We study sex offences carried out by groups of juveniles, focusing on offender characteristics an... more We study sex offences carried out by groups of juveniles, focusing on offender characteristics and the interaction patterns within offender groups and between offenders and victims. Using reconstructions of offences from court files as well as information retrieved from personality screenings, we conclude that perpetrators generally had below-average intelligence, and otherwise a fairly average personality profile. Group size was on average four. Offences were generally not planned as such. In some cases, offenders had agreed to have sex with a victim, although without discussing how to arrange that. In other cases, offenders seemed to know what was going to happen without discussing it beforehand. In one-third of the groups, a leader orchestrated the offence during the perpetration. The group either was instrumental or functioned as a public to witness the debasement of the victim. The offence itself is often regarded as entertainment. In most offence situations at least one vaginal rape took place. In many cases the victim was threatened, even after completion of the offence.
In this article, social network data are used to investigate relationships between 1730 non-, min... more In this article, social network data are used to investigate relationships between 1730 non-, minor and serious delinquent students from lower-level secondary education in the Netherlands. We analyse to what extent students with different delinquency levels are clustered in student networks; how popular and central delinquent students are in their network; and whether gender moderates popularity and centrality. The results show that similarity in delinquency among school friends is moderate and that non-delinquents, minor delinquents and serious delinquents are mixed in school networks. Delinquent students are slightly more popular and central in their networks than are non-delinquents. However, analyses in which same and cross-gender relationships are separated suggest that these differences are mainly the result of cross-gender friendships.
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Aug 22, 2011
While a growing number of longitudinal studies contribute to our knowledge on the relationship be... more While a growing number of longitudinal studies contribute to our knowledge on the relationship between delinquent peers and one’s own delinquent behavior, researchers have generally approached the issue in a restricted way: failing to identify mediating processes or to distinguish between what peers approve of and what they do. Moreover, most studies have used indirect, perceptual measurements, which may have led to biased results. The present study examines the relative effects of peer attitudes toward delinquency and peer delinquent behavior on adolescents' delinquent behavior, using social network data from the School Study of the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR). The results suggest that peer attitudes and attitude transference play a more important role in the social transmission of delinquency than previous research has indicated. Nevertheless, the results also provide evidence for a remaining direct effect of peer delinquent behavior on adolescents' self-reported delinquency.
Theory, its extension by Burgess and Akers, and Hirschi's Social Control Theory. The hypotheses w... more Theory, its extension by Burgess and Akers, and Hirschi's Social Control Theory. The hypotheses were tested with longitudinal social network data, using the recently developed software program 'Simulation Investigation for Empirical Network Analysis' (SIENA). The network data were gathered among lower educated students of twelve secondary schools in the Dutch province of South Holland during a three-year period. The analyses suggest that adolescents tend to adjust their behaviour to the delinquency level of their peers (influence process), and tend to be friends with others who have a similar level of delinquency (selection process). Further, the results indicate that attachment to friends, time spent with friends and social pressure of friends do not affect the influence of peers on adolescents' delinquency level.
... Temporal order Longitudinal data have been used to analyse the temporal order between acquiri... more ... Temporal order Longitudinal data have been used to analyse the temporal order between acquiring ... These analyses suggest a stepwise development in which exposure to delinquent peers leads to the ... The most important analysis has been done by Elliott and Menard on the ...
Criminological attention toward girls in gangs has increased substantially in the past few decade... more Criminological attention toward girls in gangs has increased substantially in the past few decades, but studies outside the United States on sex differences with regard to gangs are still scarce. In this chapter, data from a Dutch survey of 1,830 adolescents are used to investigate membership in troublesome youth groups among girls as compared to boys. The results offer remarkable similarities to many studies that have been conducted on gangs and girls in the United States and to research that has taken place in Europe. A substantial portion of the girls are members of a troublesome youth group according to the Eurogang definition, and these girls are more involved in delinquency than non-gang girls as well as non-gang boys. Sex composition of gangs is related to delinquent behavior, with relatively high levels for girls in gangs with more boys and for boys in gangs with a minority of girls. A number of risk factors for gang membership were similar for boys and girls, but there were also some notable differences. However, for girls as well as for boys, membership had a significant and substantial effect on total delinquency net of other control variables. The chapter ends with a discussion of these findings and a plea for continued research on gangs, delinquency, and sex differences.
