This quantitative, case study explores the importance of IT, CIS, Computer Science, and Communica... more This quantitative, case study explores the importance of IT, CIS, Computer Science, and Communications as interdisciplinary degree programs with criminal justice curriculum. The researchers examined the future technology skills needed by police agencies, the current recruiting trends by police departments and compared these needs with current four year, accredited criminal justice programs. The researchers then examined the perceptions of criminal justice major students and their assessment of the importance and impact of technology in law enforcement today and in the near future. The data demonstrates how criminal justice students' perceptions allude to the importance and relevancy of technology in law enforcement and how CJ programs are not adequately preparing them for future policing needs. In addition, police agencies are not effectively recruiting technology officers to meet current and future technological needs for law enforcement.
Through history, American law enforcement has been a profession that necessitated the collection ... more Through history, American law enforcement has been a profession that necessitated the collection of a substantial and disparate amount of information. This information was and is stored in order to memorialize events, solve problems or crimes and identify, apprehend and prosecute lawbreakers. Until recently, leveraging this vast collection of data was a laborious and time consuming task. This article looks at current and emerging technologies and envisions a future where big data transforms the criminal justice system. The emergence of wearable technologies, new surveillance vehicles, and automated systems coupled with the power of large data warehousing creates an intriguing view into the future of crime fighting and prosecution. This content analysis evaluates the evolution of information management supporting law enforcement, culminating in a review of the literature supporting the digital case file. Further, this analysis purports research opportunities found within the content ...
This paper highlights the continued issues of interoperability communication during a multiagency... more This paper highlights the continued issues of interoperability communication during a multiagency response to a crisis incident as a fundable applied curriculum based case study. With the proliferation of mobile ICT devices such as smart phones, tablets, netbooks and laptops into society and their diffusion into our professional and personal lives, one has to ask why we still use two-way wireless radio developed in the 1890’s to communicate during crisis events. Leveraging off-the-shelf mobile ICT, this paper,in support of the current ABET IS curriculum,proposes further developing Internet Protocol systems to replace the current disparate radio based and multilayered proprietary communication systems that currently exist. The ABET IS curricular subjects of usability/technology acceptance, human factors, software/applications, hardware/mobile technology, networks/internet considerations, and security become part of the learning and discussion to contend with real time issues in need ...
International Journal of Cyber Research and Education, 2021
The paper presents a new framework that allows both educators and operational personnel to better... more The paper presents a new framework that allows both educators and operational personnel to better overlay incidents into a simplified framework. While other attack frameworks exist, they either lack simplicity or are too focused on specific types of attacks. Therefore, the authors have attempted to define a framework that can be used broadly across both physical and cyber incidents. Furthermore, the paper provides several high-profile examples wherein it is shown how this new framework more accurately represents the adversary's actions. Lastly, the framework allows room for expansion in that, within each stage, a plethora of questions can be addressed, giving greater specificity into how that stage was carried out.
International Journal of Cyber Research and Education, 2019
The purpose of this article is to assess the needs of local and state law enforcement agencies to... more The purpose of this article is to assess the needs of local and state law enforcement agencies to investigate both cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent crimes. While large federal investigative agencies have the skills, tools and resources to investigate cyber-crimes, the increasing propagation of such crimes has overwhelmed their ability to investigate all but the most serious national security threats and large-scale cyber-crimes. To that end, this article assesses the current knowledge, skills, and abilities of local law enforcement to perform cyber-crime investigations and more importantly their desire to do so. As these crimes grow in ease and popularity it is posited that local law enforcement will be required to have the technical skills to investigate a myriad of cyber-crimes at the local level. As such, there will be a need for local training in cyber-crimes investigation and shared investigative resources. Additionally, this paper gauges local law enforcements' willingnes...
It is argued in this article that the legal system, from initial investigation by detectives to f... more It is argued in this article that the legal system, from initial investigation by detectives to final resolution in court by lawyers, judges, and juries, offers a basis for investigating phenomena in the social sciences using mixed methods. We think that this new paradigm combines the components of both the qualitative and quantitative paradigms and provides a practical model for conceptualizing and conducting mixed methods research. The implication of this new paradigm is that it may help us better understand underlying phenomena in scholarly inquiry and thus offers a potential contribution for using a mixed-methods approach in both education and the social sciences. However, adopting and adapting this paradigm for mixed-methods inquiry will require further exploration and empirical replication.
