2019 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronics, Intelligent Manufacture and Industrial Automation (ICAMIMIA), 2019
Herbs are herbal medicines produced from traditional plants such as ginger, turmeric, meet comedy... more Herbs are herbal medicines produced from traditional plants such as ginger, turmeric, meet comedy, and others. In Indonesia itself has a wealth of plants medicines and herbal remedies from various tribes spread in various regions. Research showing that 49.53% of Indonesia's population uses good herbal medicine to borrow for health care because of illness. Residents who consume herbal medicine as many as 95.6% are stated to enjoy the of drinking herbal medicine. Survey also shows that of the people who use herbal medicine, 55.3% consume herbal medicine in liquid form, while the rest (44.7%) is consumed herbs in the form of powder, pills, capsules and tablets. Based on the calculation, obtained minimum power of engine is 7.737 HP and the age bearing of design is 49103,08 working hours. Beside that, simulation was done and gotten responses with three variations in the value of B. The resulting system response with fast settling time and low oscillation. It got stable response with ...
This work aims at investigating the reliability of ZnO-paper based microfluidic analytical device... more This work aims at investigating the reliability of ZnO-paper based microfluidic analytical devices (ZnO-µPAD) for blood plasma separation as well as bio-sensing of glucose and cholesterol. Two-layer paper-based microfluidic analytical devices coated with ZnO nanoflowers/ZnO spherical aggregates (ZnO-µPAD) for a rapid blood plasma separation and glucose sensing were developed. Plasma separation in ZnO-µPAD was evaluated experimentally and numerically using computational fluid dynamics package for a flow over porous networks. Glucose and cholesterol detection was carried out using spectroscopic techniques, both Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman measurements. The plasma separation process on ZnO NF-μPAD requires 250 s. The spectroscopic investigation reveals that the IR absorptions and Raman signals at the typical vibrational frequencies of glucose and cholesterol are increasing at higher concentration. After subtraction from absorption background arising from ZnO and the pap...
International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 2020
This work presents the development of chitosan/ graphene oxide modified paper-based electrode for... more This work presents the development of chitosan/ graphene oxide modified paper-based electrode for electrochemical sensing of glucose and paracetamol. Preparation of the modified paper-based electrode was described, and several characterizations using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were carried out to evaluate the physical, electronic, and microstructural properties of chitosan/ graphene oxide layer. The electrochemical performance of the modified electrode was evaluated preliminary using impedance spectroscopy, and the electrochemical detection of both glucose and paracetamol in simulated urine was assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Impedance data reveals that the electron transfer mechanism at the electrode/ analyte solution interface occurs faster with increasing concentration of the analyte. CV-based measurements exhibit a linear response for analyte concentration ranging between 2.5 and 100 µM....
Teknologi diagnosis klinik yang murah dan andal merupakan sasaran pengembangan teknologi kesehata... more Teknologi diagnosis klinik yang murah dan andal merupakan sasaran pengembangan teknologi kesehatan untuk negera berkembang. Pada penelitian ini, teknik deteksi kandungan glukosa darah dikembangkan untuk diagnosis penyakit diabetes. Pemisahan plasma darah dilakukan dengan menggunakan peranti mikrofluida berbasis kertas yang terlapisi partikel nano ZnO bermorfolofi agregat sferis (SPs) dan nanoflowers (NFs), serta mekanisme pemisahan plasma darah dievaluasi secara numerik menggunakan modul aliran dalam media berpori pada perangkat lunak CFD (computational fluid dynamics). Kadar glukosa dalam plasma darah diukur dengan menggunakan spektroskopi FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) dan Raman. Hasil evaluasi peranti mikrofluida menunjukkan karakteristik watu pemisahan plasma darah berkisar dari 2-6 menit. Variasi waktu pemisahan plasma darah disebabkan topografi permukaan partikel nano ZnO yang tidak homogen pada kanal pemisahan. Pengukuran kadar glukosa berbasis spektroskopi FTIR dan Raman juga menunjukkan korelasi linier yang positif dan signifikan (R 2 > 0,9). Secara spesifik, monitoring nilai absorpsi IR pada frekuensi 1070 cm-1 dan hamburan Raman pada frekuensi 1121 cm-1 menghasilkan pengukuran dengan korelasi linier yang tinggi dan sensitivitas yang baik.
