Henoch-Schönlein purpura is a leukocytoclastic vasculitis, characterized with palpable purpuric r... more Henoch-Schönlein purpura is a leukocytoclastic vasculitis, characterized with palpable purpuric rush and collection of immunglobuline A (Ig A) around small vessels. Onset of purpuric rush at gluteus and lower extremities is the main symptom of the disease, however it presents with a wide variety of signs and symptoms. Here, we present a two-year-old boy who had presented with penile swelling and color change. Then, purpuric rush was occurred and it was seen spontenous resolution on second day without treatment.
at 4 and 8 weeks after relieving the PBOO. Six sham-operated rabbits served as controls. Sedated ... more at 4 and 8 weeks after relieving the PBOO. Six sham-operated rabbits served as controls. Sedated rabbits were assessed by cystometry and the bladders were then removed for contractile, histological and molecular studies. Western blotting was used to determine the level of carbonylation and nitrotyrosination at the protein level.
Inappropriate storage of cleaners which excessively used in daily is hazardous to children. Inges... more Inappropriate storage of cleaners which excessively used in daily is hazardous to children. Ingestion of potent corrosive agents, especially alkaline solutions may lead to acute esophageal burns, esophageal or stomach perforation, and even to death. Early of these injuries may be associated with esophageal strictures in later and the treatment of strictures might be and take long follow-up. This article reviews related issues on the diagnosis and management of esophageal burns, strictures and preventive medicine in children. [TAF Prev Med Bull. 2008; 7(6): 535-540]
Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology, Jan 5, 2015
Studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between maternal fructose intake and metabol... more Studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between maternal fructose intake and metabolic outcome in their offspring. However, there is a paucity of data about the long-term effects of fructose intake on the offspring of fructose-fed dams. Therefore, we planned a study to evaluate the long-term effects of fructose intake on the offspring of dam rats fed a high-fructose diet. Sixteen virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups. Group 1 received a regular diet and Group 2 a high-fructose diet. Both groups received their experimental diets for 8 weeks before conception. They were mated and continued to feed with their experimental diet during mating and during their pregnancy and lactation periods. After weaning, the offspring from each group were divided into two groups. Group 1A received a regular diet, Group 1B - a fructose diet, Group 2A - a regular diet and Group 2B received a fructose diet. After weaning, the offspring were anesthetized and blood samp...
Background Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) induces a systemic inflammatory response and rele... more Background Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) induces a systemic inflammatory response and releases harmful substances that may affect the function and integrity of distant organs such as lung, liver, and kidney. We conducted this study to find out if proanthocyanidins (PA) has protective effects against mesenteric IR injury and mesenteric IR-induced intestinal and distant organ injury. Materials and methods Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, control ? PA, IR, IR ? PA. The IR and IR ? PA groups were subjected to mesenteric arterial ischemia for 60 min and reperfusion for 6 h. The Control ? PA and IR ? PA groups were administered PA (100 mg/kg/day via oral gavage) for 7 days prior to injury insult. We collected ileal and distant organ tissues, such as pulmonary, hepatic, and kidney specimens to measure tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and nitrite plus nitrate (NO x ), and we then evaluated histological changes.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation, 2011
Not only bacterial characteristics but also oxidative/nitrosative stress could play a significant... more Not only bacterial characteristics but also oxidative/nitrosative stress could play a significant role in renal parenchymal inflammatory processes in acute pyelonephritis (APN). This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ozone therapy (OT), as an immunomodulator and antioxidant, on the renal function, morphology and biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in an experimental model of APN in rats. Forty rats were divided equally into five groups as control, APN, APN + Antibiotic, APN + OT, and APN + Antibiotic + OT. APN was induced by 0.1 ml of freshly prepared Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) solution containing 10(10) colony-forming unit/ml into the kidney. A control group was administered 0.1 ml of 0.9 % NaCl solution. Treatment was begun 72 h after bacterial inoculation. Control and APN groups were given 0.9% NaCl solution, APN + Antibiotic and APN + OT were given either antibiotic (ciprofloxacine 150 mg/kg intramuscular/twice daily) or OT. APN + Antibiotic + OT group was given both antibiotic and OT for five consecutive days. At the end of the seventh day, animals were killed via decapitation and trunk blood was collected. Both kidneys were harvested and one half of each kidney were immediately stored for antioxidant enzyme activity, tissue lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content. The remainder was fixed for histopathologic examination. E. coli-induced APN increased the renal glomerular and tubular dysfunction, oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities. Either antibiotherapy or OT markedly ameliorated renal dysfunction, the antioxidant status of the kidneys and histopathological injuries subjected to E. coli-induced APN. Interestingly, the combination of antibiotherapy and OT was much more effective than either of the treatment modalities alone. The combination of antibiotherapy and OT markedly ameliorated renal dysfunction and improved antioxidant status and histopathologic modalities in rats subjected to E. coli-induced APN than either antibiotherapy or OT treatment alone. Therefore, OT may be considered as an adjuvant therapy to classical antibiotherapy to prevent renal inflammation and fibrosis in APN.
