Journal of Applied Research on Industrial Engineering, 2020
The R3 (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) system of waste management specified by Environmental Protection ... more The R3 (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) system of waste management specified by Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) waste management framework is the pathway to sustainable environment. This system which is practiced in advanced countries is given little or no preference in Nigeria where open waste dumping is mostly practiced. Questionnaire based survey was employed to determine the awareness of the effects of open waste dumping by individuals. A physical survey was carried out to assess the risks posed by open waste dumping on the physical environment and health of individuals. Findings from the questionnaire-based survey indicated that many individuals are aware of the risks posed by open waste dumping system but have little or no knowledge of the R3 waste management standard for proper waste management. The physical survey pointed out that open waste dumping leads to infrastructural dilapidation and environmental degradation from drainage blockage and flooding. The findings also revealed that open waste dumping is responsible for outbreak of diseases such as Cholera, Diarrhoea, Malaria, Tetanus, Lassa fever, Typhoid and Yellow fever, Hookworm, and other parasite infestation as well as the promotion of fecal contamination of the hands, food and water that may result in fecal-oral transmission diseases. Hence, this method of waste management is responsible for water pollution, land pollution and the emission of obnoxious odour and also aid climate change and global warming through the release of Green House Gases (GHGs). From the risk evaluation carried out, simple and effective processes and technologies must be employed to aid the R3 practice for domestic recycling of specific waste.
Combustion process in internal combustion engines involve significant temperature and pressure, c... more Combustion process in internal combustion engines involve significant temperature and pressure, carbon deposit, turbulence flame, swirling and tumbling flows which are considered necessary for operating these engines. This study examines the in-cylinder effects of swirling and tumbling motion along with the in-cylinder temperature during combustion process of air-fuel mixture. A detailed port flow analysis was carried out using ANSYS R-16 software and a valve lift of 8 mm. The velocity magnitude and mass flow rate were monitored using swirl motion simulated profiles and cut planes. Motion analysis was carried out to determine the angular velocity of the cycle using SOLIDWORKS 2017. The average angular velocity of the crankshaft was found to be 1315 rpm, with percentage deviation of less than 20%. It was also found that the area-weighted average velocity of charge was 11 m/s with corresponding mass flow rate measured as-0.055479 kg/s. The maximum flow rate was calculated at 8 mm as 0.005417 kg/s. The ICE swirl plane 1, 2 and 3 were characterized by different contours of velocity magnitude, indicating that the swirl intensity increased as the charge moved further down the cylinder while the charge volume of swirl increased along the cylinder length. For the ICE cut plane, the velocity increased as the swirl increased while the mass flow rate decreased as the fluid went further away from the poppet valve. Therefore, the intensity of swirl increased along the stroke length of the engine cylinder. In addition, increase in the swirl number led to uniform radial temperature distribution as well as reduction in the in-cylinder flame temperature which can mitigate against the formation of toxic pollutants.
Crushing of farm produce for easy storage and consumption is still a problem in most rural areas ... more Crushing of farm produce for easy storage and consumption is still a problem in most rural areas in Nigeria. Large tons of food crops are lost annually in Nigeria as a result of unavailability of storage facilities. This necessitated the design of a multi-purpose crusher to save crushing energy with minimal grain losses, being the primary aim of this study. The major components of the designed crushing machine consists of a hopper, crushing chamber, shaft, hammers, screen, bearings, discharge outlet and a 2HP electric motor. A number of tests were carried out with the designed crusher using 4.8kg of dry maize and crushing efficiency of 85%, crushing loss of 0.15% and crushing capacity of 65kg/hr. were achieved as optimum performances. From the test results, it was observed that the final crusher design had a higher capacity and efficiency, and this produced finer end products compared to existing ones.
Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi, Apr 28, 2023
Wind is one of the dependable sources of renewable energy due to its availability. The commonly u... more Wind is one of the dependable sources of renewable energy due to its availability. The commonly used type is Horizontal Wind Turbine also known as Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT), thus, understanding the imperative factors influencing the functionality of HAWT provides insight into its optimal design. This study therefore x-rayed the numerical analysis of HAWT to determine the various operation variables and their influence on the performance cycle. Research Likert questionnaire and 28 identified operation variables with weighty factors that have influence on HAWT were developed and distributed to 130 trained, knowledgeable and experienced wind turbine engineers/operators with 100 respondents outcome. A 28 x 100 data matrix were collated. With 28 variables identified, 18 iterations were computed. Ten (10) clusters (F1 to F2) were optimised, with each cluster consisting of computed influential variable(s) as input data and rated factors (output) computed as maximum value for each variable, being ranked by 13 judges in Sequential Merit Order (SMO) based on their influence on HAWT. Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) statistical models were employed, respondents' scores transposed into data matrix and fed into StatistiXL software. A value of W = 0.56 (middling) obtained as the level of consistency. The level of coherence/agreement of data using chi-square model had Fcal =196.56, Ftab = 41.34 (χ 2 cal at χ 2 0.05, 28). Therefore, null hypothesis H0 rejected; alternative hypothesis H1 accepted, which implies strong agreement with the data at 95% confidence level. The performance of HAWT was observed to depend highly on Cluster 3 (components that are prone to failure). Therefore, adequate consideration during the design phase should be given to factors listed under this category in order to guarantee optimum performance of the HAWT.
