Books by Claudio De Moura Castro
Brasilia: FUNADESP
A Fundação Nacional de Desenvolvimento do Ensino Superior Particular (Funadesp), cumprindo a sua ... more A Fundação Nacional de Desenvolvimento do Ensino Superior Particular (Funadesp), cumprindo a sua finalidade de contribuir para a realização e disseminação de estudos, análises e discussões voltadas para o desenvolvimento da educação superior, coloca à disposição dos mantenedores, dirigentes e professores das instituições de ensino superior particular o presente documento elaborado pelos professores Cláudio de Moura Castro e Simon Schwartzman. Os autores tecem comentários sobre o Anteprojeto de Reforma da Educação Superior, apresentado, em dezembro de 2004, pelo Ministro da Educação à "sociedade civil para que possa receber críticas, sugestões e opiniões visando à redaçáo do anteprojeto definitivo".
Papers by Claudio De Moura Castro
Actualmente, en America Latina y el Caribe existe un creciente consenso acerca de la necesidad y ... more Actualmente, en America Latina y el Caribe existe un creciente consenso acerca de la necesidad y la urgencia de la reforma educacional, y si bien en muchos paises estan llevandose a cabo esfuerzos en este sentido, es mucho lo que todavia queda por hacer. El BID ha compartido con los paises una larga trayectoria de desarrollo educacional, y mas recientemente, de reforma educacional. En este documento se examinan alguno de los desafios mas importantes que enfrenta la region e ilustran las formas en que el BID esta procurando respaldar los esfuerzos por superarlos. Se abordan cinco principales aspectos: instituciones, informacion, docentes, tecnologia y financiamiento.
International Higher Education, 2015
Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação, 2016
Education and health – or more precisely, schooling and health care – are often lumped together a... more Education and health – or more precisely, schooling and health care – are often lumped together as the major components of something called “the social sector”. There are some important similarities, but they are outweighed by greater and more significant differences. Most of these differences are intrinsic to knowledge and learning or to disease and dealing with it. Other distinctions arise from how society organizes and pays for schooling and medical care. The differences matter for costs, day-to-day management, and reform efforts in each sector. Treating the two sectors as highly comparable is both sloppy thinking and conducive to bad public policy.
Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean. Strategy This paper, prepared under the resp... more Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean. Strategy This paper, prepared under the responsibility of SDS/SOC, was written by Claudio de Moura Castro and Daniel C. Levy, with the assistance of Andres Bernasconi. In order to keep the present paper reasonably brief, the bulk of the evidence, citations, examples and data to substantiate the arguments, as well as the qualifications to those arguments, can be found in the background paper Higher Education in Latin America: Myths, Realities, and How the 1DB Can Help. Both papers will guide IDB policy. Although some implications for science and technology emerge in both versions of the higher education paper, this issue is addressed in another strategy paper. How the IDB Can Help 29 References Annex Bank favors projects with strong and sensible reform components because they improve efficiency, raise benefits, and/or improve equity. All the policies proposed herein relate to these general goals.
Revista Internacional Del Trabajo, 1988
La Educacion En La Era De La Informatica Que Da Resultado Y Que No 1998 Isbn 1 886938 48 2 Pags 30 42, 1998
Revista Brasileira De Economia, 1998
No fundo, a ques tão é muito simp les. Vejamos ... " (Mario Henrique Simons en, transformando um ... more No fundo, a ques tão é muito simp les. Vejamos ... " (Mario Henrique Simons en, transformando um pantanal de teo rias em duas ou três idéias límpidas) No início dos anos 70, as suspeitas de que a distribuição de renda brasileira era deplorável receberam suas primeiras confirmações empiricamente rigorosas. Isso abalou os alicerces intelectuais do Milagre Brasileiro e trouxe a primeiro plano discussões que até hoje persistem. Nessa épóca, Edmar Bacha inventa o termo Belíndia para denominar este país heterogêneo que contém uma Bélgica rica e uma Índia miserável. Desde então, Belíndia virou metáfora para as desigualdades do Brasil, sem que se defina muito bem se é uma repartição geográfica ou uma diferenciação entre pessoas. Virou sinônimo da nossa desigualdade extrema, sucedendo Os doi s Brasis e Brasil, ter ra de cons tras tes, títulos dos livros de J acques Lambert e Roger Bastide.1 Como metáfora, permaneceu sem expressão quantitativa mais rigorosa. Onde está a Índia? Onde está a Bélgica? Trata-se de uma separação geográfica, mais em linha com uma interpretação literal da metáfora? São Paulo é Bélgica e Piauí é Índia? Ou bem uma Bélgica no Leblon e uma Índia na Rocinha? O uso generalizado dos coeficientes de Gini para medir distribuição de renda não distinguem a geografia da estratificação social. Embora confirmem a horrenda desigualdade dentre pobres e ricos, não explicitam a natureza da desigualdade. Desde o desenvolvimento da contabilidade nacional, lá pelos idos da II Guerra, temos um indicador de renda que nos permite medir o bem-estar puramente econômico dos países: a renda nacional e a sua imagem que é o produto interno bruto. Graças a estes indicadores, comparamos países e regiões, medimos avanços e retardos, enfim, temos uma fita métrica para avaliar os níveis de produção e a renda dos países. Mas sempre houve queixas justificadas de que a renda per capita não captava o nível de bem-estar das sociedades, pois a sua distribuição pode ser muito diferente e *0,. autores trahalham para o Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento. Não ohstante, as opinúies aqui expressas não refletem posições oficiais do Banco.