Introduction. Nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (OONO -) are implicated in the pathophysiology ... more Introduction. Nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (OONO -) are implicated in the pathophysiology of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the efficiency of S-methylisothiourea (SMT), an iNOS inhibitor, and mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG), a scavenger of peroxynitrite, on renal dysfunction and injury induced by I/R of rat kidney. Materials and Methods. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sham-operated, I/R, I/R+SMT, and I/R+MEG. Rats were given SMT (10 mg/kg ip) or MEG (10 mg/kg ip) 6 h prior to I/R and at the beginning of reperfusion. All rats except sham-operated underwent 60 min of bilateral renal ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. After reperfusion, kidneys and blood were obtained for evaluation. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehide, protein carbonyl content, and nitrite/nitrate level (NO x ) were determined in the renal tissue. Serum creatinine (S Cr ), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined in the blood. Additionally, renal sections were used for histological grade of renal injury. Results. SMT and MEG significantly reduced the I/R-induced increases in S Cr , BUN, and AST. Both SMT and MEG attenuated the tissue NO x levels, indicating reduced NO production. In addition, SMT and MEG markedly reduced elevated oxidative stress product, restored decreased antioxidant enzymes, and attenuated histological alterations. Interestingly, MEG exerted a greater renoprotective effect than SMT. Conclusions. These data support the finding that iNOS and peroxynitrite are involved in the renal I/R injury, and suggest that a scavenger of peroxynitrite might be more effective than iNOS inhibitors as a therapeutic intervention.
Several natural products have been reported to have beneficial effects on ischemia/reperfusion (I... more Several natural products have been reported to have beneficial effects on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, particularly from a preventative perspective. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the efficiency of proanthocyanidin (PA), a natural product derived from grape seed, on renal dysfunction and injury induced by I/R of rat kidney. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated, I/R, I/R+PA. Rats were given PA (100 mg/kg/day peroral) 7 days prior to I/R. All rats except sham-operated underwent 60 min of bilateral renal ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. After reperfusion, kidneys and blood were obtained for evaluation. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl content, and nitrite/nitrate level (NO(x)) were determined in the renal tissue. Serum creatinine (S(Cr)), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined in the blood. Additionally, renal sections were used for histological grade of renal injury. PA significantly reduced the I/R-induced increases in S(Cr), BUN, and AST. In addition, PA markedly reduced elevated oxidative stress product, restored decreased antioxidant enzymes, and attenuated histological alterations. Moreover, PA attenuated the tissue NO(x), levels indicating reduced NO production. The pretreatment of rats with PA reduced the renal dysfunction and morphological changes, ameliorated cellular injury, and restored renal antioxidant enzymes caused by renal I/R.
Objectives: Our aims were to evaluate the efficacy of ozone therapy (OT) in an experimental rat m... more Objectives: Our aims were to evaluate the efficacy of ozone therapy (OT) in an experimental rat model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) and to compare its effects with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy in this entity.
Background. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated during reperfusion of the tissue are c... more Background. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated during reperfusion of the tissue are characteristic of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether erdosteine and ebselen, molecules with antioxidant properties and peroxynitrite scavenging capability, respectively, can reduce oxidative stress and histological damage in the rat small bowel subjected to mesenteric I/R injury.
Background: Caffeine and cortisone administration represent a therapeutic intervention of high cl... more Background: Caffeine and cortisone administration represent a therapeutic intervention of high clinical relevance during the neonatal period. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects and interactions between caffeine and different glucocorticoids on the expression of surfactant protein B (SP-B), essential for the physiological function of pulmonary surfactant. Methods: The expression level of SP-B was measured by real time quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining in the type II lung epithelial cell line H441 after induction with different doses of caffeine and glucocorticoids. Results: Dexamethasone (1 M ) induced SP-B expression in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal 37 8 12-fold increase, and caffeine (5 m M ) with a 3.1 8 1-fold increase. However, induction by a combination of dexamethasone and caffeine reached levels that were 250 8 47-fold higher than in non-induced cells (p ! 0.0001). The synergistic induction of SP-B mRNA expression could also be observed by using caffeine with hydrocortisone (110 8 1), prednisolone (191 8 15), and betamethasone (504 8 118), which had the most accentuated effect. The maximal effect of caffeine and steroids on SP-B expression was reached after 12 h. These findings could be confirmed at the protein level by immunofluorescence staining. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a synergistic upregulating effect on SP-B expression by glucocorticoids in combination with caffeine. Co-administration of caffeine together with steroids seems to be of benefit in surfactant homeostasis.