This study examined the normal, radial, axial and tangential loading cycles undergone by wind tur... more This study examined the normal, radial, axial and tangential loading cycles undergone by wind turbine rotor blades and their effects on the displacement of the blade structure. The rotor blade was modelled using Q Blade finite element sub module, which evaluated the loading cycles in terms of the forces induced on the blade at various frequencies through several complete revolution cycles (360 o each cycle). At frequencies of 5 HZ, 23 Hz, 60 Hz, 124 Hz and 200 Hz, maximum strain deformation of 0.004, 0.04, 0.08, 0.14 and 0.24 were obtained, and geometry of the deformed blades were characterized by twisting and bending configuration. Maximum deflections from tangential loading increased from-0.55-1.2 mm,-0.39-1.6 mm from axial loading,-0.28-1.8 mm from radial loading and-0.01-2.3 mm from normal loading. From these deflection values, normal loading cycle would cause the highest level of structural damage on the rotor blade followed by radial, axial and tangential loading. Moreover, the strain deformations and deflections of the blade structure increased as the cycles of frequency increased.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, Jun 30, 2017
In this study, Hypermesh and Catia V5 software were adopted for finite element analysis (FEA) of ... more In this study, Hypermesh and Catia V5 software were adopted for finite element analysis (FEA) of a vehicle B-pillar. The design objectives were to optimise the B-Pillar such that the maximum displacement, weight, and maximum stress value of B-Pillar is minimised without compromising its yield strength and impact resistant properties. This is significant for the improvement of a vehicle's crashworthiness and ensuring the safety of passenger(s) during road accidents. This study initially analysed a given B-pillar design after being subjected to an even force of 140kN. The result produced von Mises stress of 1646MPa and deflection of 5.9mm. To ensure that EuroCAP directives were met, the B-Pillar was reinforced by adding extra steel plates to its inner surface and applying seam welding to ascertain their fusion and analysed using the same force of 140kN. Analysis of the reinforced B-Pillar design produced maximum von Mises stress of 673MPa with a maximum displacement value of 2.39mm. The optimised B-Pillar design was reinforced with 1.7kg steel plate with the overall mass of the B-Pillar amounting to 4.2kg of the total design compared to the original B-Pillar which had a total mass of 6kg. The optimised B-Pillar possessed less weight beside capable of resisting a force of 140kN with von Mises stress and displacement rate lower than the original B-Pillar. Thus, this indicates improvement in the tensile strength, stiffness, and impact resistant behaviour against collision forces by acting sideward on vehicles during road accidents. This can save such vehicles and passengers from severe damage that may result in loss of lives and properties. Hence, B-Pillar must be designed following the existing standards and tested before installation on vehicles to avoid unforeseen catastrophes.
With respect to the environmental problems and health hazards caused by countless scrap tyre pile... more With respect to the environmental problems and health hazards caused by countless scrap tyre piles around Nigerian cities, pyrolysis of scrap tyre was carried out to examine its potential as a viable source of energy. A thermo chemical reactor furnace of 17.4 litres capacity was designed with temperature specification of 1,200oC at a pressure of 2.3 MN/m2. Scrap tyres from light duty vehicles were processed by washing them in water to remove dirt, cut into sample sizes of 20 mm x 30 mm and then weighed in various portions of 1 kg each. 1 kg mass of the processed scrap tyres was pyrolysed in each batch of pyrolysis experiment to obtain char at different pyrolysis temperatures of 250oC, 350oC, 450oC, and 600oC. Proximate and ultimate analyses of the char resulting from the pyrolysis were carried out. The pyrolysis process produced char with average composition of 83.30% carbon, 5.45% hydrogen, 0.52% nitrogen, 1.17% sulphur and 1.90% oxygen. The analysis of percentage composition of the raw scrap tyre samples gave 79.86% for carbon, 7.35% hydrogen, 0.39% nitrogen, 1.57% for sulphur and 6.50% for oxygen. The 79.86% carbon which is primarily made of char indicated that the adoption of pyrolysis for processing of scrap tires can contribute immensely to the production of char which can further be processed into activated carbon, compressed into charcoal briquettes, used as soil amendment etc.
International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences, 2017
This research work is focused on the failure analysis of Automatic Access Pedestrian Gate Turnsti... more This research work is focused on the failure analysis of Automatic Access Pedestrian Gate Turnstile using SolidWorks Simulation Model. Failure analysis was carried out on both static and dynamic failure of the system putting into consideration the yield stress, resultant displacement, failure cycle, percentage damage, maximum strain and most importantly factor of safety. The results of Von Mises stress analysis showed that a maximum value of 5.77Mpa yield strength was obtained. A displacement of 0.257737m and a strain value of 2.03989×10-5 were obtained respectively. The fatigue simulation damage factor was not up to 100% though is up to 50%. At the endurance limit or fatigue limit, the SN curve flattens at 106 cycle. A safety of 61 was recorded with the system which is above 1, thus the system is safe and efficient and can be used for security check.
