Journal Papers by Ingmar Andreasson
Gunay, Akgol, Andersson, Terzi (Journal of Public Transportation), 2016
The concept of a dynamic and flexible Intelligent Subscription Bus Service (I-Service) was develo... more The concept of a dynamic and flexible Intelligent Subscription Bus Service (I-Service) was developed, and two integrated questionnaires were conducted among the commuters of a large university campus. To determine travel times to the campus by I-Service, a digital urban road network map with travel time databases was produced, and software was developed to calculate optimum routes using these databases. Travel times for each participant were determined by the shortest travel time principle. The proposed hypothetical service was introduced to participants, and anticipated advantages for each participant were reported back to them by means of a second questionnaire to determine if they would prefer using I-Service. As a result, a 49% modal shift potential from all other modes in general and a 52% modal shift potential from private car to I-Service were found.
Papers by Ingmar Andreasson
Transportation Research Record, 2006
Driver behavior plays an important role in modeling vehicle dynamics in a traffic simulation envi... more Driver behavior plays an important role in modeling vehicle dynamics in a traffic simulation environment. To study one element of general driver behavior, that of car following, an advanced-instrumented vehicle has been applied in dynamic data collection in real-traffic flow on Swedish roads. This paper briefly introduces the car-following data collection and smoothing methods. Moreover, spectrum analysis methods based on Fourier analysis of car-following data are introduced to estimate driver reaction times, a crucial parameter of driver behavior. A generalized general motor-type model was calibrated, an extension of the classic nonlinear general motor model, in a stable following regime based on estimated driver reaction times. The calibrated model was then evaluated by closed-loop simulations. Driver behavior is an important factor for evaluating modern transportation systems. The new technologies in the form of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) make understanding the behavioral response of drivers more necessary than ever. In contrast, ITS technologies offer modern researchers a good opportunity to observe and analyze human behavior in different real-traffic situations. Recently, the use of microscopic simulation to assess the effects of new ITS systems both on-road and in-vehicle has become increasingly popular and credibility of the simulation models is crucial to their successful applications. Hence, calibration of the model based on measurements from a real-traffic environment attracts increased attention in transportation and traffic planning. In microscopic traffic simulation, driver behavior is one of the most important parts of the models to reflect general traffic characteristics. Moreover, the car-following model is an essential component of driver behavior models. Therefore, calibration or adjustment of parameters of the car-following model directly affects the applicability of the simulation models.
På uppdrag av Regionplane-och trafikkontoret, och med finansiellt stöd av KFB, har Transek fått i... more På uppdrag av Regionplane-och trafikkontoret, och med finansiellt stöd av KFB, har Transek fått i uppdrag att närmare studera förutsättningar, marknad och ekonomi med en pilotbana för spårtaxi i Stockholmsregionen. Syftet med denna forskningsrapport är dels att finna ett lämpligt fallstudieområde i Stockholmsregionen för ett spårtaxinät, dels att utröna om ett spårtaxisystem kan vara samhällsekonomiskt lönsam. Följande metoder har tillämpats för att utröna ett spårtaxisystems lönsamhet i Stockholmsregionen: en marknadssegmenterad efterfrågeanalys av spårtaxi i hela Stockholmsregionen en marknadssegmenterad efterfrågeanalys av spårtaxi i Akalla-Kista området i Stockholmsregionen en stated-preference studie av värderingen av spårtaxi för ett område i Stockholmsregionen en samhällsekonomisk analys av spårtaxinät i Akalla-Kista området i Stockholmsregionen. Ett spårtaxinät i Akalla-Husby-Kista-Helenelund-Sollentuna C visar sig kunna samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt med den god lönsamhet, vid måttliga nivåer på investeringskostnaderna. Två svenska system-SkyCab och FlyWay är klart lönsamma, och även ett amerikanskt system-Raytheons PRT 2000 kan bli lönsamt upp till en systemkostnad på 107-120 Mkr per bankilometer vid den aktuella resefterfrågan för år 2010. En tumregel för samhällsekonomisk lönsamhet kan vara att antalet resor bör uppgå till minst 500 resor per dygn och bankilometer och att investeringskostnaden bör uppgå till högst ca 115 Mkr per bankilometer. Flera sådana områden har identifierats i Stockholmsregionen. Spårtaxi i hela Stockholmsregionen visar vara ett effektivt och långsiktigt hållbart trafiksystem, med betydande restids-trafiksäkerhets-och miljövinster; och som bidrar till att minska biltrafik och trängsel i regionens centrala delar. I Kommunikationsforskningsberedningens-KFB-publikationsserier redovisar forskare sina projekt. Publiceringen innebär inte att KFB tar ställning till framförda åsikter, slutsatser och resultat. KFB-rapporter försäljs genom Fritzes Offentliga Publikationer, I 06 47 Stockholm, tel 08-690 90 90 Övriga KFB-publikationer beställs och erhålls direkt från KFB. Man kan dessutom abonnera på tidningen KFB-Kommunike. KFB Reports are sold through Fritzes', S-106 4 7 Stockholm.
