Water Pollution VIII: Modelling, Monitoring and Management, 2006
A new chelating resin was prepared by anchoring the chelating agent nitriloaminetriacetic acid (N... more A new chelating resin was prepared by anchoring the chelating agent nitriloaminetriacetic acid (NTA) to melamine via an amide covalent bond during melamine-formaldehyde condensation reaction in an acidic medium. The effect of preparation conditions (temperature, acidity, and water content) on resin characteristics (water regain, rigidity, NTA functionality, and porosity) were monitored to specify the best preparation conditions. A pH of 1.3, temperature of 150°C and water content of 5 ml were found as the best conditions for resin preparation with stated amounts of reactants. This new resin was chemically characterized via infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), CHNO elemental analysis, and morphologically characterized via nitrogen gas adsorption (BET) and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The best-produced resin sample has a surface area of 159 m 2 /g. The content of NTA was about 1.24 mmole/g. Simultaneous adsorption of Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Cu(II) from synthetic wastewater solutions using a batch technique was quantitatively analysed using atomic absorption. Selective adsorption of the Cu(II) ion amongst Co(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) ions by this resin was noted. It was found that Cu(II) adsorption is spontaneous (∆G ads <0), exothermic (∆H ads <0), and reversible (∆S ads <0). Kinetically, it follows reversible and pseudo first-order. According to the Langmuir model, the capacity for Cu(II) adsorption is 52.6 mg/g (0.83 mmol/g). EDTA solution can regenerate the resin by stripping adsorbed metal ions. After regeneration, it was observed that the capacity decreased and this may be due to partial hydrolysis of NTA sites.
The performance of a high pressure falling sinker-type viscometer has been evaluated both by expe... more The performance of a high pressure falling sinker-type viscometer has been evaluated both by experiment and by CFD and is, for the first time, such an evaluation has been reported. This type of viscometer is used to determine the viscosity of liquids at high isostatic pressure. By assuming the existence of fully developed laminar flow between the descending sinker under the influence of gravity and the tube wall, an analytical solution to flow can be determined. However, due to end effects, a calibration fluid is required to correct determined viscosity data. Using an edible oil as the test fluid, we examined the flow profile around the sinker during operation. By using CFD we have been able to confirm the presence of complex flow patterns. These are directly responsible for influencing the rate of sinker descent and thus the determination of viscosity data, which highlights the need for good sinker dimension selection as well as the need for calibration.
ABSTRACT The viscosities of olive oil and its constituent fatty acids were measured using a falli... more ABSTRACT The viscosities of olive oil and its constituent fatty acids were measured using a falling sinker-type high-pressure viscometer. The viscometer consists of a titanium cylindrical sinker with ferrite core and descends concentrically under the influence of gravity through a close-fitting titanium tube. The movement of the sinker was detected by electrical induction through coils surrounding the tube. For the oil and fatty acids, the calculated dynamic viscosity increased according to the model =o exp ( p). The coefficients were readily obtained by linearizing experimental data for sinker fall-times and found to be dependent on the chain length and degree of saturation.
Pulverized coals are widely used by injection into the blast furnaces in order to replace expensi... more Pulverized coals are widely used by injection into the blast furnaces in order to replace expensive cokes. In this paper, a new catalytic combustion promoter, containing manganese dioxide with other oxides (or carbonates) of rare earth metals and alkali earth metals, was developed to enhance the combustion of pulverized coal. The effects of addition amount on the ignition temperature and the combustion efficiency were investigated. With more promoters added, the ignition temperature dropped, whilst the combustion efficiency increased significantly. Industrial test showed that, with the addition of 0.4% of the promoter, the coke consumption reduced to 26.7 kg/tFe (equivalent to 7.5 million US dollars per blast furnace per year), and the carbon contents in the fly ash dropped to from 43.1% to 32.4%, which suggests great economic and environmental benefits.
