Journal Articles by Changwoo Jeong
Frontiers in Psychology, 2017
The present study aimed to develop effective moral educational interventions based on social psyc... more The present study aimed to develop effective moral educational interventions based on social psychology by using stories of moral exemplars. We tested whether motivation to engage in voluntary service as a form of moral behavior was better promoted by attainable and relevant exemplars or by unattainable and irrelevant exemplars. First, experiment 1, conducted in a lab, showed that stories of attainable exemplars more effectively promoted voluntary service activity engagement among undergraduate students compared with stories of unattainable exemplars and non-moral stories. Second, experiment 2, a middle school classroom-level experiment with a quasi-experimental design, demonstrated that peer exemplars, who are perceived to be attainable and relevant to students, better promoted service engagement compared with historic figures in moral education classes.
Psychology Research, Nov 2011
Developments in neurobiology are providing new insights into the biological and physical features... more Developments in neurobiology are providing new insights into the biological and physical features of human thinking, and brain-activation imaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging have become the most dominant research techniques to approach the biological part of thinking. With the aid of neurobiology, there also have been several studies on the biological processes of human moral thinking in moral psychology. For instance, some researchers have tried to discover patterns of brain activation when a person copes with moral dilemmas. In this paper, the authors suggest the level-structure of moral thinking from the most abstract level to the most biological-physical level and reductionism in the philosophy of science is introduced as a framework for analysis. Moreover, with the level-based structural approach and framework of reductionism, this paper tries to discover the practical value of our model for moral development and education.
Ethics & Behavior, Jan 25, 2013
The concept of moral identity based on virtue ethics has become an issue of considerable import i... more The concept of moral identity based on virtue ethics has become an issue of considerable import in explaining moral behavior. This attempt to offer adequate explanations of the full range of morally relevant human behavior inevitably provokes boundary issues between ethics and moral psychology. In terms of the relationship between the two disciplines, some argue for “naturalized (or psychologized) morality,” whereas, on the other hand, others insist on “moralized psychology.” This article investigates the relationship between virtue ethics and moral identity based on previous research on the relationship between ethics and moral psychology. This article especially attempts to show that meaningful links between the two concepts possible by using theoretical frameworks constructed by the most influential philosophers of science such as Kuhn and Lakatos.
The SNU Journal of Education Research, Dec 2012
This article discusses integrative moral psychology, including moralintuition and moral deliberat... more This article discusses integrative moral psychology, including moralintuition and moral deliberation, to explain the mechanisms of actual moral behaviors. To this end, we briefly review current models in the field of moral psychology dealing with moral intuition and moral reasoning, after which we present an integrative model based on these earlier ones. Our model focuses on a moral intuitive process, a process of reflection on initial emotional responses, moral reasoning, and moral introspection. We critically examine and discuss recent research from the rapidly growing fields of neuroscience and the natural sciences to strengthen and support this model. In closing, we explore the educational implications of our model and possible educational methods to promote moral development.
SNU Journal of Education Research, 2009
This article focuses on discussion concerning moral psychology and moral education from the philo... more This article focuses on discussion concerning moral psychology and moral education from the philosophy of science standpoint. The theoretical model of Lakatos' program in the field of the philosophy of science is introduced and the structure of moral psychology and moral education is analyzed and evaluated by using Lakatos' scientific research program as a theoretical framework. The article begins with a review of the theoretical background of the philosophy of science, then continues by analyzing and evaluating the structure of moral psychology by using a theoretical framework from the philosophy of science, and then considers the case of moral education. The authors conclude with a brief description of significant directions for the introduction of the natural sciences, such as neuroscience and sociobiology, into moral psychology and moral education.
SNU Journal of Education Research
Since Darwin’s theory of evolution, subsequent studies of the theory, especially sociobiology, ha... more Since Darwin’s theory of evolution, subsequent studies of the theory, especially sociobiology, have had a deep and far-reaching influence on other disciplines including moral philosophy and moral psychology. For contemporary Darwinian theorists of human behavior, one of the most significant issues under debate is a question about the origin of human moral functioning. This study reviews current studies in sociobiology and its related fields that deal with human morality. In addition, based on an extensive literature review on the accumulated research in sociobiology, this study attempts to demonstrate the potential usefulness and applications of sociobiology in the field of moral psychology and moral education.