Simulation models have been developed in Sweden to analyze large PRT networks. A new control conc... more Simulation models have been developed in Sweden to analyze large PRT networks. A new control concept is introduced called `point-synchronous control'. It is a practical way of realizing quasi-synchronous control. The new control method is compared to synchronous control and found to be more efficient as well as more robust to disturbances. Point-synchronous control have been applied to possible PRT networks for the city of Gothenburg.
Procedia Computer Science, 2018
This article discusses empty vehicle redistribution algorithms for PRT and autonomous taxi servic... more This article discusses empty vehicle redistribution algorithms for PRT and autonomous taxi services from a passenger service perspective. In modern literature reactive methods such as nearest neighbours are commonly used. In this article we first formulate the general matching problem on a bipartite graph of available vehicles and stations. In addition, we propose an index-based proactive redistribution (IBR) 18,19 algorithm based on predicted near-future demand at stations. The results of different redistribution methods implemented on a simple line test case show that none of the proposed methods are optimal in all cases. Test results of six variations of combined proactive and reactive strategies on a test case in Paris Saclay, France with 20 stations and 100 vehicles are given. The combined Nearest Neighbour / IBR provides a promising solution for both peak and off-peak demand, significantly outperforming all other methods considered, in terms of passenger waiting time (both average and maximum) as well as in terms of station queue lengths.
IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 2018
This study investigates empty vehicle redistribution algorithms for personal rapid transit and au... more This study investigates empty vehicle redistribution algorithms for personal rapid transit and autonomous taxi services. The focus is on passenger service and operator cost. A new redistribution algorithm is presented in this study: index-based redistribution (IBR). IBR is a proactive method, meaning it takes into account both current demand and anticipated future demand, in contrast to reactive methods, which act based on current demand only. From information on currently waiting for passengers, predicted near-future demand and projected arrival of vehicles, IBR calculates an index for each vehicle station, and redistribution is done based on this index. Seven different algorithm combinations are evaluated using a test case in Paris Saclay, France (20 stations and 100 vehicles). A combination of simple nearest neighbours and IBR is shown to be promising. Its results outperform the other methods tested in peak and off-peak demand, in terms of average and maximum passenger waiting times as well as station queue length. The effect of vehicle fleet size on generalised cost is analysed. Waiting times, mileage and fleet size are taken into account while assessing this generalised cost.
Working Papers in Transport Economics, Sep 27, 2013
Springer Tracts on Transportation and Traffic, 2016
This chapter describes the characteristics of public transport systems, seen as a system. With pu... more This chapter describes the characteristics of public transport systems, seen as a system. With public transport system, we mean mainly the technical system of different modes of transport including vehicles and infrastructure as well as their characteristics, such as capacity in various traffic concepts.
Automated People Movers and Automated Transit Systems 2016, 2016
A study was recently undertaken for a client in the Silicon Valley to explore the capacity limits... more A study was recently undertaken for a client in the Silicon Valley to explore the capacity limits of automated transit networks based on small vehicles departing on demand. Based on proven PRT designs, advanced strategies were developed for ridesharing with multiple destinations and multiple origins. These strategies were applied to morning (few to many) and evening (many to few) peak demand periods. Vehicle pair-coupling was introduced in stations while decoupling could be performed at speed in diverges. A tentative 30 miles single guide-way network was designed with 50 stations. The network connected a city and campus to existing and proposed transit stops and provided service within the area. Simulations verified a total network capacity of 14,500 trips per hour using 910 vehicles designed to accommodate 6 seated passengers. The average vehicle load was up to 4.3 passengers (72%) and the maximum link flow was up to 6,500 pphpd. This capacity is comparable to that of mass transit while providing on-demand service and mostly non-stop travel.
