Papers by Anna Zajenkowska
Baltic Journal of Management
Purpose -The purpose of this study was to advance the understanding of the effect of extraversion... more Purpose -The purpose of this study was to advance the understanding of the effect of extraversion on an expatriate's level of contexting (adopting a higher or lower level of context) while abroad. Particularly, this study focused on Polish expatriates in the US and American expatriates in Poland. Design/methodology/approach -The participants were 30 American expatriates living in Poland and 41 Polish expatriates living in the USA. Findings -The results from the regression analysis suggest that extraversion has a different effect on contexting among Polish expatriates than American expatriates, the higher the level of extraversion, the more context dependent the American expatriates were. Moreover, Polish and American expatriates differ in terms of contexting related to the universalism and the particularism dimensions of the seven cultural dimensions from Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars. Originality/value -This advanced understanding led the researchers to give practical implications on the training of expatriates for their abroad assignments.
T his paper examines male and female individual differences in situational triggers of aggressive... more T his paper examines male and female individual differences in situational triggers of aggressive responses (STAR) in three countries as well as cross-cultural sex differences in trait aggression (aggression questionnaire, AQ). Convenience sampling was employed (university students) for the descriptive correlational study (Poland N = 300, 63% female, mean age 21.86, SD = 2.12; UK N = 196, 60% female, mean age 20.48, SD = 3.79; Greece N = 299, 57% female, mean age 20.71, SD = 4.42). The results showed that the STAR scale is an equivalent construct across all three countries. Overall, females were more sensitive to both provocation (SP) and frustration (SF) than males. When controlling for trait aggression, Polish and Greek females scored similarly in SP and higher than UK females. No sex differences in SP or SF were found in the UK sample. Additionally, Polish participants scored the highest in SP. Furthermore, when trait aggression was removed, the Greek participants were most sensitive to frustration, whereas Polish and English participants' SF did not differ. We discuss the results with regard to intercultural differences between investigated countries.
– The present research aimed to test the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the man... more – The present research aimed to test the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the managing the emotions of others scale (MEOS). MEOS consists of six dimensions: mood enhancing (Enhance), mood worsening (Worsen), concealing emotions from others (Conceal), use of inauthentic displays for self-serving purposes (Inauthentic), poor emotion skills (Poor skills), and use of diversion to enhance another's mood (Divert). The results showed that amongst MEOS dimensions, Enhance was the most strongly related to performance-based emotional intelligence (EI). Among Dark Triad, Narcissism was related to the greatest number of MEOS subscales – for all except Poor skills. The results indicated that MEOS has similar factor structure, reliability, and pattern of correlations with personality and EI in Poland as in previous studies.
Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 2015
The present study focused on examining whether coffee intake is related to the intensity of aggre... more The present study focused on examining whether coffee intake is related to the intensity of aggressive feelings in reaction to various provoking or frustrating situations, along with consideration of sex and culture. Previous studies focused mainly on the dose of caffeine (not the habit of coffee drinking) and aggressive behavior. Many of these studies showed a positive relation between the amount of caffeine consumed and aggression, so it was expected that also habitual coffee consumption would be positively related to propensity for aggressive feelings in situations of provocation and frustration. Participants from Greece (n = 299) and Poland (n = 300) declared whether they were coffee drinkers (at least 1 mug of coffee per day) and completed the Situational Triggers of Aggressive Responses questionnaire. The results showed that in females, coffee drinkers had higher scores in Sensitivity to Provocation (SP) and Frustration (SF) than nondrinkers, while no differences between drinkers and nondrinkers appeared in males. Moreover, amongst coffee drinkers, females had higher scores in SP and SF than males, while no sex differences were found in nondrinkers. Furthermore, in Poland coffee drinkers had higher SP scores than nondrinkers. Poles also had higher SP scores than Greeks, but only when coffee drinkers were compared.
Learning and Individual Differences
We examined how proneness to experience feelings of aggression in frustrating situations and neur... more We examined how proneness to experience feelings of aggression in frustrating situations and neuroticism are related to three mood dimensions – tense arousal (TA), energetic arousal (EA) and hedonic tone (HT) – measured before and after an exam. Individuals high in sensitivity to frustration had low HT and EA, and high TA after completing the exam. The analysis revealed that frustration was significantly associated with TA, even after controlling for neuroticism and TA before exam. Neuroticism was significantly correlated with mood in both measurements. The results suggest that the relationship between individual differences in response to frustration and mood is sensitive to situational factors, while neuroticism is rather chronically associated with negative emotionality.