Automobile wheels serve as a primary means of support to a moving and stationary car while being ... more Automobile wheels serve as a primary means of support to a moving and stationary car while being subjected to static and dynamic loading in the process. The present study examines the mechanical behavior of different auto wheel materials under the aforementioned loading conditions using Finite Element Method (FEM). The wheel component was modlled and simulated with SOLIDWORKS 2018 version using different materials including carbon fibre (T300), cast alloy steel, aluminium (2014-T6) and magnesium alloy. Considering the simulation constraints of lowest static stress (von-mises), lowest resultant strain, lowest displacement (static and raidal) and lowest bending, cast alloy steel met all the requirements except for static strain where carbon fibre was the lowest followed by cast alloy steel. Carbon fibre (T300) among all the materials had the highest static stress (von-mises), highest displacement (static and raidal) and highest bending. Static stress for aluminium (2014-T6) was lower than that of magnesium alloy while resultant strain, static and radial displacement as well as bending were lower for aluminium (2014-T6) than magnesium alloy. Von-mises stresses for all wheel materials where below their yield strength, indicating that they can perform optimally under the above mentioned loading constraints. The main disadvantage with steel wheel is the high density while low density of the other three materials offer a distinctive advantage to auto performance, but steel wheel is inexpensive, strong, tough and more durable compared to the other materials.
This study evaluate the deflections undergone by four carbon steel materials applicable to static... more This study evaluate the deflections undergone by four carbon steel materials applicable to statically loaded sun gear shaft in 2-stage planetary gear train. Using SOLIDWORKS 2018 version, Finite Element Method (FEM) was employed in modelling and analyzing the rotor sun gear shafts to determine the static nodal stresses, static displacement and static strain. The result revealed that Factor of Safety (FOS) significantly influence the level of failure as well as the strength possessed by the shaft material before failure. The analysis was carried out on the following materials: AISI 1020 Steel (cold rolled), cast carbon steel, cast carbon steel (cold rolled) and AISI 4130 steel (annealed at 865oC); with FOS of 13, 8.9, 9.1 and 15, and the strength possessed by each material before failure were observed as: 3.22e+08, 2.21e+08, 2.56e+08 and 4.31e+08 MPa. This indicates that AISI 4130 steel: annealed at 865oC is comparably the best among the four category of materials due to its very high FOS, followed by AISI 1020 Steel (cold rolled) and cast carbon steel (cold rolled). The von-Mises stress, resultant displacement and equivalent strain values produced were within the permissible limit, indicating that the four sun gear rotor shaft materials are suitable for application in 2-stage planetary gear operations and that the design is safe.
Based on the Design of experiment (DOE), an experimental design matrix having thirteen (13) cente... more Based on the Design of experiment (DOE), an experimental design matrix having thirteen (13) center points, six (6) axial points and eight (8) factorial points resulting in twenty (20) experimental runs was generated which included temperature ranging from 96.13-213.86 A, voltage ranging from 16.95-27.04 V and gas flow rate ranging from 11.29-19.70 L/min. The aforementioned twenty runs were used as input parameters for TIG welding experimental procedure as well as prediction and optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with the output responses being temperature distribution, Induced Stress Distribution and bead penetration depth. The optimization result revealed that an input current of 120 A, voltage of 23.95 V and gas flow rate of 15.63 L/min will produce a weld material with temperature of 326.53 0 C, ISD of 231.746 N/m 2 and bead penetration depth of 6.47911 mm. To validate the results, regression plot between the experimental values and RSM predicted values showed proximity in the coefficient of determination (R 2) for the output responses, indicating that RSM can be used as alternative tool to the prediction and optimization of weld parameters.
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, Jan 2, 2019
In this study, temperature and time dependence analysis was carried out on Tungsten Inert Gas (TI... more In this study, temperature and time dependence analysis was carried out on Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) Welding of AISI 1020 Low Carbon Steel Plate of 10 mm thickness. The TIG welding parameters deduced from design of experiment for current ranging from 96-213 A, voltage ranging from 16-25 V and gas flow rate ranging from 11-19 L/min was used as input variables for the welding experimentation and simulation using Finite Element Method (FEM) based on Goldak model heat source. There was proximity in the regression plot of temperature outputs for both the experimental and FEM predicted values. The temperature and time dependence transient thermal analysis was simulated for 20 seconds at welding speed of 1.5 mm/s in steps of 2.5 seconds for each heat source and the result revealed that at each increasing step, the heat distribution characterized by intense heat, phase transformation and alteration in mechanical properties gradually formed a spiral transient patterns from the weldment known as Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). Hence the longer the arc heat at a given weldment the wider the HAZ which result in high residual stress build-ups, undercut and other welding defects that hampers the welded component in service condition.