What influence do friends, school and parents have on delinquent behaviour of high school student... more What influence do friends, school and parents have on delinquent behaviour of high school students? This article examines the influence of friends in relation to bonds with school and with parents, and also examines differences between boys and girls in the influence of friends and bonds on delinquent behaviour. We used network data to measure delinquent behaviour of friends, which is more precise than usual measurement methods of delinquent peers. Delinquency was measured at two points in time, which gave us the opportunity to examine the causal order of having delinquent friends and performing delinquent behaviour. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, significant effects were found for delinquent friendships, conventional bonds and for other friendship variables. However, boys and girls differed in the explanatory variables affecting delinquency. Causal examination revealed that delinquent friends increased the likelihood of delinquent behaviour a year later, but also that delinquency had an effect on choosing delinquent friends after a year. Cronbachs alfa = 0,77
The objective of this study was to investigate the relevance of Loevinger&amp... more The objective of this study was to investigate the relevance of Loevinger's perspective of psychosocial development for the explanation of misbehaviour and delinquency next to Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory of self-control. General questionnaires about daily life, school, parents, problem behaviour and various other topics were administered to approximately 800 students (12–13 years old) from secondary schools, who also completed a
In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de criminologische betekenis van de voortschrijdende digitalis... more In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de criminologische betekenis van de voortschrijdende digitalisering. Wat betekent dit voor het fenomeen criminaliteit en voor de verklaring van crimineel gedrag? Niet alleen komen er nieuwe soorten delicten bij, maar ook de context van criminaliteit is veranderd. Achterliggende processen blijven in principe hetzelfde, maar de toepassing in de online wereld is complex en verdient nadere bestudering. Online sociale interacties zijn niet alleen van belang voor online criminaliteit, maar ook voor traditionele delicten; maar op welke manier dat uitwerkt, is nog weinig systematisch onderzocht. Maar zo vaak aangehaald, dat het onduidelijk is wie het oorspronkelijk heeft gezegd. Het citaat wordt onder meer toegeschreven aan
Objectives The current study seeks to explain changes in support for violent extremism during the... more Objectives The current study seeks to explain changes in support for violent extremism during the transition to early adulthood. This period during the life course could increase uncertainty and vulnerability to radicalization, or alternatively lead to maturation, prosocial bonds, and consequently less support for violent extremism. In the absence of population-based longitudinal data on violent extremist attitudes, we know very little about how and why attitudes change during this period. Method Data came from an ongoing longitudinal cohort study in Zürich, Switzerland (n = 910). First, we assessed the variation in violent extremist attitudes between ages 17 and 20 using the Reliable Change Index. Second, we used hybrid regression techniques to investigate to what extent theoretically relevant factors can explain between-and withinindividual differences in violent extremist attitudes. Results Our results show that violent extremist attitudes are largely stable or declining between late adolescence and early adulthood, and that within-individual changes in low self-control, conflict coping skills, and peer disapproval of violence can in part explain these changes. Conclusions For young people in Zürich, the transition to early adulthood was characterized by increases in psychosocial maturity, more prosocial peers, and less deviant behavior, which in turn was associated with lower support for violent extremism. Existing research on effective interventions for criminal desistance and disengagement from gangs may therefore be fruitful avenues for developing programs aimed at reducing support for violent extremism and fostering deradicalization.