Springer Tracts on Transportation and Traffic, 2016
Passenger transit modes typical of the urban setting, including bus, tram, metro, and train, have... more Passenger transit modes typical of the urban setting, including bus, tram, metro, and train, have been described in Chap. 2, along with less conventional modes such as BRT and cable. Then, Chaps. 6 and 7 have provided network assignment models that address primarily the passenger side, dealing with route choice situations and behaviour, the individual exposure to traffic conditions, and the contribution of individual users to local flows. In these models, the transit mode is represented as a set of lines, each of which is abstracted into its topology (nodes and links) and some features of traffic operations: run time, dwell time, and some capacity parameters. In such an abstract setting, no distinction has been made between, for instance, bus and railway services, apart from their respective parameter values.
Journal of Public Transportation, 2016
The concept of a dynamic and flexible Intelligent Subscription Bus Service (I-Service) was develo... more The concept of a dynamic and flexible Intelligent Subscription Bus Service (I-Service) was developed, and two integrated questionnaires were conducted among the commuters of a large university campus. To determine travel times to the campus by I-Service, a digital urban road network map with travel time databases was produced, and software was developed to calculate optimum routes using these databases. Travel times for each participant were determined by the shortest travel time principle. The proposed hypothetical service was introduced to participants, and anticipated advantages for each participant were reported back to them by means of a second questionnaire to determine if they would prefer using I-Service. As a result, a 49% modal shift potential from all other modes in general and a 52% modal shift potential from private car to I-Service were found.
The current report is a continuation of the research within the thematic program "Advanced Transi... more The current report is a continuation of the research within the thematic program "Advanced Transit Systems" at Chalmers University during the years 1994-97. In that program we were focussing Personal Rapid Transit systems (PRT). In this report we widen the perspective to include also other types of small-scale transit systems such as driverless minibuses, cablepropelled systems and Dual-mode. This report is based on direct contacts with the developers of the systems described. My participation in planning for the latest Automated People Mover (APM) conferences since 1996 has helped me keep up-to-date with development. This report is a translation of a Swedish report KFB 2000:69. The English version includes currency conversions, some updated costs, added information on two pending applications and one new reference. Swedish references have been replaced by English versions where possible. This effort has been initiated and financed by the Swedish Transportation and Communications Research Board (KFB), now part of the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA). The publication of this report does not imply that VINNOVA supports views, conclusions and results herein.
Journal of Transportation Research Board, 2006
Driver behavior plays an important role in modeling vehicle dynamics in a traffic simulation envi... more Driver behavior plays an important role in modeling vehicle dynamics in a traffic simulation environment. To study one element of general driver behavior, that of car following, an advanced-instrumented vehicle has been applied in dynamic data collection in real-traffic flow on Swedish roads. This paper briefly introduces the car-following data collection and smoothing methods. Moreover, spectrum analysis methods based on Fourier analysis of car-following data are introduced to estimate driver reaction times, a crucial parameter of driver behavior. A generalized general motor-type model was calibrated, an extension of the classic nonlinear general motor model, in a stable following regime based on estimated driver reaction times. The calibrated model was then evaluated by closed-loop simulations. Driver behavior is an important factor for evaluating modern transportation systems. The new technologies in the form of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) make understanding the behavioral response of drivers more necessary than ever. In contrast, ITS technologies offer modern researchers a good opportunity to observe and analyze human behavior in different real-traffic situations. Recently, the use of microscopic simulation to assess the effects of new ITS systems both on-road and in-vehicle has become increasingly popular and credibility of the simulation models is crucial to their successful applications. Hence, calibration of the model based on measurements from a real-traffic environment attracts increased attention in transportation and traffic planning. In microscopic traffic simulation, driver behavior is one of the most important parts of the models to reflect general traffic characteristics. Moreover, the car-following model is an essential component of driver behavior models. Therefore, calibration or adjustment of parameters of the car-following model directly affects the applicability of the simulation models.