In this work we have modelled various mechanical properties for hexagonal materials having variou... more In this work we have modelled various mechanical properties for hexagonal materials having various textures and/or deformation mechanisms. The main purpose of this work was to determine with great accuracy the active deformation mechanisms and to evaluate the corresponding CRSS ratios. This study-carried out by optical and electron microscopy-is based on the statistical data obtained for the deformation mechanisms (frequency of occurrence) applying to each alloy. Though more sophisticated models are available, we used-in a first approach-the relatively simple Taylor model (constrained and relaxed variants) with the fairly reliable CRSS ratios we had previously assessed (accuracy around 10%) and used earlier for the modelling of the texture evolution. With these values, we then modelled the variation in the sheet plane of the yield stress, the plastic strain ratio, and the yield loci. The predicted curves were then compared with the experimental ones that had been drawn, including the margin of experimental error. In the case of TA6V we made a distinction between pyramidal (c + a)+ and (c + a)slip directions. The predicted yield loci of TA6V show the same asymmetry in tension and compression as the experimental curves. ,c 1997 Acta metallurgica Inc. R&um&Dans ce travail, nous avons mod&t diffkrentes propriktis mtcaniques pour des matiriaux hexagonaux ayant des textures et/au des mecanismes de d&formation diffkrents. Nous avons attach& une attention toute particulibre g la determination prCcise des mCcanismes de d&formation actifs ainsi qu'9 une Cvaluation des cissions critiques (CRSS) correspondantes. Cette Ctude rdaliste en microscopic optique et tlectronique est basie sur la statistique de prksence des mtcanismes de d&formation (frkquence d'apparition). ceci pour chaque alliage. Bien que des modties plus sophistiquks existent, nous avons voulu utiliser, dans une premitre approche, le modile relativement simple de Taylor (variantes contraintes et relichees). Avec les rapports de cissions critiques que nous nous etions fix&s (marge d'incertitude d'environ 10%) et qui avaient d&ja & utilises pour la modClisation de I'tvolution de la texture, nous avons mod&hst, dans le plan de la tBle, la variation de la limite d'Blasticitt, du coefficient d'anisotropie et des courbes limites d'tcoulement plastique. Ces diverses courbes ont bien entendu ttC comparbes aux courbes expkrimentales tracCes avec les barres d'erreur. Dans le cas du TA6V, nous avons distinguC le sens du glissement pyramidal (c + a)+ et (c + a)-. Les courbes limites d'tcoulement plastique calcultes montrent la mime asymttrie entre tension et compression que les courbes exp&rimentales.
Evaluation method for 1 kg each of the three clay samples collected from Okada, Okpila and Oduna ... more Evaluation method for 1 kg each of the three clay samples collected from Okada, Okpila and Oduna in Edo state, Nigeria, included elemental composition, and geotechnical methods such as attergerg limit test, grain size analysis and consolidated test method according to British Standard (BS) Code 1377. Considering ASTM standard requirement for landfill compacted clay liner, the sample collected from Oduna met the requirement with hydraulic conductivity of 1.077x10-7, liquid limit of 50.2%, plasticity index of 31% and 54.8% grain particles passing through #200 sieve size. The accuracy of the geotechnical evaluation was confirmed by using 50.2% liquid limit of 1 kg Oduna clay as 1 m thickness in the prototype landfill base and side walls, of which no shrinkage and desiccation cracking occurred upon drying. This is possibly due to the substantial percentage of Al2O3 (73.35%), SiO2 (18.80) and MgO (4.51%) in the clay crystal structure which primarily constitutes smectite.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 2019
Induced residual stresses on AISI 1020 low carbon steel plate during Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) wel... more Induced residual stresses on AISI 1020 low carbon steel plate during Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process was evaluated in this study using experimental and Finite Element Method (FEM). The temperature range measured from the welding experimentation was 251°C-423°C, while the temperature range measured from the FEM was 230°C-563°C; whereas, the residual stress range measured from the welding experimentation was 144MPa-402Mpa, while the residual range measured from the FEM was 233-477MPa respectively. Comparing the temperature and stress results obtained from both methods, it was observed that the range of temperature and residual stresses measured were not exactly the same due to the principles at which both methods operate but disparities between the methods were not outrageous. However, these values can be fed back to optimization tools to obtain optimal parameters for best practices. Results of the induced stress distribution was created from a static study where the thermal...
International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences, 2018
Variations of welding parameters and their effects on weld bead width of gas Tungsten Arc Weldmen... more Variations of welding parameters and their effects on weld bead width of gas Tungsten Arc Weldment of 10 mm (thickness) AISI 1020 low carbon steel plate was investigated in this paper. Welding experimentation was carried out for Twenty seven (27) runs with three (3) ranges of current (120A, 150A and 190A), three (3) ranges of voltage (19V, 21V and 25V) and three (3) ranges of gas flow rate (13, 15 and 18 L/min) respectively. Applying the same range of parameters as inputs in Solid Works 2017 version, Finite Element Method (FEM) was employed to predict the weld bead width variations. To avoid wider weld bead width which can contribute to poor weld quality, a condition was established, in which the bead width values from both experimental and FEM prediction must not exceed 1.25 mm. Thermal transient flow simulation was also carried out with Solid Works 2017 version to determine the melting behavior of the material which revealed 1694 K as the solidus temperature and 1738 K as the liqu...