Vakgebied(en) Strafrecht algemeen (V) Migratie en vluchtelingen staan meer dan ooit in de aandach... more Vakgebied(en) Strafrecht algemeen (V) Migratie en vluchtelingen staan meer dan ooit in de aandacht. Vorig jaar probeerden honderdduizenden vluchtelingen uit met name Syrië en Eritrea het Europese vasteland te bereiken, met als gevolg schrijnende situaties en veel politieke onrust. De beelden van gestrande reizigers, gammele bootjes en omgekomen drenkelingen in de Middellandse Zee staan nog op het netvlies gebrand. De situatie lijkt na de afspraken met Turkije wat rustiger te zijn geworden, hoewel een deel van de migratie zich lijkt te hebben verplaatst naar andere routes over de Middellandse Zee. In Nederland leidde de situatie in eerste instantie tot veel bekommernis om het lot van de vluchtelingen. Na verloop van tijd ontstond er ook zorg over de maatschappelijke gevolgen van de komst van relatief grote aantallen asielzoekers naar Nederland. In sommige plaatsen kwamen buurtbewoners in verzet tegen de komst van asielzoekerscentra uit vrees voor overlast en veranderingen in hun omgeving. Maar ook was er bezorgdheid over mogelijke effecten van de komst van asielzoekers op het niveau van criminaliteit. Deze gevoelens werden versterkt door de gebeurtenissen rond de jaarwisseling in Keulen waar een groot aantal vrouwen slachtoffer werden van aanranding en beroving. Ook in de criminologie is er op dit moment veel aandacht voor de relatie tussen migratie en criminaliteit. Het onlangs gehouden jaarlijkse congres van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Criminologie (NVC) had als thema 'Migratie, terrorisme en grensoverschrijdende criminaliteit'. Zowel de Nederlandse als de Europese nieuwsbrieven voor criminologen waren gewijd aan migratie en vluchtelingen, en het septembernummer van de European Journal of Criminology is in zijn geheel gewijd aan de toenemende verwevenheid van migratie, vreemdelingenrecht, strafrecht en angst voor criminaliteit. Aan het thema migratie en criminaliteit zijn verschillende subthema's te onderscheiden, zoals criminaliteit rond migratie (mensensmokkel), migranten als slachtoffer van criminaliteit (mensenhandel), criminaliteit door migranten en asielzoekers, irreguliere migratie, maatschappelijke reacties op migratie, en selectiviteit in de vervolging en bestraffing van migranten. In deze bijdrage gaan we in op twee subthema's rond migratie en criminaliteit. Het eerste subthema is de relatie tussen migratie en niveaus van criminaliteit. Eind 2015 verscheen een rapport van de Wetenschappelijke Raad voor Regeringsbeleid over de integratie van asielmigranten, waarin onder meer wordt gerapporteerd over een onderzoek naar de politiecontacten van asielmigranten die in de periode tussen 1995 en 1999 ons land zijn binnengekomen. Die bevindingen worden besproken in het licht van een eerder onderzoek naar de betrokkenheid van asielmigranten bij criminaliteit en een recent internationaal overzicht van het thema. Ten tweede gaan we in op wat vaak wordt aangeduid als 'crimmigratie', de toenemende vermenging tussen vreemdelingentoezicht en strafrecht als reactie op de komst van migranten. We bespreken twee recente studies die hierop betrekking hebben: een onderzoek van Van der Woude en collega's over de geïntensiveerde controles van de Marechaussee in de grensgebieden en onderzoek van Bolhuis en van Van Wijk over het gebruik van het vreemdelingenrecht om terroristen en oorlogsmisdadigers te vangen of te weren. Het WRR rapport Geen tijd verliezen: van opvang naar integratie van asielmigranten (Engbersen, Dagevos, Jennissen, Bakker en Leerkes, m.m.v. Klaver en Odé, 2015) werd geschreven naar aanleiding van de gebeurtenissen rond migranten in 2015. De hoofdvraag van het rapport is hoe de integratie van asielzoekers met een verblijfsvergunning kan worden Link: Alle (auteurs-)rechten op dit document berusten bij Wolters Kluwer Nederland B.V. of haar licentiegevers en worden uitdrukkelijk voorbehouden. Dit document is gegenereerd op 20-02-2019. Kijk voor meer informatie over de diensten van Wolters Kluwer op www.w olterskluwer.nl Pagina 1/5
We study sex offences carried out by groups of juveniles, focusing on offender characteristics an... more We study sex offences carried out by groups of juveniles, focusing on offender characteristics and the interaction patterns within offender groups and between offenders and victims. Using reconstructions of offences from court files as well as information retrieved from personality screenings, we conclude that perpetrators generally had below-average intelligence, and otherwise a fairly average personality profile. Group size was on average four. Offences were generally not planned as such. In some cases, offenders had agreed to have sex with a victim, although without discussing how to arrange that. In other cases, offenders seemed to know what was going to happen without discussing it beforehand. In one-third of the groups, a leader orchestrated the offence during the perpetration. The group either was instrumental or functioned as a public to witness the debasement of the victim. The offence itself is often regarded as entertainment. In most offence situations at least one vaginal rape took place. In many cases the victim was threatened, even after completion of the offence.
