A method for the routine monitoring of residual aldrin, dieldrin, pp'-DDT, op'-DDT, pp'-DDE, and ... more A method for the routine monitoring of residual aldrin, dieldrin, pp'-DDT, op'-DDT, pp'-DDE, and pp'-DDD in eggs by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photo-diode array (PDA) detector is described. The lipids extracted from a whole egg are cleaned by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) ISOLUTE NH 2 column with a diethyl ether-hexane (5:95, v/v) eluent. The HPLC separation is carried out using a normal-phase (LiChrosorb NH 2) column, a heptane-hexane eluent (97:3, v/v), and a PDA detector. The average recoveries from fortified target compounds (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 µg/g, respectively) are ≥ 83%, with standard deviations (SDs) between 2 and 5%. The interassay variabilities and their SDs are ≤ 4.8% and ≤ 0.7%, with intra-assay variabilities of 2.1-3.3%. The limits of determination for these compounds range from 0.04 to 0.08 µg/g.
Biomonitoring using birds of prey as sentinel species has been mooted as a way to evaluate the su... more Biomonitoring using birds of prey as sentinel species has been mooted as a way to evaluate the success of European Union directives that are designed to protect people and the environment across Europe from industrial contaminants and pesticides. No such pan-European evaluation currently exists. Coordination of such large scale monitoring would require harmonisation across multiple countries of the types of samples collected and analysed-matrices vary in the ease with which they can be collected and the information they provide. We report the first ever pan-European assessment of which raptor samples are collected across Europe and review their suitability for biomonitoring. Currently, some 182 monitoring programmes across 33 European countries collect a variety of raptor samples, and we discuss the relative merits of each for monitoring current priority and emerging compounds. Of the matrices collected, blood and liver are used most extensively for quantifying trends in recent and ...
Cadmium, lead, zinc and copper concentrations were determined in 15 species of freshwater macro-i... more Cadmium, lead, zinc and copper concentrations were determined in 15 species of freshwater macro-invertebrates collected from a littoral foodweb. Indications of a biomagnification process, in which predators had a higher concentration than their prey, were only found in the case of zinc. Organisms with copper as an essential component of their haemolymph, such as Crustacaea, Gastropoda and Bivalvia, contained higher concentration s of that metal than other species. Another important factor in the determination of trace metal concentrations, apart from physiological equipment, was body weight, resulting in higher concentrations in smaller, and lower concentrations in larger, organisms. This seemed to be the case within populations of single species, as well as in different species of deposit feeders. Furthermore, feeding habit, proximity to the sediment and physico-chemical factors appeared to be determining factors for trace metal concentrations in macro-invertebrates. The results of this study are related to ecotoxicological theories which explain the causes of pollutant residues in organisms. It is concluded that various explanations for the differences in pollutant residues, e.g. trophic level, feeding habit, body weight, association with the substrate, physiological equipment and abiotic factors, are valid.
Several cruises were carried out on the Eastern Scheldt between September 1992 and March 1995 to ... more Several cruises were carried out on the Eastern Scheldt between September 1992 and March 1995 to study the frequency and appearance of imposex in the common whelk, Buccinum undatum L. Incidences of imposex were always > 90%. For the first time several stages of imposex in Buccinum undatum are reported. The evolution of imposex in the whelk seems to follow a similar route as in Hinia reticulata belonging to the same superfamily (Buccinacea). Tissue organotin concentrations of animals collected in February 1995 showed the highest organotin concentrations in the digestive gland and lowest in the foot of the animals. Concentrations of phenyltin compounds (up to 625 ngSn/g D W) were much higher than those of butyltin compounds (up to 40 ngSn/g DW).
