Since the early 1970's, research has been done on the negative effects of divorce on children's w... more Since the early 1970's, research has been done on the negative effects of divorce on children's well-being and the intergenerational transmission of divorce risks in the USA. Especially the public opinion in the United States has been one of enormous concern for the effects on children, since divorce rates have developed strongly, and are still significantly higher than in any other country in the world. It has been shown that there exists a clear intergenerational transmission of divorce risks in the USA: children of divorced parents divorce significantly more often than comparable children of non-divorced parents. These results were also found for the GDR, the FRG and the Netherlands. The research on the intergenerational transmission of divorce risks has not yet been done for the Latin part of Europe. Therefore it is impossible to generalise the divorce risks as a result of parental divorce for the whole of the European Union. It might be possible that divorces and their risks are different for the Latin part of Europe due to the distinct cultural and religious context. The aim of this article is to add France to the list of analysed societies. What makes France especially interesting lies in its historical background: it was the first nation to introduce legal divorce in the early 1800's. We use the INSEE Jeunes et Carrieres 1997 survey, which contains data of both parents and children's family history, relationships, education, environment and background information. Our analysis of these French data has shown a difference of 23,8% divorced children by divorced parents in comparison with only 12,6% of divorced children by non-divorced parents. We also found a clear intergenerational transmission of divorce risks in France: children of divorced parents have a higher chance of 1,74 to get divorced themselves compared to children of non-divorced parents with the same characteristics. In addition we found a clear positive influence by the age when people get their first child on the divorce risk. Having children in itself also has a positive influence on the chances that marriage doesn't result in divorce. Altogether, the intergenerational transmission of divorce risks in France doesn't differ from that in other European societies.
... Van de publieke sector naar de culturele of economische sector? Een... (2004). ... Title, Van... more ... Van de publieke sector naar de culturele of economische sector? Een... (2004). ... Title, Van depublieke sector naar de culturele of economische sector? Een vergelijking tussen de Nederlandse adel en het patriciaat in de twintigste eeuw. Published in, Virtus, Vol. 11, p.104-118. ...
The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS), directed by Stefano Bartolini since Septe... more The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS), directed by Stefano Bartolini since September 2006, is home to a large post-doctoral programme. Created in 1992, it aims to develop inter-disciplinary and comparative research and to promote work on the major issues facing the process of integration and European society.
claims that in the short run ethnic diversity tends to reduce solidarity and social capital: in e... more claims that in the short run ethnic diversity tends to reduce solidarity and social capital: in ethnically diverse neighborhoods, residents of all ethnicities tend to 'hunker down'. Trust (even in one's own ethnic group) is lower, altruism and community cooperation is more rare, friends fewer. This study replicates Putnam's analysis for a West-European country. Furthermore, by including the ethnicity of the respondent's neighbors, a sub-neighborhood level measure of ethnic diversity is added to the analyses. With data from the Netherlands (N=5,757), using multi-level regression, we confirm Putnam's claim and find that both for immigrants and native residents 1) neighborhoods' ethnic diversity reduces individual trust in neighborhoods; 2) those with neighbors of a different ethnicity have less trust in neighborhoods and neighbors 3) a substantial part of the effect of neighborhoods' ethnic diversity on individual trust can be explained by the higher propensity of having neighbors of a different ethnicity. We conclude that ethnic diversity can have a negative effect on individual trust. However, we do not find these negative effects of neighborhoods' or neighbors ethnic diversity on inter-ethnic trust.
Aandacht voor de Putnam-hypothese is in het geheel niet overdreven 1 Jaap Dronkers en Bram Lancee... more Aandacht voor de Putnam-hypothese is in het geheel niet overdreven 1 Jaap Dronkers en Bram Lancee* Jaap Dronkers en Bram Lancee* De repliek van Me´rove Gijsberts, Tom van der Meer en Jaco Dagevos op ons artikel 'Etnische diversiteit, sociaal vertrouwen in de buurt en contact van allochtonen en autochtonen met de buren' is interessant, omdat etnische diversiteit van buurten een onderwerp van betekenis is en zij belangrijke kritiekpunten aansnijden. Wij hopen in deze bijdrage te laten zien dat wij niet onterecht Amerikaanse resultaten generaliseren, dat hun gelijkstelling van etnische concentratie en diversiteit conceptueel verwarrender is dan ons gebruik van meerdere indicatoren voor sociaal vertrouwen, en dat wij het belang van contextkenmerken zoals etnische diversiteit niet overschat hebben.