In this research we investigated Confucian and Protestant work ethics (CWE and PWE) among 160 Pol... more In this research we investigated Confucian and Protestant work ethics (CWE and PWE) among 160 Polish and Korean respondents, distributed into balanced groups with regard to region, occupational status, and gender. We found that Koreans revealed higher levels of PWE than did Poles. CWE turned out to be not exclusive to Asian cultures, as Poles scored higher than did Koreans. The results support the necessity of reconciling cultural differences. We think that values, which are believed to support economic development, are not related to one particular work ethic.
Personality and Individual Differences, 2015
In three studies we explored the relationship between cognitive ability and various aspects of ag... more In three studies we explored the relationship between cognitive ability and various aspects of aggression. In the first investigation, we found that intelligence was not associated with external aggression (physical or verbal), although it tended to correlate negatively with internal processes related with aggressive behavior (anger and hostility). The results of study 2 indicated that higher anger was associated with poorer cognitive control. However, this relationship was attenuated when cognitive ability was added to the model. In the last study we sought psychological states that might accompany individuals with high level of anger and hostility while they are completing an intelligence test. It revealed that the state of worry mediates the relationship between trait anger and hostility and the cognitive ability score. High trait anger and hostility individuals exhibit higher level of negative thoughts about performance and focus on personal concerns while solving a demanding cognitive test.
Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 2013
The present investigation tested the temperament traits of 319 Polish and 315 South Korean studen... more The present investigation tested the temperament traits of 319 Polish and 315 South Korean students according to the regulative theory of temperament. Poland and South Korea are two countries with a similar rate of economic growth but with distinct cultures; for instance, they differ in terms of individualism and masculinity dimensions as well as living conditions. This means that they have achieved the same goal with different resources but presumably also with different side effects. The results indicate that the Poles had higher levels of briskness, sensor sensibility and endurance, as well as lower levels of emotional reactivity and perseveration in comparison with South Koreans. The structure of one's temperament determines one's ability to meet environmental requirements and also how one deals with stressful conditions. According to previous empirical data, Poles' temperament profile can be characterized as being less prone to stress perception and therefore more a...
The current study explored whether high provocation sensitive individuals would declare less ange... more The current study explored whether high provocation sensitive individuals would declare less anger and therefore fewer physical aggressive acts if they are high in communal values. Three samples, students, prisoners and psychotherapy patients, were compared for differences in occurrence of aggressive reactions and preassembly communion-orientation. Data was tested using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM).
International Journal of Psychology, 2014
T his paper examines male and female individual differences in situational triggers of aggressive... more T his paper examines male and female individual differences in situational triggers of aggressive responses (STAR) in three countries as well as cross-cultural sex differences in trait aggression (aggression questionnaire, AQ). Convenience sampling was employed (university students) for the descriptive correlational study (Poland N = 300, 63% female, mean age 21.86, SD = 2.12; UK N = 196, 60% female, mean age 20.48, SD = 3.79; Greece N = 299, 57% female, mean age 20.71, SD = 4.42). The results showed that the STAR scale is an equivalent construct across all three countries. Overall, females were more sensitive to both provocation (SP) and frustration (SF) than males. When controlling for trait aggression, Polish and Greek females scored similarly in SP and higher than UK females. No sex differences in SP or SF were found in the UK sample. Additionally, Polish participants scored the highest in SP. Furthermore, when trait aggression was removed, the Greek participants were most sensitive to frustration, whereas Polish and English participants' SF did not differ. We discuss the results with regard to intercultural differences between investigated countries.
Personality and Individual Differences, 2013
This paper examines the relationships between individual differences in situational triggers of a... more This paper examines the relationships between individual differences in situational triggers of aggressive behaviors (STAR) and the FFM personality traits. The investigation, conducted among Polish male and female offenders and students, revealed different relationships across samples. Among students, higher sensitivity to frustration and provocation was related to higher Neuroticism and lower Agreeableness and sensitivity to provoking situations to lower Openness to Experience. Among prisoners, however, lower Agreeableness was negatively linked to being more sensitive to provocation. Furthermore, the study found sex differences in STAR scales in the student sample but not the prisoners’ sample.
Uploads
Papers by Anna Zajenkowska