Papers by EMANUELA LOMBARDO
RESUMEN La existencia de diferentes "marcos interpretativos" (policy frames) en relación con el p... more RESUMEN La existencia de diferentes "marcos interpretativos" (policy frames) en relación con el problema de la desigualdad de género ayuda a explicar las diferencias entre las políticas de igualdad. Esta tesis se basa en la investigación desarrollada por el proyecto europeo MAGEEQ, cuyo marco teórico y metodología se recogen en este artículo. Asimismo, se presentan los resultados del análisis comparativo de los "marcos interpretativos" de las políticas de igualdad en las áreas de conciliación de la vida laboral y familiar, violencia doméstica y desigualdad de género en la política entre la Unión Europea y seis países miembros. Explicitando las interpretaciones del problema de-y de las soluciones a-la desigualdad de género a menudo implícitas en el discurso de los/as actores/as políticos/as, el análisis pretende promover un debate acerca de la formulación de las políticas de igualdad y de las inconsistencias de las mismas. PALABRAS CLAVE Políticas de igualdad de género en Europa; análisis de "marcos interpretativos"; análisis de políticas públicas; diseño de políticas públicas de igualdad.
This article argues that a discursive-sociological approach to study Europeanization is particula... more This article argues that a discursive-sociological approach to study Europeanization is particularly apt for understanding the dynamics of policy change in Europe. It does so by bringing closer the agenda of discursive institutionalism (DI) and gender policy analysis, drawing upon the recent sociological and discursive turns in the study of the domestic impact of Europe, and the long-term interest of gender policy analysis for discursive framings, norm diffusion, actors' interactions and EU soft policy instruments. Challenging the limitations of Europeanization studies that only focus on convergence , the article explores the contribution that both Schmidt's DI and discursive gender approaches make to the understanding of policy change in Europe. While seeing the two approaches as complementary in the study of Europeanization, the article discusses the added value of gender approaches for improving our understanding of policy change in Europe.
This article seeks to reintroduce discussions on gender relations in politics back into scholarly... more This article seeks to reintroduce discussions on gender relations in politics back into scholarly and political debate. Many countries have adopted gender quotas, but it is unclear whether their implementation has meaningfully changed the prevalent inequalities governing gender relations in politics. This article considers whether the implementation of gender quotas could promote change, and assesses this change with reference to five criteria formerly used to assess the strategy of gender mainstreaming. These are a shift towards a more comprehensive concept of gender equality; the incorporation of a gender perspective intersected with other inequalities in mainstream politics; equal political representation; organizational changes in selection and recruitment mechanisms as well as the functioning of politics; and, finally, the displacement of hierarchies, and the empowerment of subjects. Reflection on and empirical illustrations of gender quotas with regard to these criteria reveal a mixed picture, demonstrating the need to reintroduce discussions about gender equality within politics back into gender quota debates. This discussion will not focus on the legitimacy of or need for gender quotas, but on how their implementation can contribute to the improvement of gender relations in politics beyond a quantitative sense. Approaching gender quotas through the use of criteria devised for assessing the gender mainstreaming strategy is helpful in exploring the potential of gender quotas in the transformation of gender relations.
In this article, we analyze the implementation of gender mainstreaming in the European Union (EU)... more In this article, we analyze the implementation of gender mainstreaming in the European Union (EU) through the study of 'resistance' to gender equality initiatives in EU research policy. Contributing to feminist institutionalist theories, we identify resistance to gender initiatives within the Directorate General Research and Innovation, showing that there have been obstacles to an effective implementation of gender mainstreaming in the European Commission's 6 th Framework Programme (FP6). We argue that the encountered resistances reveal tensions between the European Commission's official mandate of mainstreaming gender equality into all policies and its actual implementation, which results in the 'filtering out' of transformative gender equality goals.