Journal of Applied Research on Industrial Engineering, 2020
The R3 (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) system of waste management specified by Environmental Protection ... more The R3 (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) system of waste management specified by Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) waste management framework is the pathway to sustainable environment. This system which is practiced in advanced countries is given little or no preference in Nigeria where open waste dumping is mostly practiced. Questionnaire based survey was employed to determine the awareness of the effects of open waste dumping by individuals. A physical survey was carried out to assess the risks posed by open waste dumping on the physical environment and health of individuals. Findings from the questionnaire-based survey indicated that many individuals are aware of the risks posed by open waste dumping system but have little or no knowledge of the R3 waste management standard for proper waste management. The physical survey pointed out that open waste dumping leads to infrastructural dilapidation and environmental degradation from drainage blockage and flooding. The findings also revealed that open waste dumping is responsible for outbreak of diseases such as Cholera, Diarrhoea, Malaria, Tetanus, Lassa fever, Typhoid and Yellow fever, Hookworm, and other parasite infestation as well as the promotion of fecal contamination of the hands, food and water that may result in fecal-oral transmission diseases. Hence, this method of waste management is responsible for water pollution, land pollution and the emission of obnoxious odour and also aid climate change and global warming through the release of Green House Gases (GHGs). From the risk evaluation carried out, simple and effective processes and technologies must be employed to aid the R3 practice for domestic recycling of specific waste.
Combustion process in internal combustion engines involve significant temperature and pressure, c... more Combustion process in internal combustion engines involve significant temperature and pressure, carbon deposit, turbulence flame, swirling and tumbling flows which are considered necessary for operating these engines. This study examines the in-cylinder effects of swirling and tumbling motion along with the in-cylinder temperature during combustion process of air-fuel mixture. A detailed port flow analysis was carried out using ANSYS R-16 software and a valve lift of 8 mm. The velocity magnitude and mass flow rate were monitored using swirl motion simulated profiles and cut planes. Motion analysis was carried out to determine the angular velocity of the cycle using SOLIDWORKS 2017. The average angular velocity of the crankshaft was found to be 1315 rpm, with percentage deviation of less than 20%. It was also found that the area-weighted average velocity of charge was 11 m/s with corresponding mass flow rate measured as-0.055479 kg/s. The maximum flow rate was calculated at 8 mm as 0.005417 kg/s. The ICE swirl plane 1, 2 and 3 were characterized by different contours of velocity magnitude, indicating that the swirl intensity increased as the charge moved further down the cylinder while the charge volume of swirl increased along the cylinder length. For the ICE cut plane, the velocity increased as the swirl increased while the mass flow rate decreased as the fluid went further away from the poppet valve. Therefore, the intensity of swirl increased along the stroke length of the engine cylinder. In addition, increase in the swirl number led to uniform radial temperature distribution as well as reduction in the in-cylinder flame temperature which can mitigate against the formation of toxic pollutants.
Crushing of farm produce for easy storage and consumption is still a problem in most rural areas ... more Crushing of farm produce for easy storage and consumption is still a problem in most rural areas in Nigeria. Large tons of food crops are lost annually in Nigeria as a result of unavailability of storage facilities. This necessitated the design of a multi-purpose crusher to save crushing energy with minimal grain losses, being the primary aim of this study. The major components of the designed crushing machine consists of a hopper, crushing chamber, shaft, hammers, screen, bearings, discharge outlet and a 2HP electric motor. A number of tests were carried out with the designed crusher using 4.8kg of dry maize and crushing efficiency of 85%, crushing loss of 0.15% and crushing capacity of 65kg/hr. were achieved as optimum performances. From the test results, it was observed that the final crusher design had a higher capacity and efficiency, and this produced finer end products compared to existing ones.
Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi, Apr 28, 2023
Wind is one of the dependable sources of renewable energy due to its availability. The commonly u... more Wind is one of the dependable sources of renewable energy due to its availability. The commonly used type is Horizontal Wind Turbine also known as Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT), thus, understanding the imperative factors influencing the functionality of HAWT provides insight into its optimal design. This study therefore x-rayed the numerical analysis of HAWT to determine the various operation variables and their influence on the performance cycle. Research Likert questionnaire and 28 identified operation variables with weighty factors that have influence on HAWT were developed and distributed to 130 trained, knowledgeable and experienced wind turbine engineers/operators with 100 respondents outcome. A 28 x 100 data matrix were collated. With 28 variables identified, 18 iterations were computed. Ten (10) clusters (F1 to F2) were optimised, with each cluster consisting of computed influential variable(s) as input data and rated factors (output) computed as maximum value for each variable, being ranked by 13 judges in Sequential Merit Order (SMO) based on their influence on HAWT. Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) statistical models were employed, respondents' scores transposed into data matrix and fed into StatistiXL software. A value of W = 0.56 (middling) obtained as the level of consistency. The level of coherence/agreement of data using chi-square model had Fcal =196.56, Ftab = 41.34 (χ 2 cal at χ 2 0.05, 28). Therefore, null hypothesis H0 rejected; alternative hypothesis H1 accepted, which implies strong agreement with the data at 95% confidence level. The performance of HAWT was observed to depend highly on Cluster 3 (components that are prone to failure). Therefore, adequate consideration during the design phase should be given to factors listed under this category in order to guarantee optimum performance of the HAWT.
