An essential addition to the Viewpoint of Joyner et al. (3) is to consider how the pacing strateg... more An essential addition to the Viewpoint of Joyner et al. (3) is to consider how the pacing strategies of word record (WR) holders have changed in the last decades (1). As such, from 1967 to 1988, athletes used to start off faster than the goal speed needed to break the WR, and due to these unsustainable initial speeds, they displayed significant speed losses in the second half of the race. However, since 1988, it seems that the pacing strategy has moved from a positive to a negative profile, with athletes speeding up from the 25th km to the finish line (1). The trend toward smaller pace variations between 5-km sections in recent WRs also suggests that a more stable pacing, with an average speed almost equal for the whole race, may be the pacing goal for future WR seekers. One way of ensuring such a stable pace is a careful selection of the course profile. For example, for the "Breaking2" attempt, Nike looked for a course as flat as possible (Monza, Italy), and in the subsequent Ineos 1:59 Challenge, Kipchoge ran on a flat course with only 2.4 m of elevation change. Within the conventional WR eligible races, Berlin, one of the most likely candidates in terms of potential venues for future WR attempts (2), is relatively flat (starts at an elevation of 38 m above sea level and never exceeds 53 m), and has a net downhill profile over the final 15 km.
Stellenwert der Sportmedizin in Medizin und Sportwissenschaft/Position of Sports Medicine in Medicine and Sports Science, 1984
Boning und U. Maass Summary popliteal venous blood was taken from 12 patients with arterial occlu... more Boning und U. Maass Summary popliteal venous blood was taken from 12 patients with arterial occlusive disease of the legs, clinically graded IIa in severity according to Fontaine. Oxygen dissociation curves were constructed for resting conditions (37°, pH 7,40) and after artificial acidification with lactic acid. Bohr coefficients were calculated for the oxyhemoglobin saturation range of 10-80%.
American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 2021
COVID-19 hinders oxygen transport to the consuming tissues by at least two mechanisms: In the inj... more COVID-19 hinders oxygen transport to the consuming tissues by at least two mechanisms: In the injured lung, saturation of hemoglobin is compromised, and in the tissues, an associated anemia reduces the volume of delivered oxygen. For the first problem, increased hemoglobin oxygen affinity [left shift of the oxygen dissociation curve (ODC)] is of advantage, for the second, however, the contrary is the case. Indeed a right shift of the ODC has been found in former studies for anemia caused by reduced cell production or hemolysis. This resulted from increased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) concentration. In three investigations in COVID-19, however, no change of hemoglobin affinity was detected in spite of probably high [2,3-BPG]. The most plausible cause for this finding is formation of methemoglobin (MetHb), which increases the oxygen affinity and thus apparently compensates for the 2,3-BPG effect. However, this “useful effect” is cancelled by the concomitant reduction of function...
La afinidad de la hemoglobina (Hb) por oxigeno (O2) es un factor importante que influye en el tra... more La afinidad de la hemoglobina (Hb) por oxigeno (O2) es un factor importante que influye en el transporte de este gas, especialmente en hipoxia y en diferentes enfermedades como anemia o fibrosis quística. En la medición de la afinidad se usa la determinación de la curva de disociación Hb:O2. El método presentado para establecer la curva de disociación Hb:O2 (CDO) simplifica los protocolos normalmente utilizados, ya que elimina el requerimiento del equipo específico para equilibrar la sangre con oxígeno en niveles fijos de presión parcial (PO2). Mediante el uso de ecuaciones matemáticas es posible establecer la cinética de saturación de la hemoglobina (SO2) a valores crecientes de PO2. De igual forma, mediante el método se determinan aspectos típicos de la unión Hb: O2 como la dependencia del pH (coeficiente de Bohr) y el tipo de asociación de la proteína con su ligando mediante el diagrama de Hill. En virtud de la simplificación realizada, el método es aplicable en prácticas de labo...
The influence of lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, and sodium lactate addition (10 mmol/l each) on ... more The influence of lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, and sodium lactate addition (10 mmol/l each) on oxylabile CO2 was investigated in blood of male subjects after equilibration at 37 degrees C with 3, 6, and 10% CO2 in N2 and O2, respectively. The total CO2, pH in whole blood and erythrocytes, oxygen saturation, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit value were measured. With these data we calculated bicarbonate and carbamate concentrations and the corresponding differences between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The amount of oxylabile bicarbonate was not systematically influenced by the various experimental conditions. The carbamate content, however, was larger in deoxygenated than in oxygenated blood (up to 0.08 mol/mol hemoglobin) only in the absence of lactate. In the presence of lactic acid as well as sodium lactate, the carbamate content in oxygenated blood was higher by 0.06–0.13 mol/mol hemoglobin than in deoxygenated blood. The lactate effect even increased after 2,3-dip...
Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 2012
Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in... more Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in this protein are associated with the familial cardiomyopathies.
Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 2012
Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in... more Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in this protein are associated with the familial cardiomyopathies.
Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 2012
Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in... more Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in this protein are associated with the familial cardiomyopathies.
Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 2012
Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in... more Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in this protein are associated with the familial cardiomyopathies.
Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 2012
Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in... more Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in this protein are associated with the familial cardiomyopathies.
Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Organsystemen nimmt die Lunge ihre Funktion als Gasaustauscha... more Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Organsystemen nimmt die Lunge ihre Funktion als Gasaustauschapparat erst mit der Geburt auf. Die Lufträume sind intrauterin mit Flüssigkeit gefüllt. Fast schlagartig wird während der Geburt diese Flüssigkeit durch Atemluft ersetzt, und die innere Lungenoberfläche tritt zum ersten Mal mit den Atemgasen in Kontakt. Ähnlich dramatisch erfolgt gleichzeitig die Umstellung der embryonalen auf die postnatalen Durchblutungsverhältnisse. Der Zeitplan und die Morphologie der Lungenentwicklung sind durch diese Umstände wesentlich geprägt. Für die künftigen Gasaustauschaufgaben der Lunge sind mehrere Entwicklungsschritte entscheidend: Aufbau eines weit verzweigten Atemwegsbaumes mit einem mukoziliären Reinigungsmechanismus, Ausbildung einer komplexen Gasaustauschregion mit kurzer Diffusionsstrecke (Luft-Blut-Schranke) und großer Flächenausdehnung, Aufbau eines dichten Kapillarnetzes mit optimalem Kontakt zur Luft der Alveolen, Ausbildung eines Oberflächenfilms (Surfactant), welcher die durch die Oberflächenspannung bedingte Kollapsneigung des Lungenparenchyms verhindert.
An essential addition to the Viewpoint of Joyner et al. (3) is to consider how the pacing strateg... more An essential addition to the Viewpoint of Joyner et al. (3) is to consider how the pacing strategies of word record (WR) holders have changed in the last decades (1). As such, from 1967 to 1988, athletes used to start off faster than the goal speed needed to break the WR, and due to these unsustainable initial speeds, they displayed significant speed losses in the second half of the race. However, since 1988, it seems that the pacing strategy has moved from a positive to a negative profile, with athletes speeding up from the 25th km to the finish line (1). The trend toward smaller pace variations between 5-km sections in recent WRs also suggests that a more stable pacing, with an average speed almost equal for the whole race, may be the pacing goal for future WR seekers. One way of ensuring such a stable pace is a careful selection of the course profile. For example, for the "Breaking2" attempt, Nike looked for a course as flat as possible (Monza, Italy), and in the subsequent Ineos 1:59 Challenge, Kipchoge ran on a flat course with only 2.4 m of elevation change. Within the conventional WR eligible races, Berlin, one of the most likely candidates in terms of potential venues for future WR attempts (2), is relatively flat (starts at an elevation of 38 m above sea level and never exceeds 53 m), and has a net downhill profile over the final 15 km.
Stellenwert der Sportmedizin in Medizin und Sportwissenschaft/Position of Sports Medicine in Medicine and Sports Science, 1984
Boning und U. Maass Summary popliteal venous blood was taken from 12 patients with arterial occlu... more Boning und U. Maass Summary popliteal venous blood was taken from 12 patients with arterial occlusive disease of the legs, clinically graded IIa in severity according to Fontaine. Oxygen dissociation curves were constructed for resting conditions (37°, pH 7,40) and after artificial acidification with lactic acid. Bohr coefficients were calculated for the oxyhemoglobin saturation range of 10-80%.