Purpose: We investigated the benefits of using the parents' video camera records for the follow-u... more Purpose: We investigated the benefits of using the parents' video camera records for the follow-up of children who had undergone hypospadias surgery in terms of reducing fear and hospital anxiety of the children and the time spent in the waiting room. Methods: This prospective study was performed on children with proximal hypospadias. The patients were called for the follow-up appointment on the 7th postoperative day and were divided into 3 groups. The first group was the control group where parents were not given any follow-up visit direction. The parents of the second group were told to have their child drink enough fluids and come with a full bladder, while the third group of parents recorded their child's micturition using a video camera. The fear and anxiety of children at the postoperative visit were evaluated and recorded using a scoring system between 0 and 4 using the Children's Fear Scale (CFS) brochure. The time elapsed from the arrival of the parents in the outpatient clinic to their departure was also recorded for comparison of the total time spent during the follow-up visit among the groups. Results: Thirty boys who underwent hypospadias repair were enrolled in this study. The median CFS scores at the postoperative follow-up visit were 2.99 ± 0.99 (range: 1-4) in the first group, 2.90 ± 0.87 (range: 1-4) in the second group, and 0.00 (range 0-0) in the third group. The median total time spent during the follow-up visit in the 3 groups was 61.50 ± 17.08 (range 35-88), 18.1 ± 13.01 (range 4-45), and 4.0 ± 0.81 (3-5) minutes, respectively. Both CFS and total time spent were significantly lower in the third group (p b 0.01). Conclusion: Imaging of micturition at home by using a video camera for outpatient visits following hypospadias surgery will decrease the fear and anxiety of children and the time that the family spends at the hospital. Crown
Henoch-Schönlein purpura is a leukocytoclastic vasculitis, characterized with palpable purpuric r... more Henoch-Schönlein purpura is a leukocytoclastic vasculitis, characterized with palpable purpuric rush and collection of immunglobuline A (Ig A) around small vessels. Onset of purpuric rush at gluteus and lower extremities is the main symptom of the disease, however it presents with a wide variety of signs and symptoms. Here, we present a two-year-old boy who had presented with penile swelling and color change. Then, purpuric rush was occurred and it was seen spontenous resolution on second day without treatment.
at 4 and 8 weeks after relieving the PBOO. Six sham-operated rabbits served as controls. Sedated ... more at 4 and 8 weeks after relieving the PBOO. Six sham-operated rabbits served as controls. Sedated rabbits were assessed by cystometry and the bladders were then removed for contractile, histological and molecular studies. Western blotting was used to determine the level of carbonylation and nitrotyrosination at the protein level.
Inappropriate storage of cleaners which excessively used in daily is hazardous to children. Inges... more Inappropriate storage of cleaners which excessively used in daily is hazardous to children. Ingestion of potent corrosive agents, especially alkaline solutions may lead to acute esophageal burns, esophageal or stomach perforation, and even to death. Early of these injuries may be associated with esophageal strictures in later and the treatment of strictures might be and take long follow-up. This article reviews related issues on the diagnosis and management of esophageal burns, strictures and preventive medicine in children. [TAF Prev Med Bull. 2008; 7(6): 535-540]
Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology, Jan 5, 2015
Studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between maternal fructose intake and metabol... more Studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between maternal fructose intake and metabolic outcome in their offspring. However, there is a paucity of data about the long-term effects of fructose intake on the offspring of fructose-fed dams. Therefore, we planned a study to evaluate the long-term effects of fructose intake on the offspring of dam rats fed a high-fructose diet. Sixteen virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups. Group 1 received a regular diet and Group 2 a high-fructose diet. Both groups received their experimental diets for 8 weeks before conception. They were mated and continued to feed with their experimental diet during mating and during their pregnancy and lactation periods. After weaning, the offspring from each group were divided into two groups. Group 1A received a regular diet, Group 1B - a fructose diet, Group 2A - a regular diet and Group 2B received a fructose diet. After weaning, the offspring were anesthetized and blood samp...