Sensor senyawa bio yang sederhana, murah dan andal merupakan salah satu objek pengembangan teknol... more Sensor senyawa bio yang sederhana, murah dan andal merupakan salah satu objek pengembangan teknologi sensor untuk diagnosis klinik. Dalam aplikasi lab on paper, sensor senyawa bio berbasis kertas merupakan tantangan penelitian tersendiri karena membutuhkan desain elektroda yang mampu memisahkan plasma darah sekaligus berfungsi untuk melakukan sensing terhadap target senyawa yang akan diukur. Pada penelitian ini, elektroda sensor senyawa bio diintegrasikan pada mikrofluida berbasis kertas untuk mendeteksi kandungan glukosa dan asam askorbat dalam simulated body fluid secara simultan dengan menggunakan metode elektrokimia (cyclic voltammetry, CV). Adapun elektroda kerja aktif terbuat dari kertas filter yang dilapisi karbon konduktif dan komposit ZnO/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dengan variasi fraksi massa MWCNTs 0,1, 2, dan 8% untuk pengukuran asam askorbat dan glukosa dalam simulated body fluid dengan kosentrasi 0,02-5,12 mM. Hasil terbaik didapatkan dengan penggunaan fraksi massa MWCNTs 2%, karakteristik linier (R 2 > 0,8) dari nilai respon arus menunjukkan sensitivitas (gradien) untuk pengukuran asam askorbat sebesar 0,02 µA/mM.cm 2 dan sensitivitas pengukuran glukosa sebesar 0,08 µA/mM.cm 2 , dengan integral respon arus sebesar 10-35 % dari total arus CV yang terekam.
Condenser water from the discharge channel PJB Paiton discharged to the sea has the potential mec... more Condenser water from the discharge channel PJB Paiton discharged to the sea has the potential mechanical energy, because the flow rate of 7.6 m3 / s (if both discharge PJB Paiton function) and the discharge channel reaches a height of 4m. This paper will describe the design of hydro power (in the form of a block diagram) by using Kaplan turbine driven by utilizing the wastewater condenser. Kaplan turbine performance represented in the form of the relationship between the incoming water flow and the pitch angle (the angle between the propellers with a hub) to the torque generated. The simulation results indicate that the turbine torque is proportional to the mechanical power turbine. The greater the torque, the greater the mechanical power, and vice versa.
The maximum power point (MPP) is equivalent to maximum IxV at the I-V curve under G and T conditi... more The maximum power point (MPP) is equivalent to maximum IxV at the I-V curve under G and T conditions. Characteristic and performance of the solar cell, module photovoltaic and solar generator of the photovoltaic system is possible to be evaluated through the MPP. The relationship among model, parameters and constants are expressed by a mathematical model of the exponential equation. Calculation of the MPP value at the intensity irradiation (G) and the cell temperature (T), the maximum voltage (Vmax) are fixed firstly by the current output equal to zero. The voltage output (Vout) is slowly dropped step by step (V=Vmax – n DV, where n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . m) and the current output (I) is founded. The MPPn (Iout x Vout) must be compared to the previous value of the MPPn-1 or MPPn – MPPn-1 ³ 0 Calculating process: the current-voltage (I-V) output, the MPP value is relative complicated and involves measured datum at the various irradiation and cell temperature. To simplifythe calculation o...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Global energy-related CO2 emissions rose by 1.4% in 2017 and reached a historic high of 32.5 Giga... more Global energy-related CO2 emissions rose by 1.4% in 2017 and reached a historic high of 32.5 Gigatonnes (Gt). One of the biggest contributors to CO2 emission is coal combustion that emits 96.1 kg CO2 for each GJ energy production. Top consumers of coal in the world are the iron-steel industry (28.5%) and the non-metallic minerals (21.4%). Rotary kiln is one of the most energy consuming equipment in nickel pyro-metallurgy processing plant. The specific energy consumption for calcine production is determined to be 2.26 GJ/ton calcine. In the rotary kiln, coal is used as fuel and a reducing agent. Charcoal from palm kernel shell has similar characteristics with coal and very suitable to substitute coal. Charcoal from PKS has many advantages compared to other biomass: high fixed carbon content, high heating value, and low ash content. Charcoal from palm kernel shell can be used as fuel and a reducing agent. Potential 9.9% reduction of CO2 emission can be achieved by using 20% PKS charcoal as fuel and 5% PKS charcoal as a reducing agent with minimum impact on the current operation.
