Active EMI filters appear as an alternative to classical EMI filters based on passive components.... more Active EMI filters appear as an alternative to classical EMI filters based on passive components. Active EMI filters can provide more compact, cheaper and lighter solutions than passive approach. In this paper we present a theoretical analysis of the 4 possible configurations. Expressions of the transfer function and insertion losses considering impedances of mains and source of noise are presented. The voltage-current topology is identified as the more convenient solution. Finally, preliminary experimental results of a prototype capable to provide attenuation up to 100MHz are shown.
2005 European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, 2005
Frequency modulation (FM) techniques have been used to reduce EMI of synchronous digital systems ... more Frequency modulation (FM) techniques have been used to reduce EMI of synchronous digital systems working in the range of hundreds of MHz. The working principle consists of modulating the clock frequency in order to spread the energy of each single harmonic into a certain frequency band, thus reducing the peak amplitude of EMI at the harmonics frequencies. Nowadays the switching frequency of power converters has increased up to values which allow the application of frequency modulation to reduce EMI. The paper summarizes some theoretical principles of FM techniques applied to the switching frequency and shows the effectiveness, in terms of EMI reduction. Experimental tests are presented for validation, evaluating also the possible side effects on the converter efficiency and supply harmonics.
2008 34th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics, 2008
This paper presents a DSP based equipment aimed for power electronics and motor control applicati... more This paper presents a DSP based equipment aimed for power electronics and motor control applications that, in opposite with conventional training equipments, provides a great flexibility to design several applications. The equipment is a modular system with a DC power supply, three-phase MOS-bridge, a signal acquisition system, a DSP development kit and several loads, i.e. DC or AC motors and passive loads. This platform allows to deliver higher power than similar educational power electronic kits. The platform has galvanic isolation between the control system and the power plant. It also has several protections that make easy interaction between the student and the platform. We also show two typical applications: a voltage-frequency control for a low-voltage three-phase induction motor and a voltage regulation system for a buck converter. The students are able to program these applications in the laboratory or by an e-learning web platform.
IECON'03. 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37468)
... [5] Tepper J. Sebastian; Dixon, Juan W.; Venegas, Gustavo and Moran, Luis .4 Simple Frequenc... more ... [5] Tepper J. Sebastian; Dixon, Juan W.; Venegas, Gustavo and Moran, Luis .4 Simple Frequency-Independent Method for Calculating the Reactive and Harmonic Current in a Nonlinear Load; IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. ...
IECON'03. 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37468)
One of the main error sources in instruments and sensors are electromagnetic interferences, EMI, ... more One of the main error sources in instruments and sensors are electromagnetic interferences, EMI, acting on linear ICs at the detection and pre-conditioning stages. High frequency interferences with random amplitude cause a DC offset and a ripple due to noise amplitude modulation. This paper is devoted to study the effects of EMI on OPAMP offset. After several tests, a qualitative
IECON'03. 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37468)
This paper presents a method for the calculation of conducted differential mode EMI disturbances ... more This paper presents a method for the calculation of conducted differential mode EMI disturbances produced by switched power inverters. The complex geometry and the wide range of time constants involved, make the simulation of conducted disturbances in such systems a complex matter. The features of the proposed method are shown in the paper by comparing simulation results with experimental results
IECON'03. 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37468)
Although most of the power converters are currently designed to operate by using a constant switc... more Although most of the power converters are currently designed to operate by using a constant switching frequency and a variable duty-cycle, some attempts were made in order to verify the effect of modulating the switching frequency [F. Lin et al., 1992] and how this modulation affected the power converters EMI emissions. As known, spread spectrum clock generation (SSCG) modulates the
ABSTRACT This paper presents a new structure for three phase four wires hybrid active power filte... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a new structure for three phase four wires hybrid active power filters (APF). The main point with regard to other published structures consists of the connection of neutral wire to negative of DC bus in the inverter, thus avoiding the need of split capacitors at the DC bus. A particular control of voltage at the passive section of the filter allows the use of low voltage at the DC bus and provides a symmetry between ton and toff in the current controller. The paper includes a general discussion of the new structure and presents the control method for such a structure. Simulation and experimental results are given to show the behaviour of the system, used for harmonics cancellation
2012 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE/PEMC), 2012
This paper presents a new mixed modulator that combines interleaving and spread-spectrum techniqu... more This paper presents a new mixed modulator that combines interleaving and spread-spectrum techniques in order to achieve the lowest level of conducted EMI generation. This modulator is addressed to power converters in parallel arrangement. The practical details of the hybrid modulator and controller implementation on a FPGA are explained. The characteristics of such modulator in terms of EMI reduction and converter performance are theoretically explored and experimentally validated in a four channel parallel buck converter operating in closed loop.