Background Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) induces a systemic inflammatory response and rele... more Background Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) induces a systemic inflammatory response and releases harmful substances that may affect the function and integrity of distant organs such as lung, liver, and kidney. We conducted this study to find out if proanthocyanidins (PA) has protective effects against mesenteric IR injury and mesenteric IR-induced intestinal and distant organ injury. Materials and methods Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, control ? PA, IR, IR ? PA. The IR and IR ? PA groups were subjected to mesenteric arterial ischemia for 60 min and reperfusion for 6 h. The Control ? PA and IR ? PA groups were administered PA (100 mg/kg/day via oral gavage) for 7 days prior to injury insult. We collected ileal and distant organ tissues, such as pulmonary, hepatic, and kidney specimens to measure tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and nitrite plus nitrate (NO x ), and we then evaluated histological changes.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation, 2011
Not only bacterial characteristics but also oxidative/nitrosative stress could play a significant... more Not only bacterial characteristics but also oxidative/nitrosative stress could play a significant role in renal parenchymal inflammatory processes in acute pyelonephritis (APN). This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ozone therapy (OT), as an immunomodulator and antioxidant, on the renal function, morphology and biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in an experimental model of APN in rats. Forty rats were divided equally into five groups as control, APN, APN + Antibiotic, APN + OT, and APN + Antibiotic + OT. APN was induced by 0.1 ml of freshly prepared Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) solution containing 10(10) colony-forming unit/ml into the kidney. A control group was administered 0.1 ml of 0.9 % NaCl solution. Treatment was begun 72 h after bacterial inoculation. Control and APN groups were given 0.9% NaCl solution, APN + Antibiotic and APN + OT were given either antibiotic (ciprofloxacine 150 mg/kg intramuscular/twice daily) or OT. APN + Antibiotic + OT group was given both antibiotic and OT for five consecutive days. At the end of the seventh day, animals were killed via decapitation and trunk blood was collected. Both kidneys were harvested and one half of each kidney were immediately stored for antioxidant enzyme activity, tissue lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content. The remainder was fixed for histopathologic examination. E. coli-induced APN increased the renal glomerular and tubular dysfunction, oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities. Either antibiotherapy or OT markedly ameliorated renal dysfunction, the antioxidant status of the kidneys and histopathological injuries subjected to E. coli-induced APN. Interestingly, the combination of antibiotherapy and OT was much more effective than either of the treatment modalities alone. The combination of antibiotherapy and OT markedly ameliorated renal dysfunction and improved antioxidant status and histopathologic modalities in rats subjected to E. coli-induced APN than either antibiotherapy or OT treatment alone. Therefore, OT may be considered as an adjuvant therapy to classical antibiotherapy to prevent renal inflammation and fibrosis in APN.
Introduction. Nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (OONO -) are implicated in the pathophysiology ... more Introduction. Nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (OONO -) are implicated in the pathophysiology of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the efficiency of S-methylisothiourea (SMT), an iNOS inhibitor, and mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG), a scavenger of peroxynitrite, on renal dysfunction and injury induced by I/R of rat kidney. Materials and Methods. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sham-operated, I/R, I/R+SMT, and I/R+MEG. Rats were given SMT (10 mg/kg ip) or MEG (10 mg/kg ip) 6 h prior to I/R and at the beginning of reperfusion. All rats except sham-operated underwent 60 min of bilateral renal ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. After reperfusion, kidneys and blood were obtained for evaluation. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehide, protein carbonyl content, and nitrite/nitrate level (NO x ) were determined in the renal tissue. Serum creatinine (S Cr ), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined in the blood. Additionally, renal sections were used for histological grade of renal injury. Results. SMT and MEG significantly reduced the I/R-induced increases in S Cr , BUN, and AST. Both SMT and MEG attenuated the tissue NO x levels, indicating reduced NO production. In addition, SMT and MEG markedly reduced elevated oxidative stress product, restored decreased antioxidant enzymes, and attenuated histological alterations. Interestingly, MEG exerted a greater renoprotective effect than SMT. Conclusions. These data support the finding that iNOS and peroxynitrite are involved in the renal I/R injury, and suggest that a scavenger of peroxynitrite might be more effective than iNOS inhibitors as a therapeutic intervention.