This paper offers a counter-example of the modernisation theory by looking at the elite positions... more This paper offers a counter-example of the modernisation theory by looking at the elite positions of the nobility and high bourgeoisie in the Netherlands in the 20 th century. We compare the elite positions of the parents and the children, and between noble families and high bourgeoisie families. The likelihood of achieving an elite position has not decreased for different generations of the nobility or in comparison with the high bourgeoisie. An important factor is their social and cultural capital as indicated by the noble titles of mother and parents-in-law. This suggests that the modernisation theory may apply to the middle classes, but far less to the elites.
This article uses a cross-national research perspective on divorce risks within a single country.... more This article uses a cross-national research perspective on divorce risks within a single country. We will argue that Belgium as such is an interesting test case in international perspective since it combines -in a quasi experimental setting -a mutual national divorce legislation with different regional cultural traditions. Belgium is divided into a rather catholic northern part (Flanders) and a secular southern part (Wallonia), respectively referred to as a southern (Spain, Italy) and a northern (Scandinavian) cultural pattern. In this contribution we analyse the effects of different micro-, macro-and interaction-determinants to examine to what extent they can account for the difference in divorce proneness between Flanders and Wallonia. Our results show that the different regional divorce risks can partly be attributed to different regional characteristics concerning cultural and religious traditions.
Using Program for International Student Assessment [PISA] 2006 data, we examine the science perfo... more Using Program for International Student Assessment [PISA] 2006 data, we examine the science performance of 9.279 15-year-old children of immigrants, originating from 35 different countries, living in 16 Western countries of destination. Whereas former research has mainly paid attention to the influence of individual-level characteristics on the educational performance of immigrants, this study’s focus is on macro-level characteristics. Using a cross-classified multilevel approach, we examine the impact of educational systems and political, economic, and religious features of both countries of origin and destination. The results show that at the destination level the degree of teacher shortage has a negative, and a longer history of migration has a positive, effect on science performance. Moreover, comprehensive educational systems have a positive influence on immigrant children’s performance, but this is only the case for higher class children. At the origin level, the compulsor...
Summary. There are four major ethnic minority groups in the Netherlands—labour migrants from Turk... more Summary. There are four major ethnic minority groups in the Netherlands—labour migrants from Turkey and Morocco together with migrants from former Dutch colonies in the Caribbean, namely Antilles and Surinam. Men from all four groups have lower labour-market participation and higher unemployment than the indigenous Dutch, and this holds for the second generation as well as for the first. For
ABSTRACT This article examines the effect of the ethnic composition on school performances in sec... more ABSTRACT This article examines the effect of the ethnic composition on school performances in secondary education for Turkish students, using both cross-national and Swiss national PISA 2009 data. At school level our results show no effect of the proportion of natives or the proportion of coethnics and a negative association between ethnic diversity (we employ a residualized score of diversity on the proportion of migrants) and math performances. Consequently, we find no evidence for social capital advantages and an indication of barriers. Finally, we find no association between social capital variables on national or educational system level and math performance.
Living in a single-parent family is negatively related with children's educational performance co... more Living in a single-parent family is negatively related with children's educational performance compared to living with 2 biological parents. In this article, we aim to find out to what extent the context of the school's share of single-parent families affects this negative relationship. We use pooled data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), that is, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2000 and 2003, which contain information on 209,300 students at 11,887 schools in 25 countries. We found that attending a school with more children from single-parent families affects the educational performance of all children negatively, but it particularly harms children from single-mother families. Furthermore, we have indications that in countries in which the number of single-parent families is higher, the negative effect of attending a school with a higher share of single-parent families decreases, except for the US.