Resistance expressed by both organizations and participants in processes of
gender training that ... more Resistance expressed by both organizations and participants in processes of
gender training that are conducted to mainstream gender into policy-making poses a key challenge
for gender mainstreaming. However, such resistance is relatively under-studied. This article
explores resistance to gender training that emerges during the implementation of gender
mainstreaming by determining the types and forms of resistance to gender training and by finding
out just what this analysis of resistance tells us about the problems arising in the implementation of
gender mainstreaming. We argue that analysing resistance to gender training—and identifying
the types and forms of such resistance—can contribute to diagnosing problems in the
implementation of mainstreaming and furthermore be used for improving this implementation.
This study is based on data from participant observation in training processes and from the work
conducted in two European research projects, QUING and TARGET, both of which debated the
issue of gender training in expert meetings and forums made up of trainers, policy-makers, and
academics.
This article studies how processes of policy implementation and the impact of a multilevel Europe... more This article studies how processes of policy implementation and the impact of a multilevel European legal order shape social policies. By using an interdisciplinary approach to comparative policy analysis that investigates policy implementation through the critical study of judicial litigation, the article analyses the case of García Mateos on work-life balance in its different stages before Spanish and supranational courts. It shows that the implementation of work-life balance policy through litigation in Spain is a "long and winding road" paved with discursive and material opportunities and obstacles. While multiple pressures, actors, and framings at different governmental levels contributed to a favourable judicial decision on gender equality, norms about the gendered division of labour limited its transformative potential.
Resumen: Las cuotas de género en la política y en los consejos de administración de las empresas ... more Resumen: Las cuotas de género en la política y en los consejos de administración de las empresas presentan diferencias importantes en España respecto al grado de coerción, el periodo de implementación establecido y las sanciones por incumplimiento, indicando una regulación "fuerte" para las primeras y "débil" para las segundas. Para explicar por qué se introdujeron enfoques regulativos diferentes, adoptamos un enfoque feminista institucionalista que nos permite analizar la distinta configuración institucional subyacen-te a los sucesivos procesos de reforma de estas cuotas, así como las estrategias discursivas de los actores clave que apoyaron o se opusieron a su adopción. Mientras que las cuotas en la política siguieron una secuencia armónica, en las empresas la secuencia fue claramente conflictiva. Palabras clave: cuotas de género, feminismo institucionalista, partidos políticos, conse-jos de administración, España. Abstract: Gender quotas in politics and in corporate boards are significantly different in Spain regarding their degree of coercion, the time frame for their implementation, and the sanction for non compliance, indicating a strong regulation of the former and a weak regulation of the latter. To explain why different regulatory approaches were introduced, we *Emanuela Lombardo es profesora contratada doctora en el
Discursive factors have not figured prominently in implementation
research. This article fills th... more Discursive factors have not figured prominently in implementation
research. This article fills this gap by addressing the material and
discursive conflicts articulated around equality at workplace
between women and men in multilevel judicial contexts. It studies
obstacles to and opportunities for the judicial implementation of
EU equal employment policies in Spain by analyzing two cases of
parental rights to childcare litigated before Spanish and supranational
courts, namely the Court of Justice of the European Union
and the European Court of Human Rights. The claimants are working
parents who litigate for the recognition of their right to
provide childcare. In judicial implementation multiple meanings
about women, gender and intersectionality can be articulated and
counteracted at different levels. Frame analysis of selected judicial
documents and content analysis of legal proceedings and interviews
show that simultaneous favorable institutions, framing, and
actors are needed for implementing EU equal employment policies
in a way that allows overcoming the gendered division of care
and paid work. Distinguishing among ‘women’, ‘gender’ and ‘intersectionality’ approaches, we assess the extent to which the result
of judicial implementation is the transformation of gender roles
towards equal sharing of care.