The bioconcentration of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) [O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyri... more The bioconcentration of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) [O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridil) phosphorothioate] by the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus (L.) was investigated under time-varying exposure conditions in artificial outdoor ditches. The insecticide was applied as a single dose of Dursban 4E trade mark at nominal initial concentrations of the active ingredient of 0.7 and 5.0 microg litre(-1). Toxicokinetic rate constants of CPF were estimated using three methods based on first-order onecompartment modelling. Aqueous concentrations of CPF showed a rapid exponential decrease. Tissue residues of CPF in Asellus, reached maximum values after two days with subsequent relatively rapid elimination in agreement with model predictions. Both uptake and elimination rate constants were dependent upon exposure level, with relatively low uptake and elimination rate constants (10 respectively 5-fold lower) at the high exposure level, which was attributed to toxic stress The time-dependent bioconcentration factor (BCF) of CPF did not show any dependence upon the exposure level, and reached a plateau after 2 days. Lipid-based BCF (1 kg(-1); mean +/- SE) values measured in the low and high treatments were 262 +/- 77 x 10(3) (n = 7) and 235 +/- 44 x 10(3) (n = 6), respectively, and were above ranges previously reported in the literature for fish. The feasibility of using freshwater isopods in biomonitoring programmes to assess the fate and effects of organophosphorus compounds is discussed.
The bioconcentration of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) [O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyri... more The bioconcentration of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) [O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridil) phosphorothioate] by the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus (L.) was investigated under time-varying exposure conditions in artificial outdoor ditches. The insecticide was applied as a single dose of Dursban 4E trade mark at nominal initial concentrations of the active ingredient of 0.7 and 5.0 microg litre(-1). Toxicokinetic rate constants of CPF were estimated using three methods based on first-order onecompartment modelling. Aqueous concentrations of CPF showed a rapid exponential decrease. Tissue residues of CPF in Asellus, reached maximum values after two days with subsequent relatively rapid elimination in agreement with model predictions. Both uptake and elimination rate constants were dependent upon exposure level, with relatively low uptake and elimination rate constants (10 respectively 5-fold lower) at the high exposure level, which was attributed to toxic stress The time-dependent bioconcentration factor (BCF) of CPF did not show any dependence upon the exposure level, and reached a plateau after 2 days. Lipid-based BCF (1 kg(-1); mean +/- SE) values measured in the low and high treatments were 262 +/- 77 x 10(3) (n = 7) and 235 +/- 44 x 10(3) (n = 6), respectively, and were above ranges previously reported in the literature for fish. The feasibility of using freshwater isopods in biomonitoring programmes to assess the fate and effects of organophosphorus compounds is discussed.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2004
Various techniques exist for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) determination in environmental... more Various techniques exist for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) determination in environmental samples, but an adequate risk assessment of PAHs should include aspects such as bioavailability of the contaminant and biotransformation capacity of the species under investigation. In this study, we provided an analysis of the kinetics of pyrene in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. Isopods were exposed to pyrene in their food (10 g/g d/w) for 7 days followed by an elimination period of 7 days. The animals were dissected, and the hepatopancreases were analyzed for pyrene biotransformation products; nonmetabolised pyrene in the gut was also monitored. Concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene in the hepatopancreas were very low. Almost all of the pyrene was found as three conjugates: pyrene-1-glucoside, pyrene-1-sulfate, and a third unknown 1-hydroxypyrene conjugate. Concentrations of the metabolites were extremely variable between individuals because of variable feeding activity. An apparent steady state was reached already after 24 hours of exposure, whereas elimination was complete 48 hours after ending the exposure. This rapid response to changes in the exposure concentration shows that terrestrial isopods have a high biotransformation capacity for PAHs. The data show that concentrations of parent PAHs will not provide a good indication of exposure in rapidly metabolizing invertebrates such as isopods; instead, pyrene metabolites may be considered a promising biomarker for bioavailability of PAH contamination in the field.
The Science of the total environment, Jan 27, 1998
In this study, the availability of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological information on 78 transf... more In this study, the availability of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological information on 78 transformation products for 20 regularly used pesticides in the open literature is evaluated. Based on this information, it is attempted to predict the relative risk for the aquatic environment of each transformation product in comparison to its parent pesticide. It is concluded that for the 78 transformation products selected, the data set on physico-chemical and ecotoxicological behaviour is not very large. Measured log Kow values and other physico-chemical properties are known for only 30-40% of the selected transformation products. The overall reliability of the collected physico-chemical values is considered to be moderate to slight, while for the ecotoxicological data set, reliability is considered to be sufficient. In many cases, there is a need for more information especially on the persistency and no-observed-effect concentrations of the pesticide's transformation products. In gen...
resources near dumping sites are adversely affected by physical disturbances, but a causal link t... more resources near dumping sites are adversely affected by physical disturbances, but a causal link to contaminant damage could not be found.