The main research question of this paper is the combined estimation of the effects of educational... more The main research question of this paper is the combined estimation of the effects of educational systems, school-composition and track-level on the educational achievement of 15-years-old students. We specifically focus on the effects of socioeconomic and ethnic background on achievement scores and to what extent these effects are affected by characteristics of the school, track or educational system these students are in. In doing so, we examine the 'sorting' mechanisms of schools and tracks in highly stratified, moderately stratified and comprehensive education systems. We use data from the 2006 PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) wave. Compared to previous research in this area the main contribution of this paper is that we explicitly include track-level and school-level as separate units of analyses, which leads to less biased results of the effects of characteristics of the educational system. The results highlight the importance of including track-level and school-level factors in the debate of educational inequality of opportunity for students in different education contexts. The findings clearly indicate that the effects of educational system characteristics are flawed if the analysis uses only a country and a student level and ignores the track-and school-level characteristics. Moreover the inclusion of the track-level is necessary to avoid overestimation of the school-composition effect, especially in stratified educational systems. From a policy perspective, the most important finding is that educational system are not uniformly 'good' or 'bad', but they have different consequences for different groups. Some groups are better off in comprehensive systems, while other groups are better off in moderately or highly stratified systems.
Drawing on the second and third wave of the European Social Survey, we analyse the perception of ... more Drawing on the second and third wave of the European Social Survey, we analyse the perception of in-group discrimination of 7034 immigrants from 177 different countries of origin in 14 European Union countries. In addition to testing the effects of individual factors, such as education, religion, and migration history, we estimate the effects of macro-characteristics of both origin and destination countries. We distinguish four dimensions of explanations: immigration, religion, economic circymstances and immigration policies. The influence of adherence to Eastern Orthodox, Jewish and non-Christian religions on perceived in-group discrimination is significant, and can not be explained by characteristics of the origin or destination countries. The migration history of these groups is also relevant for the perceived discrimination: immigrants who are citizens of the country of their destination, who speak the majority language at home and who are married to a native perceive in-group d...
Dutch noble families have held more elite positions than high bourgeois families during the 20th ... more Dutch noble families have held more elite positions than high bourgeois families during the 20th century, and this relative advantage hardly changed over several generations. In this paper we test on of the possible explanations of this ‘constant noble advantage hypothesis’, using a sample of members of noble and high bourgeois families born in the 20th century. We assume that
Since the early 1970's, research has been done on the negative effects of divorce on children's w... more Since the early 1970's, research has been done on the negative effects of divorce on children's well-being and the intergenerational transmission of divorce risks in the USA. Especially the public opinion in the United States has been one of enormous concern for the effects on children, since divorce rates have developed strongly, and are still significantly higher than in any other country in the world. It has been shown that there exists a clear intergenerational transmission of divorce risks in the USA: children of divorced parents divorce significantly more often than comparable children of non-divorced parents. These results were also found for the GDR, the FRG and the Netherlands. The research on the intergenerational transmission of divorce risks has not yet been done for the Latin part of Europe. Therefore it is impossible to generalise the divorce risks as a result of parental divorce for the whole of the European Union. It might be possible that divorces and their risks are different for the Latin part of Europe due to the distinct cultural and religious context. The aim of this article is to add France to the list of analysed societies. What makes France especially interesting lies in its historical background: it was the first nation to introduce legal divorce in the early 1800's. We use the INSEE Jeunes et Carrieres 1997 survey, which contains data of both parents and children's family history, relationships, education, environment and background information. Our analysis of these French data has shown a difference of 23,8% divorced children by divorced parents in comparison with only 12,6% of divorced children by non-divorced parents. We also found a clear intergenerational transmission of divorce risks in France: children of divorced parents have a higher chance of 1,74 to get divorced themselves compared to children of non-divorced parents with the same characteristics. In addition we found a clear positive influence by the age when people get their first child on the divorce risk. Having children in itself also has a positive influence on the chances that marriage doesn't result in divorce. Altogether, the intergenerational transmission of divorce risks in France doesn't differ from that in other European societies.
... Van de publieke sector naar de culturele of economische sector? Een... (2004). ... Title, Van... more ... Van de publieke sector naar de culturele of economische sector? Een... (2004). ... Title, Van depublieke sector naar de culturele of economische sector? Een vergelijking tussen de Nederlandse adel en het patriciaat in de twintigste eeuw. Published in, Virtus, Vol. 11, p.104-118. ...