The present study aims to examine the relationship between the cortical midline structures (CMS),... more The present study aims to examine the relationship between the cortical midline structures (CMS), which have been regarded to be associated with selfhood, and moral decision making processes at the neural level. Traditional moral psychological studies have suggested the role of moral self as the moderator of moral cognition, so activity of moral self would present at the neural level. The present study examined the interaction between the CMS and other moral-related regions by conducting psycho-physiological interaction analysis of functional images acquired while 16 subjects were solving moral dilemmas. Furthermore, we performed Granger causality analysis to demonstrate the direction of influences between activities in the regions in moral decision-making. We first demonstrate there are significant positive interactions between two central CMS seed regions—i.e., the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)—and brain regions associated with moral functioning including the cerebellum, brainstem, midbrain, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and anterior insula (AI); on the other hand, the posterior insula (PI) showed significant negative interaction with the seed regions. Second, several significant Granger causality was found from CMS to insula regions particularly under the moral-personal condition. Furthermore, significant dominant influence from the AI to PI was reported. Moral psychological implications of these findings are discussed. The present study demonstrated the significant interaction and influence between the CMS and morality-related regions while subject were solving moral dilemmas. Given that, activity in the CMS is significantly involved in human moral functioning.
Science and Engineering Ethics, Mar 1, 2014
This study develops a Science–Technology–Society (STS)-based science ethics education program for... more This study develops a Science–Technology–Society (STS)-based science ethics education program for high school students majoring in or planning to major in science and engineering. Our education program includes the fields of philosophy, history, sociology and ethics of science and technology, and other STS-related theories. We expected our STS-based science ethics education program to promote students’ epistemological beliefs and moral judgment development. These psychological constructs are needed to properly solve complicated moral and social dilemmas in the fields of science and engineering. We applied this program to a group of Korean high school science students gifted in science and engineering. To measure the effects of this program, we used an essay-based qualitative measurement. The results indicate that there was significant development in both epistemological beliefs and moral judgment. In closing, we briefly discuss the need to develop epistemological beliefs and moral judgment using an STS-based science ethics education program.
Behavioural Brain Research, Feb 1, 2014
This study compares the neural substrate of moral decision making processes between Korean and Am... more This study compares the neural substrate of moral decision making processes between Korean and American participants. By comparison with Americans, Korean participants showed increased activity in the right putamen associated with socio-intuitive processes and right superior frontal gyrus associated with cognitive control processes under a moral-personal condition, and in the right postcentral sulcus associated with mental calculation in familiar contexts under a moral-impersonal condition. On the other hand, American participants showed a significantly higher degree of activity in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) associated with conflict resolution under the moral-personal condition, and in the right medial frontal gyrus (MFG) associated with simple cognitive branching in non-familiar contexts under the moral-impersonal condition when a more lenient threshold was applied, than Korean participants. These findings support the ideas of the interactions between the cultural background, education, and brain development, proposed in the field of cultural psychology and educational psychology. The study introduces educational implications relevant to moral psychologists and educators.
Conference Papers by Changwoo Jeong
This study attempts to design an effective science ethics education program for high-school and u... more This study attempts to design an effective science ethics education program for high-school and university level students who are majoring in natural sciences or engineering. The overall structure of our educational program focuses on the socioscientific issues-based approach and theories and topics of science, technology and society (STS). To measure the effects of this program, we apply a semi-structured questionnaire before and after semester. The questionnaire assesses students’ development in moral judgment and epistemological beliefs on natural sciences and technology.
Conference Presentations by Changwoo Jeong
Moral psychologists argue that moral self associated with self-related psychological processes si... more Moral psychologists argue that moral self associated with self-related psychological processes significantly influences moral functioning including moral affection, cognition, and motivation [1,2]. However, there have not been any previous neuroimaging studies that investigated the modulatory role of self-related processes in moral functioning. In the present study, by conducting psycho-physiological interaction (PPI) and Granger causality analyses of neuroimaging data acquired while subjects were solving moral dilemmas, we examined how default mode network (DMN) regions, which are associated with selfhood-related processes in part, such as self-reflection, self-referencing, self-related emotional and episodic memory processing, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in particular [3], interact with and affect activity in other brain regions related to moral functioning.