The dynamical behaviour of an aquatic ecosystem stressed by limiting nutrients and exposure to a ... more The dynamical behaviour of an aquatic ecosystem stressed by limiting nutrients and exposure to a conservative toxicant is investigated. The ecosystem downstream of a pollution source consists of: nutrients, biotic pelagic and benthic communities, and detritus pools in the water body and on the sediment. The long-term dynamic behaviour of this system is analysed using bifurcation theory. A reference state is defined and our aim is to quantify the effects of toxicological (toxic exposure), ecological (feeding, predation, competition) and environmental stressors (nutrient supply, dilution rate). To that end we calculate the ranges of stress levels where the long-term dynamics (equilibrium, oscillatory or chaotic behaviour) is qualitatively the same. In this way we obtain levels of toxicological loading where the abundances of all populations are the same as in the reference case, the no-effect region. We will also calculate toxic exposure levels that do not lead to a change in the composition of the ecosystem, and therefore its structure, with respect to the reference unexposed situation, but where population abundances and internal toxicant concentrations may have been changed quantitatively. The model predicts that due to indirect effects even low sublethal toxic exposure can lead to catastrophic changes in the ecosystem functioning and structure, and that the long-term sensitivities of oligotrophic and eutrophic systems to toxic stress are different.
The Science of the total environment, Jan 27, 1998
In this study, the availability of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological information on 78 transf... more In this study, the availability of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological information on 78 transformation products for 20 regularly used pesticides in the open literature is evaluated. Based on this information, it is attempted to predict the relative risk for the aquatic environment of each transformation product in comparison to its parent pesticide. It is concluded that for the 78 transformation products selected, the data set on physico-chemical and ecotoxicological behaviour is not very large. Measured log Kow values and other physico-chemical properties are known for only 30-40% of the selected transformation products. The overall reliability of the collected physico-chemical values is considered to be moderate to slight, while for the ecotoxicological data set, reliability is considered to be sufficient. In many cases, there is a need for more information especially on the persistency and no-observed-effect concentrations of the pesticide's transformation products. In gen...
A method for the routine monitoring of residual aldrin, dieldrin, pp'-DDT, op'-DDT, pp'-DDE, and ... more A method for the routine monitoring of residual aldrin, dieldrin, pp'-DDT, op'-DDT, pp'-DDE, and pp'-DDD in eggs by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photo-diode array (PDA) detector is described. The lipids extracted from a whole egg are cleaned by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) ISOLUTE NH 2 column with a diethyl ether-hexane (5:95, v/v) eluent. The HPLC separation is carried out using a normal-phase (LiChrosorb NH 2) column, a heptane-hexane eluent (97:3, v/v), and a PDA detector. The average recoveries from fortified target compounds (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 µg/g, respectively) are ≥ 83%, with standard deviations (SDs) between 2 and 5%. The interassay variabilities and their SDs are ≤ 4.8% and ≤ 0.7%, with intra-assay variabilities of 2.1-3.3%. The limits of determination for these compounds range from 0.04 to 0.08 µg/g.
Biomonitoring using birds of prey as sentinel species has been mooted as a way to evaluate the su... more Biomonitoring using birds of prey as sentinel species has been mooted as a way to evaluate the success of European Union directives that are designed to protect people and the environment across Europe from industrial contaminants and pesticides. No such pan-European evaluation currently exists. Coordination of such large scale monitoring would require harmonisation across multiple countries of the types of samples collected and analysed-matrices vary in the ease with which they can be collected and the information they provide. We report the first ever pan-European assessment of which raptor samples are collected across Europe and review their suitability for biomonitoring. Currently, some 182 monitoring programmes across 33 European countries collect a variety of raptor samples, and we discuss the relative merits of each for monitoring current priority and emerging compounds. Of the matrices collected, blood and liver are used most extensively for quantifying trends in recent and ...
