Papers by Dr. S. Jaikishan dr. Jai
METALLA
The formation of steel prills is evident from all crucible steel production ceramics. The paucity... more The formation of steel prills is evident from all crucible steel production ceramics. The paucity of crucible steel ingots in the archaeological record means that the full production chaîne opératoire remains incompletely known and partly speculative. Here, we use the analysis of prills from crucible slags and crucibles to explore the composition of the missing ingots and to learn more about their formation conditions. To test the correlation of prill compositions with the ingots and/or the crucible ceramic, we examined prills formed in two different crucible types - ferruginous and non-ferruginous, used in Telangana (India) and Merv (Turkmenistan) crucible steel production, respectively. Both crucible types, when fired at high temperatures under reducing conditions, form prills across the crucible profile, i.e. in the outer fuel ash glaze, the crucible body and the inner crucible slag. Ferruginous crucibles from Telangana showed abundant, pronounced and relatively large prills ...
Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy, 2014
Survey of Iron and Wootz Steel Production Sites in Northern Telangana
Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy, 2014
Supplement: Khadgalaksana Siromani of Navanappa
This is an article from British Library Direct, a new service that allows you to search across 20... more This is an article from British Library Direct, a new service that allows you to search across 20,000 journals for free and order full text using your credit card.
Advances in Archaeomaterials
Recent new evidence emerged from the crucible steel production site of Konasamudram, Telangana, I... more Recent new evidence emerged from the crucible steel production site of Konasamudram, Telangana, India. A hoard of 60 crucible steel ingots from this site offers a unique opportunity to study details of the early largescale production of this fabled material, beginning with a detailed documentation of the weights and sizes of 45 of them. Historically, Konasamudram has been an important pre-modern crucible steel manufacturing and trading centre in India, as reported by Persian and European travelogues, and may have been the source of many of the early ingots studied during the past 200 years. The aim of this work is to present a dimensional analysis of these ingots and interpret the data in the context of earlier studies, to address questions of consistency in manufacturing, standardization of weights and other physical attributes. The newly-discovered ingots show considerable uniformity in shape, size and weights, indicative of a single production event during the heydays of crucible steel making, while the ingots previously reported in the literature vary much more widely.
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Conference Presentations by Dr. S. Jaikishan dr. Jai
The object of this paper is to focus on the impressive technological skills adopted in cannon ope... more The object of this paper is to focus on the impressive technological skills adopted in cannon operations in Yadagiri and Bijapur forts. Both are district headquarters in present Karnataka state in India. This indigenous development in local environment is unique in Deccan, looks different from other parts of India and Ottoman, Safavid Empire (1501-1722) of Central Asia and also Europe during the modern period which was contemporary to medieval period of Indian history. Trunnions an important part of the cannon operation. The cast cannons Trunnions are built with in the mould. They are forged in forge welded cannons. The cannon operation made comfortable with the swivel, fixed on the pivot for facile rotation of cannon. The swivel in 'U' shape, a hole in the centre to place it on the pivot and to hold the cannon trunnions on both ends cut in 'U' shape. This makes easy for the cannon movement vertically and horizontally besides making circular movement for the reason that of the pivot, to fix in correct position before firing. But this operation completed with different scheme adopted a new technic found in cannons at Yadagiri and Bijapur forts in Karnataka state. The present discussion is about few cannons with detachable trunnions found in above said forts. Those were developed under the Adilshahi rulers of Bijapur who ruled between 1505-1685 CE. The operation in these cannons found quite different from other cannon operations. To understand this, there are two operation parts in the cannon. First the cannon placed on a rectangular apparelled stone, where the detachable trunnion is placed in specially grooves cut in it and the vertical plates forged in middle of the cannon, to fix the trunnion in the gap. This makes the cannon movement vertically to place the cartridge. On the top of the stone pedestal groves were cut to place the piece of detachable trunnion for easy movement. The second part, an iron post was made one side square shape another side round shape. The square shape iron post is fixed with led metal, in to a cut hole in stone pedestal opposite direction. On the ground the round hole is made to fix the round shape of iron post for easy circular rotation on the ground. This stone to rotate the cannon in 360 0 degrees.
South of Vindhya Mountains up to the Neelgiri hills in the South, this large area in Southern par... more South of Vindhya Mountains up to the Neelgiri hills in the South, this large area in Southern part is known as the Deccan Plateau. This geographical region covers Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and northern part of Tamil Nadu States in South India. This present paper is outcome of the survey, study and catalogue of cannons in Deccan forts. The present study begins from later medieval period i.e. from 14 th Century ADE. In this period India witnessed considerable development in the metallurgy and the industry of arms due to introduction of artillery forces in the army. There are several hundreds of forts were constructed, existing forts were renovated and strengthened with huge number of cannon on its bastions. There were incessant wars took place in Deccan region. Artillery played a major role and this has added a significant contributing factor in the mining and manufacturing of Iron and Copper alloys (especially Bronze) and related metal objects. It also accelerated the processing of various chemicals like saltpetre and sulphur. This period the arms industry attained particular distinction throughout the country. Different fire arms were introduced in wars. In this presentation I am intended to present the early cannon, the forge welded iron cannon in this region. The ancient forge welding technique was adopted and used in the construction of the cannon. Forge welding technique was purely an indigenous was adopted by the Indian artisans. They adopted this method of forge welding in cannon construction, by involving the skilled labour in this process. Many massive forge welded cannons were made and used in the wars. The longest forge welded cannon is in the Bijapur fort in Karnataka state and heavy weight approximately about 50 to 60 tons remaining in Bidar fort in Karnataka state. This became possible because of abundant of raw metal was available in this region. The basic structure of forge welded cannon seem that the barrel was constructed first with long staves and then this barrel was strengthened with one or two sets of rings forged on it one upon the other. Sometimes they forged three sets of rings on the barrel only to strengthen the arm. One side was closed with the forged base plate then a match hole was drilled upon. A correct and straight alignment was made for setting a correct straight target on the enemy line. The muzzle face was adorned with decoration by cutting the ends of the staves.
Crucibles: Steel and brass by Dr. S. Jaikishan dr. Jai
Metalla (Bochum), 2023
The formation of steel prills is evident from all cru cible steel production ceramics. The paucit... more The formation of steel prills is evident from all cru cible steel production ceramics. The paucity of crucible steel ingots in the archaeological record means that the full production chaîne opératoire remains incompletely known and partly speculative. Here, we use the analy sis of prills from crucible slags and crucibles to explore the composition of the missing ingots and to learn more about their formation conditions. To test the correlation of prill compositions with the ingots and/or the cru cible ceramic, we examined prills formed in two different crucible types ferruginous and nonferruginous, used in Telangana (India) and Merv (Turkmenistan) crucible steel production, respectively. Both crucible types, when fired at high temperatures under reducing conditions, form prills across the crucible profile, i.e. in the outer fuel ash glaze, the crucible body and the inner crucible slag. Ferruginous crucibles from Telangana showed abundant, pronounced and relatively large prills as compared to the ironpoor kaolinitic crucibles of Merv. Factors including the clay selection and addition of various tempers, fuel ash and crucible charge all showed an influence on the prill composition. Using SEMEDS as our analytical tool, we discuss the factors that influence the alloying elements in prills, the prill microenvironments and their potential relationship to the corresponding ingots.
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Papers by Dr. S. Jaikishan dr. Jai
Conference Presentations by Dr. S. Jaikishan dr. Jai
Crucibles: Steel and brass by Dr. S. Jaikishan dr. Jai