This study examined the normal, radial, axial and tangential loading cycles undergone by wind tur... more This study examined the normal, radial, axial and tangential loading cycles undergone by wind turbine rotor blades and their effects on the displacement of the blade structure. The rotor blade was modelled using Q Blade finite element sub module, which evaluated the loading cycles in terms of the forces induced on the blade at various frequencies through several complete revolution cycles (360 o each cycle). At frequencies of 5 HZ, 23 Hz, 60 Hz, 124 Hz and 200 Hz, maximum strain deformation of 0.004, 0.04, 0.08, 0.14 and 0.24 were obtained, and geometry of the deformed blades were characterized by twisting and bending configuration. Maximum deflections from tangential loading increased from-0.55-1.2 mm,-0.39-1.6 mm from axial loading,-0.28-1.8 mm from radial loading and-0.01-2.3 mm from normal loading. From these deflection values, normal loading cycle would cause the highest level of structural damage on the rotor blade followed by radial, axial and tangential loading. Moreover, the strain deformations and deflections of the blade structure increased as the cycles of frequency increased.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, Jun 30, 2017
In this study, Hypermesh and Catia V5 software were adopted for finite element analysis (FEA) of ... more In this study, Hypermesh and Catia V5 software were adopted for finite element analysis (FEA) of a vehicle B-pillar. The design objectives were to optimise the B-Pillar such that the maximum displacement, weight, and maximum stress value of B-Pillar is minimised without compromising its yield strength and impact resistant properties. This is significant for the improvement of a vehicle's crashworthiness and ensuring the safety of passenger(s) during road accidents. This study initially analysed a given B-pillar design after being subjected to an even force of 140kN. The result produced von Mises stress of 1646MPa and deflection of 5.9mm. To ensure that EuroCAP directives were met, the B-Pillar was reinforced by adding extra steel plates to its inner surface and applying seam welding to ascertain their fusion and analysed using the same force of 140kN. Analysis of the reinforced B-Pillar design produced maximum von Mises stress of 673MPa with a maximum displacement value of 2.39mm. The optimised B-Pillar design was reinforced with 1.7kg steel plate with the overall mass of the B-Pillar amounting to 4.2kg of the total design compared to the original B-Pillar which had a total mass of 6kg. The optimised B-Pillar possessed less weight beside capable of resisting a force of 140kN with von Mises stress and displacement rate lower than the original B-Pillar. Thus, this indicates improvement in the tensile strength, stiffness, and impact resistant behaviour against collision forces by acting sideward on vehicles during road accidents. This can save such vehicles and passengers from severe damage that may result in loss of lives and properties. Hence, B-Pillar must be designed following the existing standards and tested before installation on vehicles to avoid unforeseen catastrophes.
With respect to the environmental problems and health hazards caused by countless scrap tyre pile... more With respect to the environmental problems and health hazards caused by countless scrap tyre piles around Nigerian cities, pyrolysis of scrap tyre was carried out to examine its potential as a viable source of energy. A thermo chemical reactor furnace of 17.4 litres capacity was designed with temperature specification of 1,200oC at a pressure of 2.3 MN/m2. Scrap tyres from light duty vehicles were processed by washing them in water to remove dirt, cut into sample sizes of 20 mm x 30 mm and then weighed in various portions of 1 kg each. 1 kg mass of the processed scrap tyres was pyrolysed in each batch of pyrolysis experiment to obtain char at different pyrolysis temperatures of 250oC, 350oC, 450oC, and 600oC. Proximate and ultimate analyses of the char resulting from the pyrolysis were carried out. The pyrolysis process produced char with average composition of 83.30% carbon, 5.45% hydrogen, 0.52% nitrogen, 1.17% sulphur and 1.90% oxygen. The analysis of percentage composition of the raw scrap tyre samples gave 79.86% for carbon, 7.35% hydrogen, 0.39% nitrogen, 1.57% for sulphur and 6.50% for oxygen. The 79.86% carbon which is primarily made of char indicated that the adoption of pyrolysis for processing of scrap tires can contribute immensely to the production of char which can further be processed into activated carbon, compressed into charcoal briquettes, used as soil amendment etc.
International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences, 2017
This research work is focused on the failure analysis of Automatic Access Pedestrian Gate Turnsti... more This research work is focused on the failure analysis of Automatic Access Pedestrian Gate Turnstile using SolidWorks Simulation Model. Failure analysis was carried out on both static and dynamic failure of the system putting into consideration the yield stress, resultant displacement, failure cycle, percentage damage, maximum strain and most importantly factor of safety. The results of Von Mises stress analysis showed that a maximum value of 5.77Mpa yield strength was obtained. A displacement of 0.257737m and a strain value of 2.03989×10-5 were obtained respectively. The fatigue simulation damage factor was not up to 100% though is up to 50%. At the endurance limit or fatigue limit, the SN curve flattens at 106 cycle. A safety of 61 was recorded with the system which is above 1, thus the system is safe and efficient and can be used for security check.