In the photovoltaic water pumping (PVP) systems without batteries as energy storage, the role of ... more In the photovoltaic water pumping (PVP) systems without batteries as energy storage, the role of dc / dc converter determines the performance and efficiency of the system. the dc/dc converter functions to adjust the output voltage in accordance with the voltage input of the load which is a dc motor. Because the load is a dc motor, the output converter voltage setting is not constant or varies according to the intensity of solar radiation. As a result, when the intensity of solar radiation is high, the voltage output converter is high so that the motor-rotation becomes faster. and the water volume be produced also becomes more. On the contrary, when the intensity of solar radiation is low, the voltage output converter goes down that the motor rotation is slowly and the water volume is pumped is also low. With the dc converter, voltage output can be adjusted to the intensity of solar radiation. These effects that the PVP system has the high efficiency and good performance.
Rotary kiln is one of the most energy consuming equipment in nickel pyro-metallurgy processing pl... more Rotary kiln is one of the most energy consuming equipment in nickel pyro-metallurgy processing plant. Energy recovery of waste heat from kiln off-gas was studied for preheating raw coal in the coal mill. At first, an analysis of mass and energy flow based on mass conservation and energy conservation laws was developed in order to identify potential energy saving from all material and energy streams in the kiln process. The kiln can process 241 ton per hour of semi-dried lateritic ore with an average output of 3500 ton calcine per day. Fossil fuel combustion is the main source of energy input with a specific consumption of 3.7 GJ per kg calcine produced. The analytical results showed that 23.07% of total energy input carried away in the off-gas stream and 4.14% of total energy input lost to the surrounding in the form of heat transfer from kiln shell. Sankey diagram of the material flow and energy flow in the rotary kiln was developed based on mass and energy balance in the rotary kiln. Furthermore, utilization of kiln off-gas as hot gas coal mill was studied to replace existing recirculation system of coal mill off-gas. Energy recovery of 14.2 GJ/hour can be achieved with additional environmental benefit from 80.3% reduction in consumption of fossil fuel for coal mill hot gas generation.
PT Vale Indonesia Tbk has a compressed air system operated under the Utilities Department. There ... more PT Vale Indonesia Tbk has a compressed air system operated under the Utilities Department. There are 14 units of centrifugal compressor supplying the process plant with a total compressed air of 32,000-35,000 SCFM with a pressure of about 5.5-6.5 kg / cm2. The compressed air output from the compressor has a very high temperature reaching 42ºC-45ºC causing the air dryer cannot work optimally. The maximum dew point that can be reached by the air dryer is 10ºC while based on the ISO 8573 dew point standard for air instrument is 3ºC, so the quality is considered below par. In a certain period of time, there could be a failure to operational due to the high level of air wetness. High moisture in the air would corrode the metal parts of automation equipment. So to achieve the standard of dew point 3ºC, compressor output temperature needs to be lowered to at least 38ºC. The aim of this research is how to decrease compressor output temperature by installing an aftercooler shell-and-tube heat exchanger type. This type is chosen based on it is commonly used in chemical industry, power plant, etc., other than that it has strong construction, have good operating reliability, and easy maintenance. Aftercooler design process will be done through the process of using HTRI software so it is expected to produce heat exchanger design with good efficiency. With aftercooler installation, it is expected that the compressor output before entering the air dryer can reach 38ºC so that the 3ºC dew point at the air dryer is expected to be achieved, and better compressed air quality can be obtained.
Performance of the photovoltaic system is highly influenced by the weather, especially the irradi... more Performance of the photovoltaic system is highly influenced by the weather, especially the irradiation and the temperature. To simplify the design of solar generator power, a mathematical model and its validity of the solar cell are required. In this work, the value of the parameters in ...