The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS), directed by Stefano Bartolini since Septe... more The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS), directed by Stefano Bartolini since September 2006, is home to a large post-doctoral programme. Created in 1992, it aims to develop inter-disciplinary and comparative research and to promote work on the major issues facing the process of integration and European society.
claims that in the short run ethnic diversity tends to reduce solidarity and social capital: in e... more claims that in the short run ethnic diversity tends to reduce solidarity and social capital: in ethnically diverse neighborhoods, residents of all ethnicities tend to 'hunker down'. Trust (even in one's own ethnic group) is lower, altruism and community cooperation is more rare, friends fewer. This study replicates Putnam's analysis for a West-European country. Furthermore, by including the ethnicity of the respondent's neighbors, a sub-neighborhood level measure of ethnic diversity is added to the analyses. With data from the Netherlands (N=5,757), using multi-level regression, we confirm Putnam's claim and find that both for immigrants and native residents 1) neighborhoods' ethnic diversity reduces individual trust in neighborhoods; 2) those with neighbors of a different ethnicity have less trust in neighborhoods and neighbors 3) a substantial part of the effect of neighborhoods' ethnic diversity on individual trust can be explained by the higher propensity of having neighbors of a different ethnicity. We conclude that ethnic diversity can have a negative effect on individual trust. However, we do not find these negative effects of neighborhoods' or neighbors ethnic diversity on inter-ethnic trust.
Aandacht voor de Putnam-hypothese is in het geheel niet overdreven 1 Jaap Dronkers en Bram Lancee... more Aandacht voor de Putnam-hypothese is in het geheel niet overdreven 1 Jaap Dronkers en Bram Lancee* Jaap Dronkers en Bram Lancee* De repliek van Me´rove Gijsberts, Tom van der Meer en Jaco Dagevos op ons artikel 'Etnische diversiteit, sociaal vertrouwen in de buurt en contact van allochtonen en autochtonen met de buren' is interessant, omdat etnische diversiteit van buurten een onderwerp van betekenis is en zij belangrijke kritiekpunten aansnijden. Wij hopen in deze bijdrage te laten zien dat wij niet onterecht Amerikaanse resultaten generaliseren, dat hun gelijkstelling van etnische concentratie en diversiteit conceptueel verwarrender is dan ons gebruik van meerdere indicatoren voor sociaal vertrouwen, en dat wij het belang van contextkenmerken zoals etnische diversiteit niet overschat hebben.
This paper offers a counter-example of the modernisation theory by looking at the elite positions... more This paper offers a counter-example of the modernisation theory by looking at the elite positions of the nobility and high bourgeoisie in the Netherlands in the 20 th century. We compare the elite positions of the parents and the children, and between noble families and high bourgeoisie families. The likelihood of achieving an elite position has not decreased for different generations of the nobility or in comparison with the high bourgeoisie. An important factor is their social and cultural capital as indicated by the noble titles of mother and parents-in-law. This suggests that the modernisation theory may apply to the middle classes, but far less to the elites.
This article uses a cross-national research perspective on divorce risks within a single country.... more This article uses a cross-national research perspective on divorce risks within a single country. We will argue that Belgium as such is an interesting test case in international perspective since it combines -in a quasi experimental setting -a mutual national divorce legislation with different regional cultural traditions. Belgium is divided into a rather catholic northern part (Flanders) and a secular southern part (Wallonia), respectively referred to as a southern (Spain, Italy) and a northern (Scandinavian) cultural pattern. In this contribution we analyse the effects of different micro-, macro-and interaction-determinants to examine to what extent they can account for the difference in divorce proneness between Flanders and Wallonia. Our results show that the different regional divorce risks can partly be attributed to different regional characteristics concerning cultural and religious traditions.
Using Program for International Student Assessment [PISA] 2006 data, we examine the science perfo... more Using Program for International Student Assessment [PISA] 2006 data, we examine the science performance of 9.279 15-year-old children of immigrants, originating from 35 different countries, living in 16 Western countries of destination. Whereas former research has mainly paid attention to the influence of individual-level characteristics on the educational performance of immigrants, this study’s focus is on macro-level characteristics. Using a cross-classified multilevel approach, we examine the impact of educational systems and political, economic, and religious features of both countries of origin and destination. The results show that at the destination level the degree of teacher shortage has a negative, and a longer history of migration has a positive, effect on science performance. Moreover, comprehensive educational systems have a positive influence on immigrant children’s performance, but this is only the case for higher class children. At the origin level, the compulsor...