Subjects: 16 right-handed healthy adults (mean age 28.59 years, SD 3.18 years; 8 females; 8 Koreans, 8 Americans) participated in the experiment. Data acquisition: Functional images were scanned at 3T (GE Signa 750, spiral-in/out sequence, TR = 2s). Respiration and cardiac (pulse oximetry) responses were recorded using a respiratory belt and pulse-ox sensor attached to a finger. The data was initially acquired and used for a cross-cultural social neuroscientific experiment [4]. Experiment: Each subject was requested to solve 22 moral-personal, 18 moral-impersonal and 20 neutral dilemmas during functional scanning sessions [4,5,6] (Fig1). Each trial consisted of a 46-sec decision making and 14-sec inter-trial fixation phases. Data analysis: The acquired images were analyzed using SPM 8 and MATLAB. (1) Pre-processing consisted of physiological noise reduction [7,8], slice time correction, motion correction, co-registration, normalization, and spatial smoothing (Gaussian FWHM = 8mm). Demographic variables (ethnicity, age, gender) were included in the statistical model as covariates. (2) A whole-brain t-test examined which regions were significantly activated under both moral-personal and moral-impersonal conditions compared to the control condition. (3) A PPI analysis was performed based on two seed regions, the PCC (MNI [0, -54, 28]) and MPFC (MNI [0, 54, 12]), to investigate which regions showed significant interaction with these seed regions. (4) Additional Granger causality analysis focusing on a region displaying mixed PPI results was conducted using The MVGC Multivariate Granger Causality Toolbox [9].
Results:
(1) Task Activation: In both conditions, regions associated with the DMN were significantly activated as presented in previous studies [3,4,5] (Fig2). More regions showed significant activity under the moral-personal condition compared to the moral-impersonal condition.
(2) PPI Analysis: Under the moral-personal condition, the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) and orbitofrontal cortices, cerebellum, brainstem, midbrain, and anterior insula (AI) showed significant positive interaction with both the PCC and MPFC. However, the posterior insula (PI) showed significant negative interaction with both seed regions (Fig3(a/b)). Under the moral-impersonal condition, although the overall result was identical to that under the moral-personal condition, the interaction between the MPFC and DLPFC was insignificant (Fig3(c/d)).
(3) Granger Causality Analysis: Only under the moral-personal condition, was significant Granger causality from the PI to AI and MPFC, MPFC to AI, and AI to PCC found (Fig4). However, no significant causality was discovered under the moral-impersonal condition.
Conclusions: Regions of the DMN that take part in selfhood-related processing significantly interacted with other regions associated with moral functioning in moral judgment consistent with our hypothesis. In addition, the result of the Granger causality analysis indicated that there were significant influences between DMN and morality-related regions.
[1] Blasi, A. (1999), ‘Emotions and Moral Motivation’, Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1-19.
[2] Hardy, S.A., Carlo, G. (2005), ‘Identity as a Source of Moral Motivation’, Human Development, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 232-256.
[3] Buckner, R., Andrews-Hanna, J., Schacter, D. (2008), ‘The Brain’s Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1124, no. 1, pp.1-38.
[4] Han, H., Glover, G.H., Jeong, C. (2014), ‘Cultural Influences on the Neural Correlate of Moral Decision Making Processes’, Behavioural Brain Research, vol. 259, pp. 215-228.
[5] Greene, J.D., Sommerville, R.B., Nystrom, L.E., Darley, J.M., Cohen, J.D. (2001), ‘An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment’, Science, vol. 293, no. 5537, pp. 2105-2108.
[6] Greene, J.D., Nystrom, L.E., Engell, A.D., Darley, J.M., Cohen, J.D. (2004), ‘The Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment’, Neuron, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 389-400
[7] Glover, G.H., Li, T-Q, Ress, D. (2000), ‘Image-based method for retrospective correction of physiological motion effects in fMRI: RETROICOR’, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 162-167.
[8] Chang, C., Glover, G.H. (2009), ‘Relationship between respiration, end-tidal CO2, and BOLD signals in resting-state fMRI’, NeuroImage, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1381-1393.
[9] Barnett, L., Seth, A.K. (2014), ‘The MVGC multivariate Granger causality toolbox: A new approach to Granger-causal inference’, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol. 223, pp. 50-68.