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2006
Driver behavior plays an important role in modeling vehicle dynamics in a traffic simulation envi... more Driver behavior plays an important role in modeling vehicle dynamics in a traffic simulation environment. To study one element of general driver behavior, that of car following, an advanced-instrumented vehicle has been applied in dynamic data collection in real-traffic flow on Swedish roads. This paper briefly introduces the car-following data collection and smoothing methods. Moreover, spectrum analysis methods based on Fourier analysis of car-following data are introduced to estimate driver reaction times, a crucial parameter of driver behavior. A generalized general motor-type model was calibrated, an extension of the classic nonlinear general motor model, in a stable following regime based on estimated driver reaction times. The calibrated model was then evaluated by closed-loop simulations. Driver behavior is an important factor for evaluating modern transportation systems. The new technologies in the form of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) make understanding the behavioral response of drivers more necessary than ever. In contrast, ITS technologies offer modern researchers a good opportunity to observe and analyze human behavior in different real-traffic situations. Recently, the use of microscopic simulation to assess the effects of new ITS systems both on-road and in-vehicle has become increasingly popular and credibility of the simulation models is crucial to their successful applications. Hence, calibration of the model based on measurements from a real-traffic environment attracts increased attention in transportation and traffic planning. In microscopic traffic simulation, driver behavior is one of the most important parts of the models to reflect general traffic characteristics. Moreover, the car-following model is an essential component of driver behavior models. Therefore, calibration or adjustment of parameters of the car-following model directly affects the applicability of the simulation models.
Podcars or Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) has been discussed and analyzed in Sweden since the mid-1... more Podcars or Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) has been discussed and analyzed in Sweden since the mid-1960's. Interests in PRT has gone up and down over time. Since the mid-1990's, however, the efforts of promoting PRT in Sweden have become more serious and frequent. Many pre-feasibility and a few feasibility studies were undertaken by researchers, consultants and cities against a wide range of vested interests in the automotive and public transport industries. This paper summarizes a great number of studies, and tries to explain why PRT has not yet materialized. Up to now, the crucial point seems to have been the imbalance between risks and financial support: No local authority can buy a system, due to the development risks as long as it is an unproven technology; and no developer can invest fully in development, as long as there is no (mass) market for the end product.
2006 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, 2006
... Traffic simulation Wilco Burghout, Haris N. Koutsopoulos and Ingmar Andreasson T ... Amsterda... more ... Traffic simulation Wilco Burghout, Haris N. Koutsopoulos and Ingmar Andreasson T ... Amsterdam: North Holland, 1961. [22] Elloumi, N., H. Haj-Salem & M. Papageorgiou, METACOR: A macroscopic Modelling Tool for Urban Corridor. TRISTAN, Capri, 1994. ...
13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2010
Cost issues have been an important concern in the development of Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) sin... more Cost issues have been an important concern in the development of Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) since the concept was developed several decades ago. The lightweight, computerguided electric vehicles operating the PRT system are generally a major part of the capital cost of the system, especially in larger network with high demand. A sufficient number of empty vehicles are needed to be moved to the stations where passengers are waiting or demand is expected. Generally a larger fleet size leads to a reduction in waiting time of passengers and thus a higher level of service given a specific demand, but an increased investment cost including capital cost per vehicle and additional operation and maintenance. So it requires a compromise between user cost (in terms of passenger waiting times) and operator cost (in terms of fleet sizedependent capital cost and operating/maintenance costs). There should be an optimal fleet size so that the sum of these two costs can be minimized while an expected level of service is achieved. This paper presents first the way to obtain the PRT demand, and then a prescription to determine the optimal fleet size using a cost-effectiveness analysis with traffic simulation. This prescription identifies the set of activities that are necessary to perform the optimization task. Each activity is regarded as a component in our general framework and this framework is illustrated by a case study in the Waal/ Eemshaven harbor area in the Port of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. I. INTRODUCTION A Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) system provides an automated on-demand, non-stop transportation service with small sized, computer-guided vehicles for 4 to 6 passengers running on a dedicated network of guide-ways. Rather than in bus or train systems, where people have to wait for transit vehicles, normally a few empty PRT vehicles are waiting at stations for passengers or circulating on the network to serve Manuscript
Urban Public Transportation Systems 2013, 2013
Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) is a mode designed to increase the service level of public transport... more Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) is a mode designed to increase the service level of public transport so as to approach that of taxi and private cars. The PRT systems in public service today are stand-alone systems within confined areas with no other public transportation. This paper describes potential applications where PRT is an integrated part of public transportation, supplementing and supporting existing transportation modes. Most cities already have public transport, and it will be some time before PRT alone can serve travel demand in a large area. One of the roles in which PRT can supplement existing transport is as a feeder/distributor to commuter rail, subway, and light rail. Application cases of PRT and mass transit are discussed based on studies using the "PRTsim" software.
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Journal Papers by Ingmar Andreasson
Papers by Ingmar Andreasson