Democracy is an ally of the feminist project and a necessary condition for its success. The Europ... more Democracy is an ally of the feminist project and a necessary condition for its success. The European post-crisis context shows evidence of de-democratization processes that represent a remarkable challenge. This article investigates gender equality and processes of de-democratization in Spain in the aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis. It argues that ne-oliberalism, authoritarian shifts, and political corruption are three key dimensions of the processes of de-democratization in Spain that contribute to oppose gender equality. However, political contestation and feminist collective agency both in movements and institutions have played a key role in counteracting these dynamics. Civil society and feminist move-ments' struggles for democracy, equality and social justice, the role of new populist left parties in channeling some of the protesters' demands, gender equality institutions keeping gender on the agenda despite austerity cuts, and new local governments emerging from civic platforms after the 2015 elections have been effective in resisting attacks to Spanish democracy. A thorough revision of academic literature and other secondary sources helps to capture the specificities of this complex political setting.
While populism has been subject to growing scholarly interest, its relationship to feminist polit... more While populism has been subject to growing scholarly interest, its relationship to feminist politics has remained conspicuously understudied. This article investigates this relationship by analysing two cases of European populism: left populism in Spain (Podemos), and right populism in Finland (the Finns Party). The questions asked, and the challenges posed to feminist politics from populist political forces are intriguing: How is feminist politics articulated in both left and right populism? What differences can be discerned between left and right populism for feminist politics? To explore this, the article analyses three core dimensions: (1) political representation: descriptive representation (numbers of women, men and minority positions) and substantive representation (policy content in relation to gender equality); (2) populist parties' formal and informal gender institutions such as internal quotas, gender equality plans and institutional culture; and (3) dedicated spaces for feminist politics such as women's sections or feminist groups. It is argued that political ideology matters for feminist politics, and while left parties are more responsive to feminist concerns and populism poses specific problems for feminist politics, it is the gendered culture of political parties that ensures both left and right parties are problematic for feminist politics.
quing.eu
Page 1. Quality in Gender+ Equality Policies European Commission Sixth Framework Programme Integr... more Page 1. Quality in Gender+ Equality Policies European Commission Sixth Framework Programme Integrated Project Hannele Harjunen Report Analysing Intersectionality in Gender Equality Policies for Finland and the EU Institute for Human Sciences (IWM) Vienna 2008 ...
El artículo analiza el tratamiento de la igualdad de género en el Tratado Constitucional Europeo ... more El artículo analiza el tratamiento de la igualdad de género en el Tratado Constitucional Europeo de 2004, con especial referencia a la incorporación de una perspectiva de género en el proceso. Evalúa tanto los resultados positivos, relacionados con el mantenimiento del acervo comunitario en materia de igualdad, la inclusión de la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la UE, y las movilizaciones a favor de la igualdad dentro y fuera de la Convención, como los resultados negativos, concernientes la limitada capacidad de incorporar una perspectiva de género en el proceso y en el texto constitucional. Ésta se atribuye al concepto estrecho de igualdad de género adoptado en el documento, a las resistencias en incorporar una perspectiva de género en todas las áreas políticas, a la baja representación de las mujeres en la Convención, y a la ausencia de una perspectiva de género en el proceso institucional y administrativo. En la conclusión se avanzan algunas hipótesis explicativas de dichas limitaciones.
In this paper we reconstruct the development of the issue of 'gender and 'non employmen... more In this paper we reconstruct the development of the issue of 'gender and 'non employment' in Italian policy debates from 1995 to 2007. Considering that 'non employment' refers to which category of citizens are considered as legitimately non- employed and to what are the gender implications of these assumptions, we wish to answer questions such as the following: which are the 'hottest' issues in Italian policy debates in the area of 'non employment'? Which were the main domestic and international actors who influenced the emergence of such debates? What categories of subjects do these debates construct? The paper originates from research carried out within the European QUING project (Quality in Gender Equality Policies www.quing.eu). By reconstructing the history of Italian policy debates concerning 'gender and non employment' we wish to explore how gendered are such debates, and how do they tackle the intersection of gender and ...