Cadmium, lead, zinc and copper concentrations were determined in 15 species of freshwater macro-i... more Cadmium, lead, zinc and copper concentrations were determined in 15 species of freshwater macro-invertebrates collected from a littoral foodweb. Indications of a biomagnification process, in which predators had a higher concentration than their prey, were only found in the case of zinc. Organisms with copper as an essential component of their haemolymph, such as Crustacaea, Gastropoda and Bivalvia, contained higher concentration s of that metal than other species. Another important factor in the determination of trace metal concentrations, apart from physiological equipment, was body weight, resulting in higher concentrations in smaller, and lower concentrations in larger, organisms. This seemed to be the case within populations of single species, as well as in different species of deposit feeders. Furthermore, feeding habit, proximity to the sediment and physico-chemical factors appeared to be determining factors for trace metal concentrations in macro-invertebrates. The results of this study are related to ecotoxicological theories which explain the causes of pollutant residues in organisms. It is concluded that various explanations for the differences in pollutant residues, e.g. trophic level, feeding habit, body weight, association with the substrate, physiological equipment and abiotic factors, are valid.
Several cruises were carried out on the Eastern Scheldt between September 1992 and March 1995 to ... more Several cruises were carried out on the Eastern Scheldt between September 1992 and March 1995 to study the frequency and appearance of imposex in the common whelk, Buccinum undatum L. Incidences of imposex were always > 90%. For the first time several stages of imposex in Buccinum undatum are reported. The evolution of imposex in the whelk seems to follow a similar route as in Hinia reticulata belonging to the same superfamily (Buccinacea). Tissue organotin concentrations of animals collected in February 1995 showed the highest organotin concentrations in the digestive gland and lowest in the foot of the animals. Concentrations of phenyltin compounds (up to 625 ngSn/g D W) were much higher than those of butyltin compounds (up to 40 ngSn/g DW).
The bioconcentration of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) [O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyri... more The bioconcentration of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) [O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridil) phosphorothioate] by the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus (L.) was investigated under time-varying exposure conditions in artificial outdoor ditches. The insecticide was applied as a single dose of Dursban 4E trade mark at nominal initial concentrations of the active ingredient of 0.7 and 5.0 microg litre(-1). Toxicokinetic rate constants of CPF were estimated using three methods based on first-order onecompartment modelling. Aqueous concentrations of CPF showed a rapid exponential decrease. Tissue residues of CPF in Asellus, reached maximum values after two days with subsequent relatively rapid elimination in agreement with model predictions. Both uptake and elimination rate constants were dependent upon exposure level, with relatively low uptake and elimination rate constants (10 respectively 5-fold lower) at the high exposure level, which was attributed to toxic stress The time-dependent bioconcentration factor (BCF) of CPF did not show any dependence upon the exposure level, and reached a plateau after 2 days. Lipid-based BCF (1 kg(-1); mean +/- SE) values measured in the low and high treatments were 262 +/- 77 x 10(3) (n = 7) and 235 +/- 44 x 10(3) (n = 6), respectively, and were above ranges previously reported in the literature for fish. The feasibility of using freshwater isopods in biomonitoring programmes to assess the fate and effects of organophosphorus compounds is discussed.
The bioconcentration of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) [O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyri... more The bioconcentration of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) [O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridil) phosphorothioate] by the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus (L.) was investigated under time-varying exposure conditions in artificial outdoor ditches. The insecticide was applied as a single dose of Dursban 4E trade mark at nominal initial concentrations of the active ingredient of 0.7 and 5.0 microg litre(-1). Toxicokinetic rate constants of CPF were estimated using three methods based on first-order onecompartment modelling. Aqueous concentrations of CPF showed a rapid exponential decrease. Tissue residues of CPF in Asellus, reached maximum values after two days with subsequent relatively rapid elimination in agreement with model predictions. Both uptake and elimination rate constants were dependent upon exposure level, with relatively low uptake and elimination rate constants (10 respectively 5-fold lower) at the high exposure level, which was attributed to toxic stress The time-dependent bioconcentration factor (BCF) of CPF did not show any dependence upon the exposure level, and reached a plateau after 2 days. Lipid-based BCF (1 kg(-1); mean +/- SE) values measured in the low and high treatments were 262 +/- 77 x 10(3) (n = 7) and 235 +/- 44 x 10(3) (n = 6), respectively, and were above ranges previously reported in the literature for fish. The feasibility of using freshwater isopods in biomonitoring programmes to assess the fate and effects of organophosphorus compounds is discussed.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2004
Various techniques exist for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) determination in environmental... more Various techniques exist for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) determination in environmental samples, but an adequate risk assessment of PAHs should include aspects such as bioavailability of the contaminant and biotransformation capacity of the species under investigation. In this study, we provided an analysis of the kinetics of pyrene in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. Isopods were exposed to pyrene in their food (10 g/g d/w) for 7 days followed by an elimination period of 7 days. The animals were dissected, and the hepatopancreases were analyzed for pyrene biotransformation products; nonmetabolised pyrene in the gut was also monitored. Concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene in the hepatopancreas were very low. Almost all of the pyrene was found as three conjugates: pyrene-1-glucoside, pyrene-1-sulfate, and a third unknown 1-hydroxypyrene conjugate. Concentrations of the metabolites were extremely variable between individuals because of variable feeding activity. An apparent steady state was reached already after 24 hours of exposure, whereas elimination was complete 48 hours after ending the exposure. This rapid response to changes in the exposure concentration shows that terrestrial isopods have a high biotransformation capacity for PAHs. The data show that concentrations of parent PAHs will not provide a good indication of exposure in rapidly metabolizing invertebrates such as isopods; instead, pyrene metabolites may be considered a promising biomarker for bioavailability of PAH contamination in the field.