In this article, social network data are used to investigate relationships between 1730 non-, min... more In this article, social network data are used to investigate relationships between 1730 non-, minor and serious delinquent students from lower-level secondary education in the Netherlands. We analyse to what extent students with different delinquency levels are clustered in student networks; how popular and central delinquent students are in their network; and whether gender moderates popularity and centrality. The results show that similarity in delinquency among school friends is moderate and that non-delinquents, minor delinquents and serious delinquents are mixed in school networks. Delinquent students are slightly more popular and central in their networks than are non-delinquents. However, analyses in which same and cross-gender relationships are separated suggest that these differences are mainly the result of cross-gender friendships.
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Aug 22, 2011
While a growing number of longitudinal studies contribute to our knowledge on the relationship be... more While a growing number of longitudinal studies contribute to our knowledge on the relationship between delinquent peers and one’s own delinquent behavior, researchers have generally approached the issue in a restricted way: failing to identify mediating processes or to distinguish between what peers approve of and what they do. Moreover, most studies have used indirect, perceptual measurements, which may have led to biased results. The present study examines the relative effects of peer attitudes toward delinquency and peer delinquent behavior on adolescents' delinquent behavior, using social network data from the School Study of the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR). The results suggest that peer attitudes and attitude transference play a more important role in the social transmission of delinquency than previous research has indicated. Nevertheless, the results also provide evidence for a remaining direct effect of peer delinquent behavior on adolescents' self-reported delinquency.
Theory, its extension by Burgess and Akers, and Hirschi's Social Control Theory. The hypotheses w... more Theory, its extension by Burgess and Akers, and Hirschi's Social Control Theory. The hypotheses were tested with longitudinal social network data, using the recently developed software program 'Simulation Investigation for Empirical Network Analysis' (SIENA). The network data were gathered among lower educated students of twelve secondary schools in the Dutch province of South Holland during a three-year period. The analyses suggest that adolescents tend to adjust their behaviour to the delinquency level of their peers (influence process), and tend to be friends with others who have a similar level of delinquency (selection process). Further, the results indicate that attachment to friends, time spent with friends and social pressure of friends do not affect the influence of peers on adolescents' delinquency level.
... Temporal order Longitudinal data have been used to analyse the temporal order between acquiri... more ... Temporal order Longitudinal data have been used to analyse the temporal order between acquiring ... These analyses suggest a stepwise development in which exposure to delinquent peers leads to the ... The most important analysis has been done by Elliott and Menard on the ...
Criminological attention toward girls in gangs has increased substantially in the past few decade... more Criminological attention toward girls in gangs has increased substantially in the past few decades, but studies outside the United States on sex differences with regard to gangs are still scarce. In this chapter, data from a Dutch survey of 1,830 adolescents are used to investigate membership in troublesome youth groups among girls as compared to boys. The results offer remarkable similarities to many studies that have been conducted on gangs and girls in the United States and to research that has taken place in Europe. A substantial portion of the girls are members of a troublesome youth group according to the Eurogang definition, and these girls are more involved in delinquency than non-gang girls as well as non-gang boys. Sex composition of gangs is related to delinquent behavior, with relatively high levels for girls in gangs with more boys and for boys in gangs with a minority of girls. A number of risk factors for gang membership were similar for boys and girls, but there were also some notable differences. However, for girls as well as for boys, membership had a significant and substantial effect on total delinquency net of other control variables. The chapter ends with a discussion of these findings and a plea for continued research on gangs, delinquency, and sex differences.