This quantitative, case study explores the importance of IT, CIS, Computer Science, and Communica... more This quantitative, case study explores the importance of IT, CIS, Computer Science, and Communications as interdisciplinary degree programs with criminal justice curriculum. The researchers examined the future technology skills needed by police agencies, the current recruiting trends by police departments and compared these needs with current four year, accredited criminal justice programs. The researchers then examined the perceptions of criminal justice major students and their assessment of the importance and impact of technology in law enforcement today and in the near future. The data demonstrates how criminal justice students' perceptions allude to the importance and relevancy of technology in law enforcement and how CJ programs are not adequately preparing them for future policing needs. In addition, police agencies are not effectively recruiting technology officers to meet current and future technological needs for law enforcement.
Through history, American law enforcement has been a profession that necessitated the collection ... more Through history, American law enforcement has been a profession that necessitated the collection of a substantial and disparate amount of information. This information was and is stored in order to memorialize events, solve problems or crimes and identify, apprehend and prosecute lawbreakers. Until recently, leveraging this vast collection of data was a laborious and time consuming task. This article looks at current and emerging technologies and envisions a future where big data transforms the criminal justice system. The emergence of wearable technologies, new surveillance vehicles, and automated systems coupled with the power of large data warehousing creates an intriguing view into the future of crime fighting and prosecution. This content analysis evaluates the evolution of information management supporting law enforcement, culminating in a review of the literature supporting the digital case file. Further, this analysis purports research opportunities found within the content ...
This paper highlights the continued issues of interoperability communication during a multiagency... more This paper highlights the continued issues of interoperability communication during a multiagency response to a crisis incident as a fundable applied curriculum based case study. With the proliferation of mobile ICT devices such as smart phones, tablets, netbooks and laptops into society and their diffusion into our professional and personal lives, one has to ask why we still use two-way wireless radio developed in the 1890’s to communicate during crisis events. Leveraging off-the-shelf mobile ICT, this paper,in support of the current ABET IS curriculum,proposes further developing Internet Protocol systems to replace the current disparate radio based and multilayered proprietary communication systems that currently exist. The ABET IS curricular subjects of usability/technology acceptance, human factors, software/applications, hardware/mobile technology, networks/internet considerations, and security become part of the learning and discussion to contend with real time issues in need ...
International Journal of Cyber Research and Education, 2021
The paper presents a new framework that allows both educators and operational personnel to better... more The paper presents a new framework that allows both educators and operational personnel to better overlay incidents into a simplified framework. While other attack frameworks exist, they either lack simplicity or are too focused on specific types of attacks. Therefore, the authors have attempted to define a framework that can be used broadly across both physical and cyber incidents. Furthermore, the paper provides several high-profile examples wherein it is shown how this new framework more accurately represents the adversary's actions. Lastly, the framework allows room for expansion in that, within each stage, a plethora of questions can be addressed, giving greater specificity into how that stage was carried out.
International Journal of Cyber Research and Education, 2019
The purpose of this article is to assess the needs of local and state law enforcement agencies to... more The purpose of this article is to assess the needs of local and state law enforcement agencies to investigate both cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent crimes. While large federal investigative agencies have the skills, tools and resources to investigate cyber-crimes, the increasing propagation of such crimes has overwhelmed their ability to investigate all but the most serious national security threats and large-scale cyber-crimes. To that end, this article assesses the current knowledge, skills, and abilities of local law enforcement to perform cyber-crime investigations and more importantly their desire to do so. As these crimes grow in ease and popularity it is posited that local law enforcement will be required to have the technical skills to investigate a myriad of cyber-crimes at the local level. As such, there will be a need for local training in cyber-crimes investigation and shared investigative resources. Additionally, this paper gauges local law enforcements' willingnes...
It is argued in this article that the legal system, from initial investigation by detectives to f... more It is argued in this article that the legal system, from initial investigation by detectives to final resolution in court by lawyers, judges, and juries, offers a basis for investigating phenomena in the social sciences using mixed methods. We think that this new paradigm combines the components of both the qualitative and quantitative paradigms and provides a practical model for conceptualizing and conducting mixed methods research. The implication of this new paradigm is that it may help us better understand underlying phenomena in scholarly inquiry and thus offers a potential contribution for using a mixed-methods approach in both education and the social sciences. However, adopting and adapting this paradigm for mixed-methods inquiry will require further exploration and empirical replication.
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Papers by Frank Hartle