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Journal Articles by Changwoo Jeong
Conference Papers by Changwoo Jeong
Conference Presentations by Changwoo Jeong
Subjects: 16 right-handed healthy adults (mean age 28.59 years, SD 3.18 years; 8 females; 8 Koreans, 8 Americans) participated in the experiment. Data acquisition: Functional images were scanned at 3T (GE Signa 750, spiral-in/out sequence, TR = 2s). Respiration and cardiac (pulse oximetry) responses were recorded using a respiratory belt and pulse-ox sensor attached to a finger. The data was initially acquired and used for a cross-cultural social neuroscientific experiment [4]. Experiment: Each subject was requested to solve 22 moral-personal, 18 moral-impersonal and 20 neutral dilemmas during functional scanning sessions [4,5,6] (Fig1). Each trial consisted of a 46-sec decision making and 14-sec inter-trial fixation phases. Data analysis: The acquired images were analyzed using SPM 8 and MATLAB. (1) Pre-processing consisted of physiological noise reduction [7,8], slice time correction, motion correction, co-registration, normalization, and spatial smoothing (Gaussian FWHM = 8mm). Demographic variables (ethnicity, age, gender) were included in the statistical model as covariates. (2) A whole-brain t-test examined which regions were significantly activated under both moral-personal and moral-impersonal conditions compared to the control condition. (3) A PPI analysis was performed based on two seed regions, the PCC (MNI [0, -54, 28]) and MPFC (MNI [0, 54, 12]), to investigate which regions showed significant interaction with these seed regions. (4) Additional Granger causality analysis focusing on a region displaying mixed PPI results was conducted using The MVGC Multivariate Granger Causality Toolbox [9].
Results:
(1) Task Activation: In both conditions, regions associated with the DMN were significantly activated as presented in previous studies [3,4,5] (Fig2). More regions showed significant activity under the moral-personal condition compared to the moral-impersonal condition.
(2) PPI Analysis: Under the moral-personal condition, the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) and orbitofrontal cortices, cerebellum, brainstem, midbrain, and anterior insula (AI) showed significant positive interaction with both the PCC and MPFC. However, the posterior insula (PI) showed significant negative interaction with both seed regions (Fig3(a/b)). Under the moral-impersonal condition, although the overall result was identical to that under the moral-personal condition, the interaction between the MPFC and DLPFC was insignificant (Fig3(c/d)).
(3) Granger Causality Analysis: Only under the moral-personal condition, was significant Granger causality from the PI to AI and MPFC, MPFC to AI, and AI to PCC found (Fig4). However, no significant causality was discovered under the moral-impersonal condition.
Conclusions: Regions of the DMN that take part in selfhood-related processing significantly interacted with other regions associated with moral functioning in moral judgment consistent with our hypothesis. In addition, the result of the Granger causality analysis indicated that there were significant influences between DMN and morality-related regions.
[1] Blasi, A. (1999), ‘Emotions and Moral Motivation’, Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1-19.
[2] Hardy, S.A., Carlo, G. (2005), ‘Identity as a Source of Moral Motivation’, Human Development, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 232-256.
[3] Buckner, R., Andrews-Hanna, J., Schacter, D. (2008), ‘The Brain’s Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1124, no. 1, pp.1-38.
[4] Han, H., Glover, G.H., Jeong, C. (2014), ‘Cultural Influences on the Neural Correlate of Moral Decision Making Processes’, Behavioural Brain Research, vol. 259, pp. 215-228.
[5] Greene, J.D., Sommerville, R.B., Nystrom, L.E., Darley, J.M., Cohen, J.D. (2001), ‘An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment’, Science, vol. 293, no. 5537, pp. 2105-2108.
[6] Greene, J.D., Nystrom, L.E., Engell, A.D., Darley, J.M., Cohen, J.D. (2004), ‘The Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment’, Neuron, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 389-400
[7] Glover, G.H., Li, T-Q, Ress, D. (2000), ‘Image-based method for retrospective correction of physiological motion effects in fMRI: RETROICOR’, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 162-167.
[8] Chang, C., Glover, G.H. (2009), ‘Relationship between respiration, end-tidal CO2, and BOLD signals in resting-state fMRI’, NeuroImage, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1381-1393.
[9] Barnett, L., Seth, A.K. (2014), ‘The MVGC multivariate Granger causality toolbox: A new approach to Granger-causal inference’, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol. 223, pp. 50-68.