American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 2021
COVID-19 hinders oxygen transport to the consuming tissues by at least two mechanisms: In the inj... more COVID-19 hinders oxygen transport to the consuming tissues by at least two mechanisms: In the injured lung, saturation of hemoglobin is compromised, and in the tissues, an associated anemia reduces the volume of delivered oxygen. For the first problem, increased hemoglobin oxygen affinity [left shift of the oxygen dissociation curve (ODC)] is of advantage, for the second, however, the contrary is the case. Indeed a right shift of the ODC has been found in former studies for anemia caused by reduced cell production or hemolysis. This resulted from increased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) concentration. In three investigations in COVID-19, however, no change of hemoglobin affinity was detected in spite of probably high [2,3-BPG]. The most plausible cause for this finding is formation of methemoglobin (MetHb), which increases the oxygen affinity and thus apparently compensates for the 2,3-BPG effect. However, this “useful effect” is cancelled by the concomitant reduction of function...
La afinidad de la hemoglobina (Hb) por oxigeno (O2) es un factor importante que influye en el tra... more La afinidad de la hemoglobina (Hb) por oxigeno (O2) es un factor importante que influye en el transporte de este gas, especialmente en hipoxia y en diferentes enfermedades como anemia o fibrosis quística. En la medición de la afinidad se usa la determinación de la curva de disociación Hb:O2. El método presentado para establecer la curva de disociación Hb:O2 (CDO) simplifica los protocolos normalmente utilizados, ya que elimina el requerimiento del equipo específico para equilibrar la sangre con oxígeno en niveles fijos de presión parcial (PO2). Mediante el uso de ecuaciones matemáticas es posible establecer la cinética de saturación de la hemoglobina (SO2) a valores crecientes de PO2. De igual forma, mediante el método se determinan aspectos típicos de la unión Hb: O2 como la dependencia del pH (coeficiente de Bohr) y el tipo de asociación de la proteína con su ligando mediante el diagrama de Hill. En virtud de la simplificación realizada, el método es aplicable en prácticas de labo...
The influence of lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, and sodium lactate addition (10 mmol/l each) on ... more The influence of lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, and sodium lactate addition (10 mmol/l each) on oxylabile CO2 was investigated in blood of male subjects after equilibration at 37 degrees C with 3, 6, and 10% CO2 in N2 and O2, respectively. The total CO2, pH in whole blood and erythrocytes, oxygen saturation, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit value were measured. With these data we calculated bicarbonate and carbamate concentrations and the corresponding differences between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The amount of oxylabile bicarbonate was not systematically influenced by the various experimental conditions. The carbamate content, however, was larger in deoxygenated than in oxygenated blood (up to 0.08 mol/mol hemoglobin) only in the absence of lactate. In the presence of lactic acid as well as sodium lactate, the carbamate content in oxygenated blood was higher by 0.06–0.13 mol/mol hemoglobin than in deoxygenated blood. The lactate effect even increased after 2,3-dip...
Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 2012
Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in... more Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in this protein are associated with the familial cardiomyopathies.
Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 2012
Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in... more Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in this protein are associated with the familial cardiomyopathies.
Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 2012
Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in... more Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in this protein are associated with the familial cardiomyopathies.
Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 2012
Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in... more Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in this protein are associated with the familial cardiomyopathies.
Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 2012
Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in... more Ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone from the small heat shock protein family. Mutations in this protein are associated with the familial cardiomyopathies.
Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Organsystemen nimmt die Lunge ihre Funktion als Gasaustauscha... more Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Organsystemen nimmt die Lunge ihre Funktion als Gasaustauschapparat erst mit der Geburt auf. Die Lufträume sind intrauterin mit Flüssigkeit gefüllt. Fast schlagartig wird während der Geburt diese Flüssigkeit durch Atemluft ersetzt, und die innere Lungenoberfläche tritt zum ersten Mal mit den Atemgasen in Kontakt. Ähnlich dramatisch erfolgt gleichzeitig die Umstellung der embryonalen auf die postnatalen Durchblutungsverhältnisse. Der Zeitplan und die Morphologie der Lungenentwicklung sind durch diese Umstände wesentlich geprägt. Für die künftigen Gasaustauschaufgaben der Lunge sind mehrere Entwicklungsschritte entscheidend: Aufbau eines weit verzweigten Atemwegsbaumes mit einem mukoziliären Reinigungsmechanismus, Ausbildung einer komplexen Gasaustauschregion mit kurzer Diffusionsstrecke (Luft-Blut-Schranke) und großer Flächenausdehnung, Aufbau eines dichten Kapillarnetzes mit optimalem Kontakt zur Luft der Alveolen, Ausbildung eines Oberflächenfilms (Surfactant), welcher die durch die Oberflächenspannung bedingte Kollapsneigung des Lungenparenchyms verhindert.
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