In sorption-effect chromatography, small changes in gas flow rate are measured. These changes ind... more In sorption-effect chromatography, small changes in gas flow rate are measured. These changes indicate both the amount sorbed when a sample enters a column and the amounts desorbed when resolved bands leave. We use a differential capillary meter to measure these changes. Random temperature fluctuations in the apparatus can also cause small changes in flow rate. This &quot;thermal noise &quot; tends to hide the signal. Even when the carrier gas is not sorbed, temperature fluctuations make the flow rate fluctuate by causing expansion and contraction of the apparatus and carrier gas and also by changing the gas viscosity. When the carrier gas is sorbed in the columns, the noise is magnified because the temperature changes cause sorption and desorption, thus increasing the size of the flow-rate fluctuations. We offer advice on the minimization of thermal noise and describe design modifications that reduce thermal noise.
ABSTRACT Perturbation viscometry measures the pressure changes in a gas mixture flowing through a... more ABSTRACT Perturbation viscometry measures the pressure changes in a gas mixture flowing through a capillary tube when the flow is perturbed by adding a small flow of one of the pure components. The pressure upstream of the capillary rises because of the increase in flow and then rises or falls because of the change in viscosity. These pressure changes are measured accurately and their ratio gives the rate of change of viscosity with composition. The relative viscosities of the pure components of the gas mixtures are then calculated by integration of the gradients measured across the composition range.Measurements of the viscosity–composition relationships for binary gas mixtures of argon, nitrogen and helium at 98.5 °C have been made together with some measurements on ternary mixtures.Perturbation viscometry gives more information than needed to just calculate the viscosity ratios. The extra information can be used in a series of checks to confirm the accuracy and consistency of the data produced. Consistency tests originally developed for binary gas mixtures have been applied to the measurements. Four more tests specific to ternary mixtures have been devised. The most rigorous of these involves integration of the gradient data between the same points over different paths. The closure error quantifies the error in each of the calculated relative viscosities. These tests show the results to be of very high quality with errors of less than 0.2%. The ability to identify and quantify the errors in this way is unique to perturbation viscometry and gives additional confidence. The regressed viscosity ratios have been used to prepare an outline viscosity–composition surface of the ternary mixture argon–nitrogen–helium at 98.5 °C.
Water Pollution VIII: Modelling, Monitoring and Management, 2006
A new chelating resin was prepared by anchoring the chelating agent nitriloaminetriacetic acid (N... more A new chelating resin was prepared by anchoring the chelating agent nitriloaminetriacetic acid (NTA) to melamine via an amide covalent bond during melamine-formaldehyde condensation reaction in an acidic medium. The effect of preparation conditions (temperature, acidity, and water content) on resin characteristics (water regain, rigidity, NTA functionality, and porosity) were monitored to specify the best preparation conditions. A pH of 1.3, temperature of 150°C and water content of 5 ml were found as the best conditions for resin preparation with stated amounts of reactants. This new resin was chemically characterized via infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), CHNO elemental analysis, and morphologically characterized via nitrogen gas adsorption (BET) and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The best-produced resin sample has a surface area of 159 m 2 /g. The content of NTA was about 1.24 mmole/g. Simultaneous adsorption of Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Cu(II) from synthetic wastewater solutions using a batch technique was quantitatively analysed using atomic absorption. Selective adsorption of the Cu(II) ion amongst Co(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) ions by this resin was noted. It was found that Cu(II) adsorption is spontaneous (∆G ads <0), exothermic (∆H ads <0), and reversible (∆S ads <0). Kinetically, it follows reversible and pseudo first-order. According to the Langmuir model, the capacity for Cu(II) adsorption is 52.6 mg/g (0.83 mmol/g). EDTA solution can regenerate the resin by stripping adsorbed metal ions. After regeneration, it was observed that the capacity decreased and this may be due to partial hydrolysis of NTA sites.
The performance of a high pressure falling sinker-type viscometer has been evaluated both by expe... more The performance of a high pressure falling sinker-type viscometer has been evaluated both by experiment and by CFD and is, for the first time, such an evaluation has been reported. This type of viscometer is used to determine the viscosity of liquids at high isostatic pressure. By assuming the existence of fully developed laminar flow between the descending sinker under the influence of gravity and the tube wall, an analytical solution to flow can be determined. However, due to end effects, a calibration fluid is required to correct determined viscosity data. Using an edible oil as the test fluid, we examined the flow profile around the sinker during operation. By using CFD we have been able to confirm the presence of complex flow patterns. These are directly responsible for influencing the rate of sinker descent and thus the determination of viscosity data, which highlights the need for good sinker dimension selection as well as the need for calibration.