Subjects: 16 right-handed healthy adults (mean age 28.59 years, SD 3.18 years; 8 females; 8 Koreans, 8 Americans) participated in the experiment. Data acquisition: Functional images were scanned at 3T (GE Signa 750, spiral-in/out sequence, TR = 2s). Respiration and cardiac (pulse oximetry) responses were recorded using a respiratory belt and pulse-ox sensor attached to a finger. The data was initially acquired and used for a cross-cultural social neuroscientific experiment [4]. Experiment: Each subject was requested to solve 22 moral-personal, 18 moral-impersonal and 20 neutral dilemmas during functional scanning sessions [4,5,6] (Fig1). Each trial consisted of a 46-sec decision making and 14-sec inter-trial fixation phases. Data analysis: The acquired images were analyzed using SPM 8 and MATLAB. (1) Pre-processing consisted of physiological noise reduction [7,8], slice time correction, motion correction, co-registration, normalization, and spatial smoothing (Gaussian FWHM = 8mm). Demographic variables (ethnicity, age, gender) were included in the statistical model as covariates. (2) A whole-brain t-test examined which regions were significantly activated under both moral-personal and moral-impersonal conditions compared to the control condition. (3) A PPI analysis was performed based on two seed regions, the PCC (MNI [0, -54, 28]) and MPFC (MNI [0, 54, 12]), to investigate which regions showed significant interaction with these seed regions. (4) Additional Granger causality analysis focusing on a region displaying mixed PPI results was conducted using The MVGC Multivariate Granger Causality Toolbox [9].
Results:
(1) Task Activation: In both conditions, regions associated with the DMN were significantly activated as presented in previous studies [3,4,5] (Fig2). More regions showed significant activity under the moral-personal condition compared to the moral-impersonal condition.
(2) PPI Analysis: Under the moral-personal condition, the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) and orbitofrontal cortices, cerebellum, brainstem, midbrain, and anterior insula (AI) showed significant positive interaction with both the PCC and MPFC. However, the posterior insula (PI) showed significant negative interaction with both seed regions (Fig3(a/b)). Under the moral-impersonal condition, although the overall result was identical to that under the moral-personal condition, the interaction between the MPFC and DLPFC was insignificant (Fig3(c/d)).
(3) Granger Causality Analysis: Only under the moral-personal condition, was significant Granger causality from the PI to AI and MPFC, MPFC to AI, and AI to PCC found (Fig4). However, no significant causality was discovered under the moral-impersonal condition.
Conclusions: Regions of the DMN that take part in selfhood-related processing significantly interacted with other regions associated with moral functioning in moral judgment consistent with our hypothesis. In addition, the result of the Granger causality analysis indicated that there were significant influences between DMN and morality-related regions.
[1] Blasi, A. (1999), ‘Emotions and Moral Motivation’, Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1-19.
[2] Hardy, S.A., Carlo, G. (2005), ‘Identity as a Source of Moral Motivation’, Human Development, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 232-256.
[3] Buckner, R., Andrews-Hanna, J., Schacter, D. (2008), ‘The Brain’s Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1124, no. 1, pp.1-38.
[4] Han, H., Glover, G.H., Jeong, C. (2014), ‘Cultural Influences on the Neural Correlate of Moral Decision Making Processes’, Behavioural Brain Research, vol. 259, pp. 215-228.
[5] Greene, J.D., Sommerville, R.B., Nystrom, L.E., Darley, J.M., Cohen, J.D. (2001), ‘An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment’, Science, vol. 293, no. 5537, pp. 2105-2108.
[6] Greene, J.D., Nystrom, L.E., Engell, A.D., Darley, J.M., Cohen, J.D. (2004), ‘The Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment’, Neuron, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 389-400
[7] Glover, G.H., Li, T-Q, Ress, D. (2000), ‘Image-based method for retrospective correction of physiological motion effects in fMRI: RETROICOR’, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 162-167.
[8] Chang, C., Glover, G.H. (2009), ‘Relationship between respiration, end-tidal CO2, and BOLD signals in resting-state fMRI’, NeuroImage, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1381-1393.
[9] Barnett, L., Seth, A.K. (2014), ‘The MVGC multivariate Granger causality toolbox: A new approach to Granger-causal inference’, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol. 223, pp. 50-68.