Automobile wheels serve as a primary means of support to a moving and stationary car while being ... more Automobile wheels serve as a primary means of support to a moving and stationary car while being subjected to static and dynamic loading in the process. The present study examines the mechanical behavior of different auto wheel materials under the aforementioned loading conditions using Finite Element Method (FEM). The wheel component was modlled and simulated with SOLIDWORKS 2018 version using different materials including carbon fibre (T300), cast alloy steel, aluminium (2014-T6) and magnesium alloy. Considering the simulation constraints of lowest static stress (von-mises), lowest resultant strain, lowest displacement (static and raidal) and lowest bending, cast alloy steel met all the requirements except for static strain where carbon fibre was the lowest followed by cast alloy steel. Carbon fibre (T300) among all the materials had the highest static stress (von-mises), highest displacement (static and raidal) and highest bending. Static stress for aluminium (2014-T6) was lower than that of magnesium alloy while resultant strain, static and radial displacement as well as bending were lower for aluminium (2014-T6) than magnesium alloy. Von-mises stresses for all wheel materials where below their yield strength, indicating that they can perform optimally under the above mentioned loading constraints. The main disadvantage with steel wheel is the high density while low density of the other three materials offer a distinctive advantage to auto performance, but steel wheel is inexpensive, strong, tough and more durable compared to the other materials.
This study evaluate the deflections undergone by four carbon steel materials applicable to static... more This study evaluate the deflections undergone by four carbon steel materials applicable to statically loaded sun gear shaft in 2-stage planetary gear train. Using SOLIDWORKS 2018 version, Finite Element Method (FEM) was employed in modelling and analyzing the rotor sun gear shafts to determine the static nodal stresses, static displacement and static strain. The result revealed that Factor of Safety (FOS) significantly influence the level of failure as well as the strength possessed by the shaft material before failure. The analysis was carried out on the following materials: AISI 1020 Steel (cold rolled), cast carbon steel, cast carbon steel (cold rolled) and AISI 4130 steel (annealed at 865oC); with FOS of 13, 8.9, 9.1 and 15, and the strength possessed by each material before failure were observed as: 3.22e+08, 2.21e+08, 2.56e+08 and 4.31e+08 MPa. This indicates that AISI 4130 steel: annealed at 865oC is comparably the best among the four category of materials due to its very high FOS, followed by AISI 1020 Steel (cold rolled) and cast carbon steel (cold rolled). The von-Mises stress, resultant displacement and equivalent strain values produced were within the permissible limit, indicating that the four sun gear rotor shaft materials are suitable for application in 2-stage planetary gear operations and that the design is safe.
Based on the Design of experiment (DOE), an experimental design matrix having thirteen (13) cente... more Based on the Design of experiment (DOE), an experimental design matrix having thirteen (13) center points, six (6) axial points and eight (8) factorial points resulting in twenty (20) experimental runs was generated which included temperature ranging from 96.13-213.86 A, voltage ranging from 16.95-27.04 V and gas flow rate ranging from 11.29-19.70 L/min. The aforementioned twenty runs were used as input parameters for TIG welding experimental procedure as well as prediction and optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with the output responses being temperature distribution, Induced Stress Distribution and bead penetration depth. The optimization result revealed that an input current of 120 A, voltage of 23.95 V and gas flow rate of 15.63 L/min will produce a weld material with temperature of 326.53 0 C, ISD of 231.746 N/m 2 and bead penetration depth of 6.47911 mm. To validate the results, regression plot between the experimental values and RSM predicted values showed proximity in the coefficient of determination (R 2) for the output responses, indicating that RSM can be used as alternative tool to the prediction and optimization of weld parameters.
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, Jan 2, 2019
In this study, temperature and time dependence analysis was carried out on Tungsten Inert Gas (TI... more In this study, temperature and time dependence analysis was carried out on Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) Welding of AISI 1020 Low Carbon Steel Plate of 10 mm thickness. The TIG welding parameters deduced from design of experiment for current ranging from 96-213 A, voltage ranging from 16-25 V and gas flow rate ranging from 11-19 L/min was used as input variables for the welding experimentation and simulation using Finite Element Method (FEM) based on Goldak model heat source. There was proximity in the regression plot of temperature outputs for both the experimental and FEM predicted values. The temperature and time dependence transient thermal analysis was simulated for 20 seconds at welding speed of 1.5 mm/s in steps of 2.5 seconds for each heat source and the result revealed that at each increasing step, the heat distribution characterized by intense heat, phase transformation and alteration in mechanical properties gradually formed a spiral transient patterns from the weldment known as Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). Hence the longer the arc heat at a given weldment the wider the HAZ which result in high residual stress build-ups, undercut and other welding defects that hampers the welded component in service condition.