2007 European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, 2007
ABSTRACT This paper presents a new structure and control method for three phase four wires LC cou... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a new structure and control method for three phase four wires LC coupled parallel active power filters (APF) for harmonics cancellation. The main differential point with regard to other structures used in the past consists of the connection of neutral wire to negative of DC bus in the inverter, thus avoiding the need of split capacitors at the DC bus. The LC coupling and a particular control of the DC voltage at the coupling C allow the use of low voltage at the DC bus and provide a symmetry of available voltage, in the current controller, during ton and toff. The paper includes a general discussion of the new structure, comparing it with the classical L coupled shunt APFs and presents the control method to obtain the above mentioned voltage symmetry, which allows lower DC bus voltage and lower values of coupling L. Simulation and experimental results are given to show the behavior of the system, used for harmonics cancellation.
2008 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2008
This paper describes a new strategy to control a particular structure of three phase four wires L... more This paper describes a new strategy to control a particular structure of three phase four wires LC coupled parallel hybrid power filters (APF) for harmonics cancellation. The main differential point of the studied structure consists of the connection of neutral wire to negative of DC bus in the inverter, thus avoiding the need of split capacitors at the DC bus. The LC coupling and a particular control of the DC+AC voltage at the coupling C allow the use of low voltage at the DC bus and provide the necessary symmetry of available voltage, in the current controller, during ton and toff. The paper includes a general discussion of the structure, comparing it with the classical L coupled shunt APFs and presents a control method to obtain the necessary voltage symmetry to allow lower DC bus voltages and lower values of coupling L. The paper presents a control method based on time domain techniques, which gives a fast response. Simulation and experimental results are given to show the behavior of the system, used for harmonics cancellation.
2011 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2011
This paper presents an analysis of electromagnetic immunity of energy metering devices, using bro... more This paper presents an analysis of electromagnetic immunity of energy metering devices, using broadband power line communications (PLC) in low voltage (LV) supply networks with high levels of disturbance. Several tests have been carried out to characterize the behavior of PLC modems and couplers in presence of the most common types of disturbances and electromagnetic interferences (EMI) which can be expected in LV distribution networks. The method exposed allows repeat the tests with different modems, communications wires and couplers. Thus it is possible to compare different elements between them and choose the best for every occasion.
2011 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2011
ABSTRACT Low power renewable sources, connected to low voltage micro-grids, are becoming more and... more ABSTRACT Low power renewable sources, connected to low voltage micro-grids, are becoming more and more common. Since there is a high degree of uncertainty on the availability of such sources, this causes problems of stability and makes difficult to guarantee the power quality (PQ) in all the points of the grid. Such kind of problems, are well known in medium voltage (MV) networks, where the proposed solutions to fix the stability and PQ problems are based on the control of reactive power flow in the grid. The equipment to perform such control function ranges from the simple capacitor banks driven by electro-mechanical contactors, through the Static Var Compensators (SVC) based on the combination of Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC) and Thyristor Controlled Reactors (TCR) or SVC combined with Active Power Filters (APF). This paper describes the design and implementation of a low power SVC prototype model, sizeable to higher power levels. It has been designed to compensate variations of the line voltage of a microgrid in a range of ±2%. The prototype can compensate 3kVAr capacitive and 1 kVAr inductive and is able to operate in a grid with a rated voltage of 400 V, phase to phase.