ABSTRACT The viscosities of olive oil and its constituent fatty acids were measured using a falli... more ABSTRACT The viscosities of olive oil and its constituent fatty acids were measured using a falling sinker-type high-pressure viscometer. The viscometer consists of a titanium cylindrical sinker with ferrite core and descends concentrically under the influence of gravity through a close-fitting titanium tube. The movement of the sinker was detected by electrical induction through coils surrounding the tube. For the oil and fatty acids, the calculated dynamic viscosity increased according to the model =o exp ( p). The coefficients were readily obtained by linearizing experimental data for sinker fall-times and found to be dependent on the chain length and degree of saturation.
Pulverized coals are widely used by injection into the blast furnaces in order to replace expensi... more Pulverized coals are widely used by injection into the blast furnaces in order to replace expensive cokes. In this paper, a new catalytic combustion promoter, containing manganese dioxide with other oxides (or carbonates) of rare earth metals and alkali earth metals, was developed to enhance the combustion of pulverized coal. The effects of addition amount on the ignition temperature and the combustion efficiency were investigated. With more promoters added, the ignition temperature dropped, whilst the combustion efficiency increased significantly. Industrial test showed that, with the addition of 0.4% of the promoter, the coke consumption reduced to 26.7 kg/tFe (equivalent to 7.5 million US dollars per blast furnace per year), and the carbon contents in the fly ash dropped to from 43.1% to 32.4%, which suggests great economic and environmental benefits.
In sorption-effect chromatography, small changes in gas flow rate are measured. These changes ind... more In sorption-effect chromatography, small changes in gas flow rate are measured. These changes indicate both the amount sorbed when a sample enters a column and the amounts desorbed when resolved bands leave. We use a differential capillary meter to measure these changes. Random temperature fluctuations in the apparatus can also cause small changes in flow rate. This &quot;thermal noise &quot; tends to hide the signal. Even when the carrier gas is not sorbed, temperature fluctuations make the flow rate fluctuate by causing expansion and contraction of the apparatus and carrier gas and also by changing the gas viscosity. When the carrier gas is sorbed in the columns, the noise is magnified because the temperature changes cause sorption and desorption, thus increasing the size of the flow-rate fluctuations. We offer advice on the minimization of thermal noise and describe design modifications that reduce thermal noise.
ABSTRACT Perturbation viscometry measures the pressure changes in a gas mixture flowing through a... more ABSTRACT Perturbation viscometry measures the pressure changes in a gas mixture flowing through a capillary tube when the flow is perturbed by adding a small flow of one of the pure components. The pressure upstream of the capillary rises because of the increase in flow and then rises or falls because of the change in viscosity. These pressure changes are measured accurately and their ratio gives the rate of change of viscosity with composition. The relative viscosities of the pure components of the gas mixtures are then calculated by integration of the gradients measured across the composition range.Measurements of the viscosity–composition relationships for binary gas mixtures of argon, nitrogen and helium at 98.5 °C have been made together with some measurements on ternary mixtures.Perturbation viscometry gives more information than needed to just calculate the viscosity ratios. The extra information can be used in a series of checks to confirm the accuracy and consistency of the data produced. Consistency tests originally developed for binary gas mixtures have been applied to the measurements. Four more tests specific to ternary mixtures have been devised. The most rigorous of these involves integration of the gradient data between the same points over different paths. The closure error quantifies the error in each of the calculated relative viscosities. These tests show the results to be of very high quality with errors of less than 0.2%. The ability to identify and quantify the errors in this way is unique to perturbation viscometry and gives additional confidence. The regressed viscosity ratios have been used to prepare an outline viscosity–composition surface of the ternary mixture argon–nitrogen–helium at 98.5 °C.
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