This paper analyzes the United States community college as a model for adaptation in Latin Americ... more This paper analyzes the United States community college as a model for adaptation in Latin America. The author argues that there is a growing frustration with the lack of responsiveness of universities to the development needs of societies in Latin America. Higher education continues to be accessible only to the privileged segments of society there. In addition, there is limited availability of technical education in these universities. Latin America's extant postsecondary technical training institutions' links with industry and business for curriculum development and technical assistance provision are weak or absent. In addition, there is little flexibility in program design and delivery, general education is not offered alongside technical training, and there is no possibility of transferring credits earned to a university program. The public sector in Latin America, according to the paper, lacks the flexibility it needs to replicate the United States community college. This author suggests that in Latin America, the private sector should take the responsibility of investing in the development of a form of community college. Though it would seem natural for the public sector to take charge of community college development, in the present climate it would need subsidies from the private sector as well. (NB)
International Journal of Educational Development, 1990
The paper explores the complex links between higher education and the nature of the occupations s... more The paper explores the complex links between higher education and the nature of the occupations subsequently taken by graduates. It tries to show first that courses of study in areas with strong scientific paradigms (like physics and mathematics) produce graduates that perform well also when working outside their majors. It is argued that what locks people in the same jobs is not excess specialization or too much vocational content but the lack of a good theoretical core in the course. The paper then deals with the consequences of the continuous increase in the supply of higher education graduates observed in many countries. This boundless growth progressively lowers the mean scholastic level of the entering candidates and changes the nature of the jobs that they can aspire. Students are increasingly less prepared and after graduation move on to a market that is relatively more saturated and offers a larger share of jobs that are simpler and less demanding. Another consequence is that they increasingly take jobs that have little to do with their diplomas, i.e. there is a deprofessionalization of professional diplomas. The last point touched on by the paper concerns the roles of postgraduate degrees. There is little tradition of high quality or elite undergraduate schools. At the same time, much emphasis is put by the government on postgraduate programs. As a result, many masters and Ph.D. graduates instead of keeping in academic life, are moving to high level administrative jobs in the government or in large enterprises. Therefore highly specialized Ph.D.s become general education preparing for high ranking positions.
Education policies and practices throughout Asia remain quite unknown in Latin America. Although ... more Education policies and practices throughout Asia remain quite unknown in Latin America. Although the correlation between rapid economic growth and high literacy rates in the "high performing" countries (HIP) of Asia is well documented, far less is known about the structure and features of the education systems in the region. In much the same vein, Asians have limited knowledge of education systems in Latin America. Despite their chronic limitations, these systems offer a wealth of innovative experiences. In an effort to bridge this knowledge gap between Latin America and Asia, the Inter-American Development Bank, with the support of the Japan Special Trust Fund, organized a seminar for eminent educators from both regions in Okinawa, Japan. From the variety of issues debated and comparisons made, two trends emerged. First, despite the diverse systems and institutions characterizing education in the two regions, the "new economy" appears to have prompted governments to reform and reorient systems towards new skills and demands, many of which are similar in nature and scope. Second, there appears to be a tradeoff between the two regions between performance and innovation.The HIP Asian countries-Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong-are educational superstars. The Latin American countries, by contrast, rank as mediocre to poor performers, yet they shine brightly where the high performers of Asia do not-in educational innovation. In other words, the best performing countries are not innovative and the most innovative countries are poor performers. This book explores these issues in detail. In doing so, the emphasis is placed on factors conditioning the delivery of education. These factors reflect historical circumstance as well as current realities, and provide a basis upon which the diverse range of systems-including differences in performance and innovation-can be identified and understood. It our hope that Making Education Work: Latin American Ideas and Asian Results will contribute to a more frequent and informed dialogue between the two regions.