This paper presents a new method for real time calculation of the current reference in Active Pow... more This paper presents a new method for real time calculation of the current reference in Active Power line Con- ditioners (APLC), splitting up the fundamental and the distor- tion components. Amplitude and phase of fundamental com- ponent are obtained separately, which allows a separate com- pensation of fundamental lagging current and harmonic cur- rents. The method is based on a
IEEE 2002 28th Annual Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society. IECON 02
ABSTRACT One of the challenges in all supply systems is the control of power quality (PQ). The as... more ABSTRACT One of the challenges in all supply systems is the control of power quality (PQ). The assessment of PQ in distributed supply systems implies the synchronized measurement of a great deal of different parameters at different points and with different requirements. The choice of suitable parameters, sampling rates "aggregation operations" and periods to obtain data containing the maximum information on possible "quality faults", using minimum memory space and minimum processor resources is one of the major problems of PQ instrumentation. An additional problem in distributed systems is the synchronization of data acquisition at different points. This paper presents the design of an instrument for PQ measurement, based on a previous analysis of CPU and memory needs. The inclusion of a high resolution real time clock with GPS synchronization allows the comparison of measurements at different points of the grid. Software for transient capture, with a trigger based on wavelet transform is also presented.
IEEE 2002 28th Annual Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society. IECON 02
Most of the power converters are controlled by a PWM signal based on a constant frequency and var... more Most of the power converters are controlled by a PWM signal based on a constant frequency and variable duty-cycle. A very large harmonic is expected at this frequency, spreading itself to the rest of the system. This paper is dedicated to spread spectrum clock generation (SSCG) theory applied to the reduction of EMI when a carrier or controlling constant frequency
IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, 2012
Low frequency analog and digital electronic circuits are susceptible to electromagnetic interfere... more Low frequency analog and digital electronic circuits are susceptible to electromagnetic interference in the radiofrequency (RF) range. This disturbance is produced when the coupled RF signal is rectified by the non-linear behavior of the semiconductors used in the small signal analog input stage of the electronic system. Circuits based on operational amplifiers are usually employed for such input stages. These circuits present an AM demodulation produced by nonlinearity of internal transistors. Such a phenomenon generates demodulated signals in the low-frequency range. In this paper, this effect is suppressed by combining the conventional printed circuit board layout with complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). CSRRs are constitutive elements for the synthesis of metamaterials with negative effective permittivity which are mainly excited to the host line by means of electric coupling. Electromagnetic simulations and experimental results show an effective rejection of the undesired RF demodulation effect with no-extra cost in terms of the device area or manufacturing process.
International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE, 2012
ABSTRACT n this paper we present a comparison of the EMI generated by a dc-dc boost converter, us... more ABSTRACT n this paper we present a comparison of the EMI generated by a dc-dc boost converter, using silicon (Si) or silicon-carbide (SiC) diodes and/or MOSFET. EMI was compared using Si technology as reference. The comparison parameters were the switching times, and the conducted and radiated EMI. The paper shows that the use of SiC diode has great influence on the radiated EMI. The use of SiC MOSFET combined with Si diode reduces the radiated and conducted EMI generated by the converter.
2005 European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, 2005
ABSTRACT This paper presents the problem of common mode electromagnetic interference. We study th... more ABSTRACT This paper presents the problem of common mode electromagnetic interference. We study the common mode current phenomena on a single converter like the boost converter. This converter operates in power factor corrector mode. The advantage of this structure is the presence of one switching commutation cell only. This limits the number of voltage pollution source creating common electromagnetic interference. The elements that intervene in the mechanic of pollution, are switching frequency, the rise and fall time of switches, the parasitic capacitance between electric circuit ant the ground plan, the floating voltage of the converter. In this paper, we are interested in the two last points
Active EMI filters appear as an alternative to classical EMI filters based on passive components.... more Active EMI filters appear as an alternative to classical EMI filters based on passive components. Active EMI filters can provide more compact, cheaper and lighter solutions than passive approach. In this paper we present a theoretical analysis of the 4 possible configurations. Expressions of the transfer function and insertion losses considering impedances of mains and source of noise are presented. The voltage-current topology is identified as the more convenient solution. Finally, preliminary experimental results of a prototype capable to provide attenuation up to 100MHz are shown.