What influence do friends, school and parents have on delinquent behaviour of high school student... more What influence do friends, school and parents have on delinquent behaviour of high school students? This article examines the influence of friends in relation to bonds with school and with parents, and also examines differences between boys and girls in the influence of friends and bonds on delinquent behaviour. We used network data to measure delinquent behaviour of friends, which is more precise than usual measurement methods of delinquent peers. Delinquency was measured at two points in time, which gave us the opportunity to examine the causal order of having delinquent friends and performing delinquent behaviour. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, significant effects were found for delinquent friendships, conventional bonds and for other friendship variables. However, boys and girls differed in the explanatory variables affecting delinquency. Causal examination revealed that delinquent friends increased the likelihood of delinquent behaviour a year later, but also that delinquency had an effect on choosing delinquent friends after a year. Cronbachs alfa = 0,77
The objective of this study was to investigate the relevance of Loevinger&amp... more The objective of this study was to investigate the relevance of Loevinger's perspective of psychosocial development for the explanation of misbehaviour and delinquency next to Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory of self-control. General questionnaires about daily life, school, parents, problem behaviour and various other topics were administered to approximately 800 students (12–13 years old) from secondary schools, who also completed a
In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de criminologische betekenis van de voortschrijdende digitalis... more In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de criminologische betekenis van de voortschrijdende digitalisering. Wat betekent dit voor het fenomeen criminaliteit en voor de verklaring van crimineel gedrag? Niet alleen komen er nieuwe soorten delicten bij, maar ook de context van criminaliteit is veranderd. Achterliggende processen blijven in principe hetzelfde, maar de toepassing in de online wereld is complex en verdient nadere bestudering. Online sociale interacties zijn niet alleen van belang voor online criminaliteit, maar ook voor traditionele delicten; maar op welke manier dat uitwerkt, is nog weinig systematisch onderzocht. Maar zo vaak aangehaald, dat het onduidelijk is wie het oorspronkelijk heeft gezegd. Het citaat wordt onder meer toegeschreven aan
Objectives The current study seeks to explain changes in support for violent extremism during the... more Objectives The current study seeks to explain changes in support for violent extremism during the transition to early adulthood. This period during the life course could increase uncertainty and vulnerability to radicalization, or alternatively lead to maturation, prosocial bonds, and consequently less support for violent extremism. In the absence of population-based longitudinal data on violent extremist attitudes, we know very little about how and why attitudes change during this period. Method Data came from an ongoing longitudinal cohort study in Zürich, Switzerland (n = 910). First, we assessed the variation in violent extremist attitudes between ages 17 and 20 using the Reliable Change Index. Second, we used hybrid regression techniques to investigate to what extent theoretically relevant factors can explain between-and withinindividual differences in violent extremist attitudes. Results Our results show that violent extremist attitudes are largely stable or declining between late adolescence and early adulthood, and that within-individual changes in low self-control, conflict coping skills, and peer disapproval of violence can in part explain these changes. Conclusions For young people in Zürich, the transition to early adulthood was characterized by increases in psychosocial maturity, more prosocial peers, and less deviant behavior, which in turn was associated with lower support for violent extremism. Existing research on effective interventions for criminal desistance and disengagement from gangs may therefore be fruitful avenues for developing programs aimed at reducing support for violent extremism and fostering deradicalization.