Constitutional Politics in the European Union, 2007
Aequalitas Revista Juridica De Igualdad De Oportunidades Entre Mujeres Y Hombres, 2003
Constitutional Politics in the European Union, 2007
Informations Sociales, Jan 6, 2009
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Papers by EMANUELA LOMBARDO
gender training that are conducted to mainstream gender into policy-making poses a key challenge
for gender mainstreaming. However, such resistance is relatively under-studied. This article
explores resistance to gender training that emerges during the implementation of gender
mainstreaming by determining the types and forms of resistance to gender training and by finding
out just what this analysis of resistance tells us about the problems arising in the implementation of
gender mainstreaming. We argue that analysing resistance to gender training—and identifying
the types and forms of such resistance—can contribute to diagnosing problems in the
implementation of mainstreaming and furthermore be used for improving this implementation.
This study is based on data from participant observation in training processes and from the work
conducted in two European research projects, QUING and TARGET, both of which debated the
issue of gender training in expert meetings and forums made up of trainers, policy-makers, and
academics.
research. This article fills this gap by addressing the material and
discursive conflicts articulated around equality at workplace
between women and men in multilevel judicial contexts. It studies
obstacles to and opportunities for the judicial implementation of
EU equal employment policies in Spain by analyzing two cases of
parental rights to childcare litigated before Spanish and supranational
courts, namely the Court of Justice of the European Union
and the European Court of Human Rights. The claimants are working
parents who litigate for the recognition of their right to
provide childcare. In judicial implementation multiple meanings
about women, gender and intersectionality can be articulated and
counteracted at different levels. Frame analysis of selected judicial
documents and content analysis of legal proceedings and interviews
show that simultaneous favorable institutions, framing, and
actors are needed for implementing EU equal employment policies
in a way that allows overcoming the gendered division of care
and paid work. Distinguishing among ‘women’, ‘gender’ and ‘intersectionality’ approaches, we assess the extent to which the result
of judicial implementation is the transformation of gender roles
towards equal sharing of care.
gender training that are conducted to mainstream gender into policy-making poses a key challenge
for gender mainstreaming. However, such resistance is relatively under-studied. This article
explores resistance to gender training that emerges during the implementation of gender
mainstreaming by determining the types and forms of resistance to gender training and by finding
out just what this analysis of resistance tells us about the problems arising in the implementation of
gender mainstreaming. We argue that analysing resistance to gender training—and identifying
the types and forms of such resistance—can contribute to diagnosing problems in the
implementation of mainstreaming and furthermore be used for improving this implementation.
This study is based on data from participant observation in training processes and from the work
conducted in two European research projects, QUING and TARGET, both of which debated the
issue of gender training in expert meetings and forums made up of trainers, policy-makers, and
academics.
research. This article fills this gap by addressing the material and
discursive conflicts articulated around equality at workplace
between women and men in multilevel judicial contexts. It studies
obstacles to and opportunities for the judicial implementation of
EU equal employment policies in Spain by analyzing two cases of
parental rights to childcare litigated before Spanish and supranational
courts, namely the Court of Justice of the European Union
and the European Court of Human Rights. The claimants are working
parents who litigate for the recognition of their right to
provide childcare. In judicial implementation multiple meanings
about women, gender and intersectionality can be articulated and
counteracted at different levels. Frame analysis of selected judicial
documents and content analysis of legal proceedings and interviews
show that simultaneous favorable institutions, framing, and
actors are needed for implementing EU equal employment policies
in a way that allows overcoming the gendered division of care
and paid work. Distinguishing among ‘women’, ‘gender’ and ‘intersectionality’ approaches, we assess the extent to which the result
of judicial implementation is the transformation of gender roles
towards equal sharing of care.
multilevel European legal order shape social policies. By using an interdisciplinary approach to
comparative policy analysis that investigates policy implementation through the critical study of
judicial litigation, the article analyses the case of García Mateos on work‒life balance in its
different stages before Spanish and supranational courts. It shows that the implementation of
work‒life balance policy through litigation in Spain is a “long and winding road” paved with
discursive and material opportunities and obstacles. While multiple pressures, actors, and framings
at different governmental levels contributed to a favourable judicial decision on gender equality,
norms about the gendered division of labour limited its transformative potential.