Several natural products have been reported to have beneficial effects on ischemia/reperfusion (I... more Several natural products have been reported to have beneficial effects on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, particularly from a preventative perspective. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the efficiency of proanthocyanidin (PA), a natural product derived from grape seed, on renal dysfunction and injury induced by I/R of rat kidney. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated, I/R, I/R+PA. Rats were given PA (100 mg/kg/day peroral) 7 days prior to I/R. All rats except sham-operated underwent 60 min of bilateral renal ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. After reperfusion, kidneys and blood were obtained for evaluation. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl content, and nitrite/nitrate level (NO(x)) were determined in the renal tissue. Serum creatinine (S(Cr)), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined in the blood. Additionally, renal sections were used for histological grade of renal injury. PA significantly reduced the I/R-induced increases in S(Cr), BUN, and AST. In addition, PA markedly reduced elevated oxidative stress product, restored decreased antioxidant enzymes, and attenuated histological alterations. Moreover, PA attenuated the tissue NO(x), levels indicating reduced NO production. The pretreatment of rats with PA reduced the renal dysfunction and morphological changes, ameliorated cellular injury, and restored renal antioxidant enzymes caused by renal I/R.
Objectives: Our aims were to evaluate the efficacy of ozone therapy (OT) in an experimental rat m... more Objectives: Our aims were to evaluate the efficacy of ozone therapy (OT) in an experimental rat model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) and to compare its effects with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy in this entity.
Background. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated during reperfusion of the tissue are c... more Background. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated during reperfusion of the tissue are characteristic of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether erdosteine and ebselen, molecules with antioxidant properties and peroxynitrite scavenging capability, respectively, can reduce oxidative stress and histological damage in the rat small bowel subjected to mesenteric I/R injury.
Background: Caffeine and cortisone administration represent a therapeutic intervention of high cl... more Background: Caffeine and cortisone administration represent a therapeutic intervention of high clinical relevance during the neonatal period. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects and interactions between caffeine and different glucocorticoids on the expression of surfactant protein B (SP-B), essential for the physiological function of pulmonary surfactant. Methods: The expression level of SP-B was measured by real time quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining in the type II lung epithelial cell line H441 after induction with different doses of caffeine and glucocorticoids. Results: Dexamethasone (1 M ) induced SP-B expression in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal 37 8 12-fold increase, and caffeine (5 m M ) with a 3.1 8 1-fold increase. However, induction by a combination of dexamethasone and caffeine reached levels that were 250 8 47-fold higher than in non-induced cells (p ! 0.0001). The synergistic induction of SP-B mRNA expression could also be observed by using caffeine with hydrocortisone (110 8 1), prednisolone (191 8 15), and betamethasone (504 8 118), which had the most accentuated effect. The maximal effect of caffeine and steroids on SP-B expression was reached after 12 h. These findings could be confirmed at the protein level by immunofluorescence staining. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a synergistic upregulating effect on SP-B expression by glucocorticoids in combination with caffeine. Co-administration of caffeine together with steroids seems to be of benefit in surfactant homeostasis.
Purpose: We investigated the benefits of using the parents' video camera records for the follow-u... more Purpose: We investigated the benefits of using the parents' video camera records for the follow-up of children who had undergone hypospadias surgery in terms of reducing fear and hospital anxiety of the children and the time spent in the waiting room. Methods: This prospective study was performed on children with proximal hypospadias. The patients were called for the follow-up appointment on the 7th postoperative day and were divided into 3 groups. The first group was the control group where parents were not given any follow-up visit direction. The parents of the second group were told to have their child drink enough fluids and come with a full bladder, while the third group of parents recorded their child's micturition using a video camera. The fear and anxiety of children at the postoperative visit were evaluated and recorded using a scoring system between 0 and 4 using the Children's Fear Scale (CFS) brochure. The time elapsed from the arrival of the parents in the outpatient clinic to their departure was also recorded for comparison of the total time spent during the follow-up visit among the groups. Results: Thirty boys who underwent hypospadias repair were enrolled in this study. The median CFS scores at the postoperative follow-up visit were 2.99 ± 0.99 (range: 1-4) in the first group, 2.90 ± 0.87 (range: 1-4) in the second group, and 0.00 (range 0-0) in the third group. The median total time spent during the follow-up visit in the 3 groups was 61.50 ± 17.08 (range 35-88), 18.1 ± 13.01 (range 4-45), and 4.0 ± 0.81 (3-5) minutes, respectively. Both CFS and total time spent were significantly lower in the third group (p b 0.01). Conclusion: Imaging of micturition at home by using a video camera for outpatient visits following hypospadias surgery will decrease the fear and anxiety of children and the time that the family spends at the hospital. Crown
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Papers by Ahmet Guven