2005 European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, 2005
Frequency modulation (FM) techniques have been used to reduce EMI of synchronous digital systems ... more Frequency modulation (FM) techniques have been used to reduce EMI of synchronous digital systems working in the range of hundreds of MHz. The working principle consists of modulating the clock frequency in order to spread the energy of each single harmonic into a certain frequency band, thus reducing the peak amplitude of EMI at the harmonics frequencies. Nowadays the switching frequency of power converters has increased up to values which allow the application of frequency modulation to reduce EMI. The paper summarizes some theoretical principles of FM techniques applied to the switching frequency and shows the effectiveness, in terms of EMI reduction. Experimental tests are presented for validation, evaluating also the possible side effects on the converter efficiency and supply harmonics.
2008 34th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics, 2008
This paper presents a DSP based equipment aimed for power electronics and motor control applicati... more This paper presents a DSP based equipment aimed for power electronics and motor control applications that, in opposite with conventional training equipments, provides a great flexibility to design several applications. The equipment is a modular system with a DC power supply, three-phase MOS-bridge, a signal acquisition system, a DSP development kit and several loads, i.e. DC or AC motors and passive loads. This platform allows to deliver higher power than similar educational power electronic kits. The platform has galvanic isolation between the control system and the power plant. It also has several protections that make easy interaction between the student and the platform. We also show two typical applications: a voltage-frequency control for a low-voltage three-phase induction motor and a voltage regulation system for a buck converter. The students are able to program these applications in the laboratory or by an e-learning web platform.
IECON'03. 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37468)
... [5] Tepper J. Sebastian; Dixon, Juan W.; Venegas, Gustavo and Moran, Luis .4 Simple Frequenc... more ... [5] Tepper J. Sebastian; Dixon, Juan W.; Venegas, Gustavo and Moran, Luis .4 Simple Frequency-Independent Method for Calculating the Reactive and Harmonic Current in a Nonlinear Load; IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. ...
IECON'03. 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37468)
One of the main error sources in instruments and sensors are electromagnetic interferences, EMI, ... more One of the main error sources in instruments and sensors are electromagnetic interferences, EMI, acting on linear ICs at the detection and pre-conditioning stages. High frequency interferences with random amplitude cause a DC offset and a ripple due to noise amplitude modulation. This paper is devoted to study the effects of EMI on OPAMP offset. After several tests, a qualitative
IECON'03. 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37468)
This paper presents a method for the calculation of conducted differential mode EMI disturbances ... more This paper presents a method for the calculation of conducted differential mode EMI disturbances produced by switched power inverters. The complex geometry and the wide range of time constants involved, make the simulation of conducted disturbances in such systems a complex matter. The features of the proposed method are shown in the paper by comparing simulation results with experimental results
IECON'03. 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37468)
Although most of the power converters are currently designed to operate by using a constant switc... more Although most of the power converters are currently designed to operate by using a constant switching frequency and a variable duty-cycle, some attempts were made in order to verify the effect of modulating the switching frequency [F. Lin et al., 1992] and how this modulation affected the power converters EMI emissions. As known, spread spectrum clock generation (SSCG) modulates the
ABSTRACT This paper presents a new structure for three phase four wires hybrid active power filte... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a new structure for three phase four wires hybrid active power filters (APF). The main point with regard to other published structures consists of the connection of neutral wire to negative of DC bus in the inverter, thus avoiding the need of split capacitors at the DC bus. A particular control of voltage at the passive section of the filter allows the use of low voltage at the DC bus and provides a symmetry between ton and toff in the current controller. The paper includes a general discussion of the new structure and presents the control method for such a structure. Simulation and experimental results are given to show the behaviour of the system, used for harmonics cancellation
2012 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE/PEMC), 2012
This paper presents a new mixed modulator that combines interleaving and spread-spectrum techniqu... more This paper presents a new mixed modulator that combines interleaving and spread-spectrum techniques in order to achieve the lowest level of conducted EMI generation. This modulator is addressed to power converters in parallel arrangement. The practical details of the hybrid modulator and controller implementation on a FPGA are explained. The characteristics of such modulator in terms of EMI reduction and converter performance are theoretically explored and experimentally validated in a four channel parallel buck converter operating in closed loop.