2019 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronics, Intelligent Manufacture and Industrial Automation (ICAMIMIA), 2019
Herbs are herbal medicines produced from traditional plants such as ginger, turmeric, meet comedy... more Herbs are herbal medicines produced from traditional plants such as ginger, turmeric, meet comedy, and others. In Indonesia itself has a wealth of plants medicines and herbal remedies from various tribes spread in various regions. Research showing that 49.53% of Indonesia's population uses good herbal medicine to borrow for health care because of illness. Residents who consume herbal medicine as many as 95.6% are stated to enjoy the of drinking herbal medicine. Survey also shows that of the people who use herbal medicine, 55.3% consume herbal medicine in liquid form, while the rest (44.7%) is consumed herbs in the form of powder, pills, capsules and tablets. Based on the calculation, obtained minimum power of engine is 7.737 HP and the age bearing of design is 49103,08 working hours. Beside that, simulation was done and gotten responses with three variations in the value of B. The resulting system response with fast settling time and low oscillation. It got stable response with ...
This work aims at investigating the reliability of ZnO-paper based microfluidic analytical device... more This work aims at investigating the reliability of ZnO-paper based microfluidic analytical devices (ZnO-µPAD) for blood plasma separation as well as bio-sensing of glucose and cholesterol. Two-layer paper-based microfluidic analytical devices coated with ZnO nanoflowers/ZnO spherical aggregates (ZnO-µPAD) for a rapid blood plasma separation and glucose sensing were developed. Plasma separation in ZnO-µPAD was evaluated experimentally and numerically using computational fluid dynamics package for a flow over porous networks. Glucose and cholesterol detection was carried out using spectroscopic techniques, both Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman measurements. The plasma separation process on ZnO NF-μPAD requires 250 s. The spectroscopic investigation reveals that the IR absorptions and Raman signals at the typical vibrational frequencies of glucose and cholesterol are increasing at higher concentration. After subtraction from absorption background arising from ZnO and the pap...
International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 2020
This work presents the development of chitosan/ graphene oxide modified paper-based electrode for... more This work presents the development of chitosan/ graphene oxide modified paper-based electrode for electrochemical sensing of glucose and paracetamol. Preparation of the modified paper-based electrode was described, and several characterizations using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were carried out to evaluate the physical, electronic, and microstructural properties of chitosan/ graphene oxide layer. The electrochemical performance of the modified electrode was evaluated preliminary using impedance spectroscopy, and the electrochemical detection of both glucose and paracetamol in simulated urine was assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Impedance data reveals that the electron transfer mechanism at the electrode/ analyte solution interface occurs faster with increasing concentration of the analyte. CV-based measurements exhibit a linear response for analyte concentration ranging between 2.5 and 100 µM....
Teknologi diagnosis klinik yang murah dan andal merupakan sasaran pengembangan teknologi kesehata... more Teknologi diagnosis klinik yang murah dan andal merupakan sasaran pengembangan teknologi kesehatan untuk negera berkembang. Pada penelitian ini, teknik deteksi kandungan glukosa darah dikembangkan untuk diagnosis penyakit diabetes. Pemisahan plasma darah dilakukan dengan menggunakan peranti mikrofluida berbasis kertas yang terlapisi partikel nano ZnO bermorfolofi agregat sferis (SPs) dan nanoflowers (NFs), serta mekanisme pemisahan plasma darah dievaluasi secara numerik menggunakan modul aliran dalam media berpori pada perangkat lunak CFD (computational fluid dynamics). Kadar glukosa dalam plasma darah diukur dengan menggunakan spektroskopi FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) dan Raman. Hasil evaluasi peranti mikrofluida menunjukkan karakteristik watu pemisahan plasma darah berkisar dari 2-6 menit. Variasi waktu pemisahan plasma darah disebabkan topografi permukaan partikel nano ZnO yang tidak homogen pada kanal pemisahan. Pengukuran kadar glukosa berbasis spektroskopi FTIR dan Raman juga menunjukkan korelasi linier yang positif dan signifikan (R 2 > 0,9). Secara spesifik, monitoring nilai absorpsi IR pada frekuensi 1070 cm-1 dan hamburan Raman pada frekuensi 1121 cm-1 menghasilkan pengukuran dengan korelasi linier yang tinggi dan sensitivitas yang baik.