Vakgebied(en) Strafrecht algemeen (V) Migratie en vluchtelingen staan meer dan ooit in de aandach... more Vakgebied(en) Strafrecht algemeen (V) Migratie en vluchtelingen staan meer dan ooit in de aandacht. Vorig jaar probeerden honderdduizenden vluchtelingen uit met name Syrië en Eritrea het Europese vasteland te bereiken, met als gevolg schrijnende situaties en veel politieke onrust. De beelden van gestrande reizigers, gammele bootjes en omgekomen drenkelingen in de Middellandse Zee staan nog op het netvlies gebrand. De situatie lijkt na de afspraken met Turkije wat rustiger te zijn geworden, hoewel een deel van de migratie zich lijkt te hebben verplaatst naar andere routes over de Middellandse Zee. In Nederland leidde de situatie in eerste instantie tot veel bekommernis om het lot van de vluchtelingen. Na verloop van tijd ontstond er ook zorg over de maatschappelijke gevolgen van de komst van relatief grote aantallen asielzoekers naar Nederland. In sommige plaatsen kwamen buurtbewoners in verzet tegen de komst van asielzoekerscentra uit vrees voor overlast en veranderingen in hun omgeving. Maar ook was er bezorgdheid over mogelijke effecten van de komst van asielzoekers op het niveau van criminaliteit. Deze gevoelens werden versterkt door de gebeurtenissen rond de jaarwisseling in Keulen waar een groot aantal vrouwen slachtoffer werden van aanranding en beroving. Ook in de criminologie is er op dit moment veel aandacht voor de relatie tussen migratie en criminaliteit. Het onlangs gehouden jaarlijkse congres van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Criminologie (NVC) had als thema 'Migratie, terrorisme en grensoverschrijdende criminaliteit'. Zowel de Nederlandse als de Europese nieuwsbrieven voor criminologen waren gewijd aan migratie en vluchtelingen, en het septembernummer van de European Journal of Criminology is in zijn geheel gewijd aan de toenemende verwevenheid van migratie, vreemdelingenrecht, strafrecht en angst voor criminaliteit. Aan het thema migratie en criminaliteit zijn verschillende subthema's te onderscheiden, zoals criminaliteit rond migratie (mensensmokkel), migranten als slachtoffer van criminaliteit (mensenhandel), criminaliteit door migranten en asielzoekers, irreguliere migratie, maatschappelijke reacties op migratie, en selectiviteit in de vervolging en bestraffing van migranten. In deze bijdrage gaan we in op twee subthema's rond migratie en criminaliteit. Het eerste subthema is de relatie tussen migratie en niveaus van criminaliteit. Eind 2015 verscheen een rapport van de Wetenschappelijke Raad voor Regeringsbeleid over de integratie van asielmigranten, waarin onder meer wordt gerapporteerd over een onderzoek naar de politiecontacten van asielmigranten die in de periode tussen 1995 en 1999 ons land zijn binnengekomen. Die bevindingen worden besproken in het licht van een eerder onderzoek naar de betrokkenheid van asielmigranten bij criminaliteit en een recent internationaal overzicht van het thema. Ten tweede gaan we in op wat vaak wordt aangeduid als 'crimmigratie', de toenemende vermenging tussen vreemdelingentoezicht en strafrecht als reactie op de komst van migranten. We bespreken twee recente studies die hierop betrekking hebben: een onderzoek van Van der Woude en collega's over de geïntensiveerde controles van de Marechaussee in de grensgebieden en onderzoek van Bolhuis en van Van Wijk over het gebruik van het vreemdelingenrecht om terroristen en oorlogsmisdadigers te vangen of te weren. Het WRR rapport Geen tijd verliezen: van opvang naar integratie van asielmigranten (Engbersen, Dagevos, Jennissen, Bakker en Leerkes, m.m.v. Klaver en Odé, 2015) werd geschreven naar aanleiding van de gebeurtenissen rond migranten in 2015. De hoofdvraag van het rapport is hoe de integratie van asielzoekers met een verblijfsvergunning kan worden Link: Alle (auteurs-)rechten op dit document berusten bij Wolters Kluwer Nederland B.V. of haar licentiegevers en worden uitdrukkelijk voorbehouden. Dit document is gegenereerd op 20-02-2019. Kijk voor meer informatie over de diensten van Wolters Kluwer op www.w olterskluwer.nl Pagina 1/5
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