The Science of the total environment, Jan 27, 1998
In this study, the availability of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological information on 78 transf... more In this study, the availability of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological information on 78 transformation products for 20 regularly used pesticides in the open literature is evaluated. Based on this information, it is attempted to predict the relative risk for the aquatic environment of each transformation product in comparison to its parent pesticide. It is concluded that for the 78 transformation products selected, the data set on physico-chemical and ecotoxicological behaviour is not very large. Measured log Kow values and other physico-chemical properties are known for only 30-40% of the selected transformation products. The overall reliability of the collected physico-chemical values is considered to be moderate to slight, while for the ecotoxicological data set, reliability is considered to be sufficient. In many cases, there is a need for more information especially on the persistency and no-observed-effect concentrations of the pesticide's transformation products. In gen...
resources near dumping sites are adversely affected by physical disturbances, but a causal link t... more resources near dumping sites are adversely affected by physical disturbances, but a causal link to contaminant damage could not be found.
The dynamical behaviour of an aquatic ecosystem stressed by limiting nutrients and exposure to a ... more The dynamical behaviour of an aquatic ecosystem stressed by limiting nutrients and exposure to a conservative toxicant is investigated. The ecosystem downstream of a pollution source consists of: nutrients, biotic pelagic and benthic communities, and detritus pools in the water body and on the sediment. The long-term dynamic behaviour of this system is analysed using bifurcation theory. A reference state is defined and our aim is to quantify the effects of toxicological (toxic exposure), ecological (feeding, predation, competition) and environmental stressors (nutrient supply, dilution rate). To that end we calculate the ranges of stress levels where the long-term dynamics (equilibrium, oscillatory or chaotic behaviour) is qualitatively the same. In this way we obtain levels of toxicological loading where the abundances of all populations are the same as in the reference case, the no-effect region. We will also calculate toxic exposure levels that do not lead to a change in the composition of the ecosystem, and therefore its structure, with respect to the reference unexposed situation, but where population abundances and internal toxicant concentrations may have been changed quantitatively. The model predicts that due to indirect effects even low sublethal toxic exposure can lead to catastrophic changes in the ecosystem functioning and structure, and that the long-term sensitivities of oligotrophic and eutrophic systems to toxic stress are different.
The Science of the total environment, Jan 27, 1998
In this study, the availability of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological information on 78 transf... more In this study, the availability of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological information on 78 transformation products for 20 regularly used pesticides in the open literature is evaluated. Based on this information, it is attempted to predict the relative risk for the aquatic environment of each transformation product in comparison to its parent pesticide. It is concluded that for the 78 transformation products selected, the data set on physico-chemical and ecotoxicological behaviour is not very large. Measured log Kow values and other physico-chemical properties are known for only 30-40% of the selected transformation products. The overall reliability of the collected physico-chemical values is considered to be moderate to slight, while for the ecotoxicological data set, reliability is considered to be sufficient. In many cases, there is a need for more information especially on the persistency and no-observed-effect concentrations of the pesticide's transformation products. In gen...
Uploads
Papers by B. van Hattum