Sensor senyawa bio yang sederhana, murah dan andal merupakan salah satu objek pengembangan teknol... more Sensor senyawa bio yang sederhana, murah dan andal merupakan salah satu objek pengembangan teknologi sensor untuk diagnosis klinik. Dalam aplikasi lab on paper, sensor senyawa bio berbasis kertas merupakan tantangan penelitian tersendiri karena membutuhkan desain elektroda yang mampu memisahkan plasma darah sekaligus berfungsi untuk melakukan sensing terhadap target senyawa yang akan diukur. Pada penelitian ini, elektroda sensor senyawa bio diintegrasikan pada mikrofluida berbasis kertas untuk mendeteksi kandungan glukosa dan asam askorbat dalam simulated body fluid secara simultan dengan menggunakan metode elektrokimia (cyclic voltammetry, CV). Adapun elektroda kerja aktif terbuat dari kertas filter yang dilapisi karbon konduktif dan komposit ZnO/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dengan variasi fraksi massa MWCNTs 0,1, 2, dan 8% untuk pengukuran asam askorbat dan glukosa dalam simulated body fluid dengan kosentrasi 0,02-5,12 mM. Hasil terbaik didapatkan dengan penggunaan fraksi massa MWCNTs 2%, karakteristik linier (R 2 > 0,8) dari nilai respon arus menunjukkan sensitivitas (gradien) untuk pengukuran asam askorbat sebesar 0,02 µA/mM.cm 2 dan sensitivitas pengukuran glukosa sebesar 0,08 µA/mM.cm 2 , dengan integral respon arus sebesar 10-35 % dari total arus CV yang terekam.
Condenser water from the discharge channel PJB Paiton discharged to the sea has the potential mec... more Condenser water from the discharge channel PJB Paiton discharged to the sea has the potential mechanical energy, because the flow rate of 7.6 m3 / s (if both discharge PJB Paiton function) and the discharge channel reaches a height of 4m. This paper will describe the design of hydro power (in the form of a block diagram) by using Kaplan turbine driven by utilizing the wastewater condenser. Kaplan turbine performance represented in the form of the relationship between the incoming water flow and the pitch angle (the angle between the propellers with a hub) to the torque generated. The simulation results indicate that the turbine torque is proportional to the mechanical power turbine. The greater the torque, the greater the mechanical power, and vice versa.
The maximum power point (MPP) is equivalent to maximum IxV at the I-V curve under G and T conditi... more The maximum power point (MPP) is equivalent to maximum IxV at the I-V curve under G and T conditions. Characteristic and performance of the solar cell, module photovoltaic and solar generator of the photovoltaic system is possible to be evaluated through the MPP. The relationship among model, parameters and constants are expressed by a mathematical model of the exponential equation. Calculation of the MPP value at the intensity irradiation (G) and the cell temperature (T), the maximum voltage (Vmax) are fixed firstly by the current output equal to zero. The voltage output (Vout) is slowly dropped step by step (V=Vmax – n DV, where n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . m) and the current output (I) is founded. The MPPn (Iout x Vout) must be compared to the previous value of the MPPn-1 or MPPn – MPPn-1 ³ 0 Calculating process: the current-voltage (I-V) output, the MPP value is relative complicated and involves measured datum at the various irradiation and cell temperature. To simplifythe calculation o...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Global energy-related CO2 emissions rose by 1.4% in 2017 and reached a historic high of 32.5 Giga... more Global energy-related CO2 emissions rose by 1.4% in 2017 and reached a historic high of 32.5 Gigatonnes (Gt). One of the biggest contributors to CO2 emission is coal combustion that emits 96.1 kg CO2 for each GJ energy production. Top consumers of coal in the world are the iron-steel industry (28.5%) and the non-metallic minerals (21.4%). Rotary kiln is one of the most energy consuming equipment in nickel pyro-metallurgy processing plant. The specific energy consumption for calcine production is determined to be 2.26 GJ/ton calcine. In the rotary kiln, coal is used as fuel and a reducing agent. Charcoal from palm kernel shell has similar characteristics with coal and very suitable to substitute coal. Charcoal from PKS has many advantages compared to other biomass: high fixed carbon content, high heating value, and low ash content. Charcoal from palm kernel shell can be used as fuel and a reducing agent. Potential 9.9% reduction of CO2 emission can be achieved by using 20% PKS charcoal as fuel and 5% PKS charcoal as a reducing agent with minimum impact on the current operation.