distance learning in and out of schools, 1988
International Journal of Educational Development, 2011
No. EDU-106). Washington, DC: Inter-American …, 1998
The "S and I" model was quite successful. A payroll levy gave them financial stability, comfortab... more The "S and I" model was quite successful. A payroll levy gave them financial stability, comfortable budgets and a long-run perspective. The so-called "methodical series" supplied a practical, fail-proof and effective means of delivery. The independence from academic schools and from the Ministry of Education (in almost all cases) liberated vocational training from the academic schools' middle-class ethos and prejudice against manual occupations. Furthermore, these institutions were often quite close to the enterprises. This was a good formula. For several decades these systems enjoyed a good reputation and adequately trained several generations of highly skilled workers. They were, overall, significantly better than the regular schools in their countries. Some were outstanding institutions. They trained workers who allowed the modern sectors to develop and fostered the process of import substitution. Whatever criticism we may have against them, most were respected islands of serious learning, in contrast with the academic schools' overall mediocrity. It was not their fault that the modern sector did not take over the traditional economy, thereby progressively encompassing a larger share of the enterprises. The oil crisis, the economic disturbances that followed and the labor-saving nature of industrialization led to stagnation in the employment growth of the modern sector and to the rise of the informal sector and self-employment. As a result, modern sector labor markets in Latin America lost dynamism and have hired very modestly in the last several years. Consequently, most of these training institutions, which were conceived to cater to modern industry, started graduating students who did not find a clear and active labor market in the industrial sectors. The only markets that expanded were the informal and service sectors. Most of the "S and I" institutions tried to experiment with training for the informal sector. There has been much experimentation with this training in Latin America, some authors believe, more than anywhere else. Perhaps the better known and more successful experiment has been
This paper explores the potential the community college model holds for Latin America. Several co... more This paper explores the potential the community college model holds for Latin America. Several countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have experience introducing short post-secondary courses and non university institutions, sometimes as a result of private initiative, sometimes as a matter of public policy. Europe and North American models have inspired these innovations. Yet, this paper contends that more needs to be done in this area, in all countries. And it explores in depth the model of the community college as an interesting source of ideas and relevant responses to changes in the social and economic landscape of the region.
Prospects, 1997
American Development Bank. Studied at the universities of Minas Gerais, Yale and California (Berk... more American Development Bank. Studied at the universities of Minas Gerais, Yale and California (Berkeley). Ph.D. from Vanderbilt University (Nashville). Taught at universities in Rio de Janeiro, Chicago, Brasilia, Geneva and Dijon. Technical coordinator of the ECIEL research project on education, director of CAPES, and executive secretary of CNRH in Brazil. Subsequently worked for the International Labour Office (Geneva) and the World Bank (Washington). Author of twentyfive books and over 150 scholarly articles. Main fields of research are labour markets, social and economic aspects of education, vocational training, science policy and postgraduate education, technological development and the economics of nutrition and health.
Prospects, 1999
This paper reviews some of the classic themes in vocational and technical training. The area is s... more This paper reviews some of the classic themes in vocational and technical training. The area is still plagued with controversy and the lines of consensus remain inadequately mapped. Much of this paper is an attempt to set the record straight and adopt positions on many issues concerning vocational training, starting with a question as basic as whether it makes sense to use public funds to pay for training. The second part of the paper makes a number of policy suggestions with regard to critical training issues. Atthoug~ the word 'training" is quite broad and often ambiguous, this paper covers the preparation of workers and technicians for activities in the manufacturing and service sectors (training for agriculture is excluded because of the difficulties in making generalizations which would apply also to this area). It examines more closely the situation of Latin America, but most of the analysis and policy suggestions apply equally to other parts of the world. Economic development and training There is ample consensus among researchers that education has been a critical fac
El presente documento contiene un análisis de los diversos enfoques que pueden ser usados en la p... more El presente documento contiene un análisis de los diversos enfoques que pueden ser usados en la preservación del patrimonio urbano y recomendaciones sobre los más apropiados en las circunstancias de la región. Incluye además un conjunto de orientaciones para asistir a los clientes y funcionarios en la compleja tarea de identificar, diseñar y evaluar este tipo de proyectos. Las recomendaciones y orientaciones contenidas en este documento son una primera aproximación a este complejo tema y serán revisadas periódicamente para incorporar las lecciones aprendidas en proyectos analizados por el Banco.
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Books by Claudio De Moura Castro
Papers by Claudio De Moura Castro