2007 European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, 2007
ABSTRACT This paper presents a new structure and control method for three phase four wires LC cou... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a new structure and control method for three phase four wires LC coupled parallel active power filters (APF) for harmonics cancellation. The main differential point with regard to other structures used in the past consists of the connection of neutral wire to negative of DC bus in the inverter, thus avoiding the need of split capacitors at the DC bus. The LC coupling and a particular control of the DC voltage at the coupling C allow the use of low voltage at the DC bus and provide a symmetry of available voltage, in the current controller, during ton and toff. The paper includes a general discussion of the new structure, comparing it with the classical L coupled shunt APFs and presents the control method to obtain the above mentioned voltage symmetry, which allows lower DC bus voltage and lower values of coupling L. Simulation and experimental results are given to show the behavior of the system, used for harmonics cancellation.
2008 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2008
This paper describes a new strategy to control a particular structure of three phase four wires L... more This paper describes a new strategy to control a particular structure of three phase four wires LC coupled parallel hybrid power filters (APF) for harmonics cancellation. The main differential point of the studied structure consists of the connection of neutral wire to negative of DC bus in the inverter, thus avoiding the need of split capacitors at the DC bus. The LC coupling and a particular control of the DC+AC voltage at the coupling C allow the use of low voltage at the DC bus and provide the necessary symmetry of available voltage, in the current controller, during ton and toff. The paper includes a general discussion of the structure, comparing it with the classical L coupled shunt APFs and presents a control method to obtain the necessary voltage symmetry to allow lower DC bus voltages and lower values of coupling L. The paper presents a control method based on time domain techniques, which gives a fast response. Simulation and experimental results are given to show the behavior of the system, used for harmonics cancellation.
2011 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2011
This paper presents an analysis of electromagnetic immunity of energy metering devices, using bro... more This paper presents an analysis of electromagnetic immunity of energy metering devices, using broadband power line communications (PLC) in low voltage (LV) supply networks with high levels of disturbance. Several tests have been carried out to characterize the behavior of PLC modems and couplers in presence of the most common types of disturbances and electromagnetic interferences (EMI) which can be expected in LV distribution networks. The method exposed allows repeat the tests with different modems, communications wires and couplers. Thus it is possible to compare different elements between them and choose the best for every occasion.
2011 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2011
ABSTRACT Low power renewable sources, connected to low voltage micro-grids, are becoming more and... more ABSTRACT Low power renewable sources, connected to low voltage micro-grids, are becoming more and more common. Since there is a high degree of uncertainty on the availability of such sources, this causes problems of stability and makes difficult to guarantee the power quality (PQ) in all the points of the grid. Such kind of problems, are well known in medium voltage (MV) networks, where the proposed solutions to fix the stability and PQ problems are based on the control of reactive power flow in the grid. The equipment to perform such control function ranges from the simple capacitor banks driven by electro-mechanical contactors, through the Static Var Compensators (SVC) based on the combination of Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC) and Thyristor Controlled Reactors (TCR) or SVC combined with Active Power Filters (APF). This paper describes the design and implementation of a low power SVC prototype model, sizeable to higher power levels. It has been designed to compensate variations of the line voltage of a microgrid in a range of ±2%. The prototype can compensate 3kVAr capacitive and 1 kVAr inductive and is able to operate in a grid with a rated voltage of 400 V, phase to phase.