In the photovoltaic water pumping (PVP) systems without batteries as energy storage, the role of ... more In the photovoltaic water pumping (PVP) systems without batteries as energy storage, the role of dc / dc converter determines the performance and efficiency of the system. the dc/dc converter functions to adjust the output voltage in accordance with the voltage input of the load which is a dc motor. Because the load is a dc motor, the output converter voltage setting is not constant or varies according to the intensity of solar radiation. As a result, when the intensity of solar radiation is high, the voltage output converter is high so that the motor-rotation becomes faster. and the water volume be produced also becomes more. On the contrary, when the intensity of solar radiation is low, the voltage output converter goes down that the motor rotation is slowly and the water volume is pumped is also low. With the dc converter, voltage output can be adjusted to the intensity of solar radiation. These effects that the PVP system has the high efficiency and good performance.
Rotary kiln is one of the most energy consuming equipment in nickel pyro-metallurgy processing pl... more Rotary kiln is one of the most energy consuming equipment in nickel pyro-metallurgy processing plant. Energy recovery of waste heat from kiln off-gas was studied for preheating raw coal in the coal mill. At first, an analysis of mass and energy flow based on mass conservation and energy conservation laws was developed in order to identify potential energy saving from all material and energy streams in the kiln process. The kiln can process 241 ton per hour of semi-dried lateritic ore with an average output of 3500 ton calcine per day. Fossil fuel combustion is the main source of energy input with a specific consumption of 3.7 GJ per kg calcine produced. The analytical results showed that 23.07% of total energy input carried away in the off-gas stream and 4.14% of total energy input lost to the surrounding in the form of heat transfer from kiln shell. Sankey diagram of the material flow and energy flow in the rotary kiln was developed based on mass and energy balance in the rotary kiln. Furthermore, utilization of kiln off-gas as hot gas coal mill was studied to replace existing recirculation system of coal mill off-gas. Energy recovery of 14.2 GJ/hour can be achieved with additional environmental benefit from 80.3% reduction in consumption of fossil fuel for coal mill hot gas generation.
PT Vale Indonesia Tbk has a compressed air system operated under the Utilities Department. There ... more PT Vale Indonesia Tbk has a compressed air system operated under the Utilities Department. There are 14 units of centrifugal compressor supplying the process plant with a total compressed air of 32,000-35,000 SCFM with a pressure of about 5.5-6.5 kg / cm2. The compressed air output from the compressor has a very high temperature reaching 42ºC-45ºC causing the air dryer cannot work optimally. The maximum dew point that can be reached by the air dryer is 10ºC while based on the ISO 8573 dew point standard for air instrument is 3ºC, so the quality is considered below par. In a certain period of time, there could be a failure to operational due to the high level of air wetness. High moisture in the air would corrode the metal parts of automation equipment. So to achieve the standard of dew point 3ºC, compressor output temperature needs to be lowered to at least 38ºC. The aim of this research is how to decrease compressor output temperature by installing an aftercooler shell-and-tube heat exchanger type. This type is chosen based on it is commonly used in chemical industry, power plant, etc., other than that it has strong construction, have good operating reliability, and easy maintenance. Aftercooler design process will be done through the process of using HTRI software so it is expected to produce heat exchanger design with good efficiency. With aftercooler installation, it is expected that the compressor output before entering the air dryer can reach 38ºC so that the 3ºC dew point at the air dryer is expected to be achieved, and better compressed air quality can be obtained.
Performance of the photovoltaic system is highly influenced by the weather, especially the irradi... more Performance of the photovoltaic system is highly influenced by the weather, especially the irradiation and the temperature. To simplify the design of solar generator power, a mathematical model and its validity of the solar cell are required. In this work, the value of the parameters in ...
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