
Background Interaction between TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and LEAFY (LFY) seem to determine the inf... more Background Interaction between TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and LEAFY (LFY) seem to determine the inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis. In a parallel way, overexpression of VvTFL1A, a grapevine TFL1 homolog, causes delayed flowering and production of a ramose cluster in the reiterated reproductive meristem (RRM) somatic variant of cultivar Carignan. To analyze the possible contribution of this gene to cluster phenotypic variation in a diversity panel of cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sativa) its nucleotide diversity was characterized and association analyses among detected sequence polymorphisms and phenology and cluster traits was carried out.ResultsA total of 3.6 kb of the VvTFL1A gene, including its promoter, was sequenced in a core collection of 140 individuals designed to maximize phenotypic variation at agronomical relevant traits. Nucleotide variation for VvTFL1A within this collection was higher in the promoter and intron sequences than in the exon regions; ...
Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 2015
ABSTRACT Background and AimsGrapevine bunch compactness is an important trait with impact on frui... more ABSTRACT Background and AimsGrapevine bunch compactness is an important trait with impact on fruit quality, mainly affecting the susceptibility to bunch rot. Many and different variables have been reported to have a significant influence on the variation of bunch compactness in particular cultivars, but little is known about the role of such variables in a wider framework. The aim of this work was to identify and weight the features responsible for the natural variation in bunch compactness in a large and diverse grapevine collection.Methods and ResultsDifferent statistical tests were sequentially applied to select the determining variables most influencing bunch compactness. Significant and low correlation was obtained for most of the variables studied for three consecutive seasons, confirming the multifactorial nature of this trait. Multivariate analyses indicated that there are three groups of variables with a significant influence on bunch compactness. Two groups, represented by the total number of berries per bunch and by the length of the first ramification of the bunch, are major factors responsible for the trait variation, whereas berry dimensions have a secondary role.Conclusions Bunch compactness is defined by the difference between its morphological (apparent) volume and its actual (solid) volume. The results showed that the actual volume is mainly determined by the total number of berries, whereas the morphological volume also depends on its spatial arrangement, determined by the architecture of the rachis.Significance of the StudyThis is the first multiyear study of bunch compactness at a multicultivar level, and it has allowed the selection and weighting of the main variables affecting the trait. These variables are suitable targets to study the underlying genetics of the trait.
Background: Interaction between TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and LEAFY (LFY) seem to determine the in... more Background: Interaction between TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and LEAFY (LFY) seem to determine the inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis. In a parallel way, overexpression of VvTFL1A, a grapevine TFL1 homolog, causes delayed flowering and production of a ramose cluster in the reiterated reproductive meristem (RRM) somatic variant of cultivar Carignan. To analyze the possible contribution of this gene to cluster phenotypic variation in a diversity panel of cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. vinifera) its nucleotide diversity was characterized and association analyses among detected sequence polymorphisms and phenology and cluster traits was carried out.
This work evaluated the technical feasibility of supercritical CO 2 extraction of caffeine from c... more This work evaluated the technical feasibility of supercritical CO 2 extraction of caffeine from coffee husks, an abundant residue of the coffee industry. Different pre-treatments (initial humidity and milling) and operational conditions (pressure, temperature, time and flow rate) were studied in a CO 2 continuous flow laboratory-scale unit. While prior wetting of the coffee husks was needed, milling was not required to extract the caffeine. The use of higher flow rates and/or operational times resulted in higher extraction rates. The process was favoured with increased operational pressure and temperature due to higher solubility. The maximum extraction yield obtained of this alkaloid was 84% when working at 373 K and 300 bar, using 197 kg CO 2 /kg husks. After water washing, the caffeine was at least 94% pure. Comparing world production data, the initial caffeine content and global extraction yield data of other natural sources, this process could be very advantageous for its technological application.
Aims: Analysis of the diversity and distribution of wine yeasts isolated from organically and con... more Aims: Analysis of the diversity and distribution of wine yeasts isolated from organically and conventionally grown grapes, and during the subsequent fermentation with or without starter cultures in six different commercial wineries. Methods and Results: PCR-RFLP screening of isolates revealed the involvement of ten different species. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, scarcely isolated from grapes, was the dominant species during the latter phases of fermentation, identifying 108 different genotypes by means of SSR analysis. Species and strains' diversity and presence were strongly influenced by the farming system used to grow the grapes and the system of vinification. Conclusions: Organic farming management was more beneficial in terms of diversity and abundance than the conventional one. Induced fermentation generated a great replacement of native yeasts. Although winery-resident yeasts resulted to be predominant in the process, some noncommercial strains originally in the vineyard were found in final stages of the fermentation, confirming that autochthonous strains of S. cerevisiae are capable to conduct the fermentation process up to its end. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study of natural yeast communities from commercial vineyards and wineries is an important step towards the preservation of native genetic resources. Our results have special relevance because it is the first time that the real situation of the yeast ecology of alcoholic fermentation in commercial wineries belonging to the relevant wine-producing Appellation of Origin 'Vinos de Madrid' is shown.
Wine production in most countries is based on the use of commercial strains leading to the coloni... more Wine production in most countries is based on the use of commercial strains leading to the colonisation of the wineries by these strains with the consequent reduction of autochthonous biodiversity. This implies that wine styles could therefore become standardised. The vineyard could be an important source of native yeasts of oenological interest. For this reason the objective of this study was to compare two agronomic conditions with the aim of preserving yeast biodiversity in the vineyard. A three year sampling plan was designed to evaluate the influence of different agronomic parameters on the biodiversity of fermentative grape yeasts. Thus two vineyards, one organic and one conventional, with three different grape varieties (Shiraz, Grenache and Barbera) were chosen. In total, 27 samples were collected from both vineyards. Of these, 1080 colonies were isolated and a total of 9 species were identified. The strains identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae were genotyped by microsatellite analysis obtaining nine different electrophoretic patterns. Classical ecology indexes were used to obtain the richness (S), the biodiversity (H') and the dominance (D) of the species studied. The results indicated a clear influence on grape associated yeast diversity of the phytosanitary treatment used in the vineyard. This is the first time that classical ecology indexes have been used to study the ecology of the spontaneous fermentation of grape musts and the species Candida sorbosa and Pichia toletana have been described in vineyards of the Madrid winegrowing region.
A three year sampling plan was designed in order to evaluate the influence of different agronomic... more A three year sampling plan was designed in order to evaluate the influence of different agronomic parameters on the biodiversity of fermentative grape yeasts. Thus, two vineyards with different biological defense systems (organic and conventional), with three different grape varieties (Shiraz, Grenache and Barbera) were chosen. A total of 27 samples were collected from the two vineyards. Spontaneous fermentation occurred in 24 and 12 of the samples from the conventional and organic vineyards respectively. These results indicated a clear influence on grape associated yeast biodiversity of the phytosanitary treatment used in the vineyard. RESUMEN En este trabajo se ha diseñado un plan de muestreo en dos viñedos de la Comunidad de Madrid (convencional y ecológico) con tres variedades de vid diferentes (Syrah, Garnacha y Barbera) durante tres años, para evaluar la influencia de distintos parámetros agronómicos sobre la biodiversidad de levaduras fermentativas de la uva. De las 27 muestr...
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Papers by Javier Tello