This paper presents a new method for real time calculation of the current reference in Active Pow... more This paper presents a new method for real time calculation of the current reference in Active Power line Con- ditioners (APLC), splitting up the fundamental and the distor- tion components. Amplitude and phase of fundamental com- ponent are obtained separately, which allows a separate com- pensation of fundamental lagging current and harmonic cur- rents. The method is based on a
IEEE 2002 28th Annual Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society. IECON 02
ABSTRACT One of the challenges in all supply systems is the control of power quality (PQ). The as... more ABSTRACT One of the challenges in all supply systems is the control of power quality (PQ). The assessment of PQ in distributed supply systems implies the synchronized measurement of a great deal of different parameters at different points and with different requirements. The choice of suitable parameters, sampling rates "aggregation operations" and periods to obtain data containing the maximum information on possible "quality faults", using minimum memory space and minimum processor resources is one of the major problems of PQ instrumentation. An additional problem in distributed systems is the synchronization of data acquisition at different points. This paper presents the design of an instrument for PQ measurement, based on a previous analysis of CPU and memory needs. The inclusion of a high resolution real time clock with GPS synchronization allows the comparison of measurements at different points of the grid. Software for transient capture, with a trigger based on wavelet transform is also presented.
IEEE 2002 28th Annual Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society. IECON 02
Most of the power converters are controlled by a PWM signal based on a constant frequency and var... more Most of the power converters are controlled by a PWM signal based on a constant frequency and variable duty-cycle. A very large harmonic is expected at this frequency, spreading itself to the rest of the system. This paper is dedicated to spread spectrum clock generation (SSCG) theory applied to the reduction of EMI when a carrier or controlling constant frequency
IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, 2012
Low frequency analog and digital electronic circuits are susceptible to electromagnetic interfere... more Low frequency analog and digital electronic circuits are susceptible to electromagnetic interference in the radiofrequency (RF) range. This disturbance is produced when the coupled RF signal is rectified by the non-linear behavior of the semiconductors used in the small signal analog input stage of the electronic system. Circuits based on operational amplifiers are usually employed for such input stages. These circuits present an AM demodulation produced by nonlinearity of internal transistors. Such a phenomenon generates demodulated signals in the low-frequency range. In this paper, this effect is suppressed by combining the conventional printed circuit board layout with complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). CSRRs are constitutive elements for the synthesis of metamaterials with negative effective permittivity which are mainly excited to the host line by means of electric coupling. Electromagnetic simulations and experimental results show an effective rejection of the undesired RF demodulation effect with no-extra cost in terms of the device area or manufacturing process.
International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE, 2012
ABSTRACT n this paper we present a comparison of the EMI generated by a dc-dc boost converter, us... more ABSTRACT n this paper we present a comparison of the EMI generated by a dc-dc boost converter, using silicon (Si) or silicon-carbide (SiC) diodes and/or MOSFET. EMI was compared using Si technology as reference. The comparison parameters were the switching times, and the conducted and radiated EMI. The paper shows that the use of SiC diode has great influence on the radiated EMI. The use of SiC MOSFET combined with Si diode reduces the radiated and conducted EMI generated by the converter.
2005 European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, 2005
ABSTRACT This paper presents the problem of common mode electromagnetic interference. We study th... more ABSTRACT This paper presents the problem of common mode electromagnetic interference. We study the common mode current phenomena on a single converter like the boost converter. This converter operates in power factor corrector mode. The advantage of this structure is the presence of one switching commutation cell only. This limits the number of voltage pollution source creating common electromagnetic interference. The elements that intervene in the mechanic of pollution, are switching frequency, the rise and fall time of switches, the parasitic capacitance between electric circuit ant the ground plan, the floating voltage of the converter. In this paper, we are interested in the two last points
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Papers by Josep Balcells