Summary. There are four major ethnic minority groups in the Netherlands—labour migrants from Turk... more Summary. There are four major ethnic minority groups in the Netherlands—labour migrants from Turkey and Morocco together with migrants from former Dutch colonies in the Caribbean, namely Antilles and Surinam. Men from all four groups have lower labour-market participation and higher unemployment than the indigenous Dutch, and this holds for the second generation as well as for the first. For
ABSTRACT This article examines the effect of the ethnic composition on school performances in sec... more ABSTRACT This article examines the effect of the ethnic composition on school performances in secondary education for Turkish students, using both cross-national and Swiss national PISA 2009 data. At school level our results show no effect of the proportion of natives or the proportion of coethnics and a negative association between ethnic diversity (we employ a residualized score of diversity on the proportion of migrants) and math performances. Consequently, we find no evidence for social capital advantages and an indication of barriers. Finally, we find no association between social capital variables on national or educational system level and math performance.
Living in a single-parent family is negatively related with children's educational performance co... more Living in a single-parent family is negatively related with children's educational performance compared to living with 2 biological parents. In this article, we aim to find out to what extent the context of the school's share of single-parent families affects this negative relationship. We use pooled data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), that is, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2000 and 2003, which contain information on 209,300 students at 11,887 schools in 25 countries. We found that attending a school with more children from single-parent families affects the educational performance of all children negatively, but it particularly harms children from single-mother families. Furthermore, we have indications that in countries in which the number of single-parent families is higher, the negative effect of attending a school with a higher share of single-parent families decreases, except for the US.
The main research question of this paper is the combined estimation of the effects of educational... more The main research question of this paper is the combined estimation of the effects of educational systems, school-composition and track-level on the educational achievement of 15-years-old students. We specifically focus on the effects of socioeconomic and ethnic background on achievement scores and to what extent these effects are affected by characteristics of the school, track or educational system these students are in. In doing so, we examine the 'sorting' mechanisms of schools and tracks in highly stratified, moderately stratified and comprehensive education systems. We use data from the 2006 PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) wave. Compared to previous research in this area the main contribution of this paper is that we explicitly include track-level and school-level as separate units of analyses, which leads to less biased results of the effects of characteristics of the educational system. The results highlight the importance of including track-level and school-level factors in the debate of educational inequality of opportunity for students in different education contexts. The findings clearly indicate that the effects of educational system characteristics are flawed if the analysis uses only a country and a student level and ignores the track-and school-level characteristics. Moreover the inclusion of the track-level is necessary to avoid overestimation of the school-composition effect, especially in stratified educational systems. From a policy perspective, the most important finding is that educational system are not uniformly 'good' or 'bad', but they have different consequences for different groups. Some groups are better off in comprehensive systems, while other groups are better off in moderately or highly stratified systems.
Drawing on the second and third wave of the European Social Survey, we analyse the perception of ... more Drawing on the second and third wave of the European Social Survey, we analyse the perception of in-group discrimination of 7034 immigrants from 177 different countries of origin in 14 European Union countries. In addition to testing the effects of individual factors, such as education, religion, and migration history, we estimate the effects of macro-characteristics of both origin and destination countries. We distinguish four dimensions of explanations: immigration, religion, economic circymstances and immigration policies. The influence of adherence to Eastern Orthodox, Jewish and non-Christian religions on perceived in-group discrimination is significant, and can not be explained by characteristics of the origin or destination countries. The migration history of these groups is also relevant for the perceived discrimination: immigrants who are citizens of the country of their destination, who speak the majority language at home and who are married to a native perceive in-group d...
Dutch noble families have held more elite positions than high bourgeois families during the 20th ... more Dutch noble families have held more elite positions than high bourgeois families during the 20th century, and this relative advantage hardly changed over several generations. In this paper we test on of the possible explanations of this ‘constant noble advantage hypothesis’, using a sample of members of noble and high bourgeois families born in the 20th century. We assume that
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