In this work we have modelled various mechanical properties for hexagonal materials having variou... more In this work we have modelled various mechanical properties for hexagonal materials having various textures and/or deformation mechanisms. The main purpose of this work was to determine with great accuracy the active deformation mechanisms and to evaluate the corresponding CRSS ratios. This study-carried out by optical and electron microscopy-is based on the statistical data obtained for the deformation mechanisms (frequency of occurrence) applying to each alloy. Though more sophisticated models are available, we used-in a first approach-the relatively simple Taylor model (constrained and relaxed variants) with the fairly reliable CRSS ratios we had previously assessed (accuracy around 10%) and used earlier for the modelling of the texture evolution. With these values, we then modelled the variation in the sheet plane of the yield stress, the plastic strain ratio, and the yield loci. The predicted curves were then compared with the experimental ones that had been drawn, including the margin of experimental error. In the case of TA6V we made a distinction between pyramidal (c + a)+ and (c + a)slip directions. The predicted yield loci of TA6V show the same asymmetry in tension and compression as the experimental curves. ,c 1997 Acta metallurgica Inc. R&um&Dans ce travail, nous avons mod&t diffkrentes propriktis mtcaniques pour des matiriaux hexagonaux ayant des textures et/au des mecanismes de d&formation diffkrents. Nous avons attach& une attention toute particulibre g la determination prCcise des mCcanismes de d&formation actifs ainsi qu'9 une Cvaluation des cissions critiques (CRSS) correspondantes. Cette Ctude rdaliste en microscopic optique et tlectronique est basie sur la statistique de prksence des mtcanismes de d&formation (frkquence d'apparition). ceci pour chaque alliage. Bien que des modties plus sophistiquks existent, nous avons voulu utiliser, dans une premitre approche, le modile relativement simple de Taylor (variantes contraintes et relichees). Avec les rapports de cissions critiques que nous nous etions fix&s (marge d'incertitude d'environ 10%) et qui avaient d&ja & utilises pour la modClisation de I'tvolution de la texture, nous avons mod&hst, dans le plan de la tBle, la variation de la limite d'Blasticitt, du coefficient d'anisotropie et des courbes limites d'tcoulement plastique. Ces diverses courbes ont bien entendu ttC comparbes aux courbes expkrimentales tracCes avec les barres d'erreur. Dans le cas du TA6V, nous avons distinguC le sens du glissement pyramidal (c + a)+ et (c + a)-. Les courbes limites d'tcoulement plastique calcultes montrent la mime asymttrie entre tension et compression que les courbes exp&rimentales.
Evaluation method for 1 kg each of the three clay samples collected from Okada, Okpila and Oduna ... more Evaluation method for 1 kg each of the three clay samples collected from Okada, Okpila and Oduna in Edo state, Nigeria, included elemental composition, and geotechnical methods such as attergerg limit test, grain size analysis and consolidated test method according to British Standard (BS) Code 1377. Considering ASTM standard requirement for landfill compacted clay liner, the sample collected from Oduna met the requirement with hydraulic conductivity of 1.077x10-7, liquid limit of 50.2%, plasticity index of 31% and 54.8% grain particles passing through #200 sieve size. The accuracy of the geotechnical evaluation was confirmed by using 50.2% liquid limit of 1 kg Oduna clay as 1 m thickness in the prototype landfill base and side walls, of which no shrinkage and desiccation cracking occurred upon drying. This is possibly due to the substantial percentage of Al2O3 (73.35%), SiO2 (18.80) and MgO (4.51%) in the clay crystal structure which primarily constitutes smectite.
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 2019
Induced residual stresses on AISI 1020 low carbon steel plate during Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) wel... more Induced residual stresses on AISI 1020 low carbon steel plate during Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process was evaluated in this study using experimental and Finite Element Method (FEM). The temperature range measured from the welding experimentation was 251°C-423°C, while the temperature range measured from the FEM was 230°C-563°C; whereas, the residual stress range measured from the welding experimentation was 144MPa-402Mpa, while the residual range measured from the FEM was 233-477MPa respectively. Comparing the temperature and stress results obtained from both methods, it was observed that the range of temperature and residual stresses measured were not exactly the same due to the principles at which both methods operate but disparities between the methods were not outrageous. However, these values can be fed back to optimization tools to obtain optimal parameters for best practices. Results of the induced stress distribution was created from a static study where the thermal...
International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences, 2018
Variations of welding parameters and their effects on weld bead width of gas Tungsten Arc Weldmen... more Variations of welding parameters and their effects on weld bead width of gas Tungsten Arc Weldment of 10 mm (thickness) AISI 1020 low carbon steel plate was investigated in this paper. Welding experimentation was carried out for Twenty seven (27) runs with three (3) ranges of current (120A, 150A and 190A), three (3) ranges of voltage (19V, 21V and 25V) and three (3) ranges of gas flow rate (13, 15 and 18 L/min) respectively. Applying the same range of parameters as inputs in Solid Works 2017 version, Finite Element Method (FEM) was employed to predict the weld bead width variations. To avoid wider weld bead width which can contribute to poor weld quality, a condition was established, in which the bead width values from both experimental and FEM prediction must not exceed 1.25 mm. Thermal transient flow simulation was also carried out with Solid Works 2017 version to determine the melting behavior of the material which revealed 1694 K as the solidus temperature and 1738 K as the liqu...
EJONS 15th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, NATURAL AND MEDICAL SCIENCES, 2023
In this study, it was essential to analyze a vehicle camshaft, considering the in-service failure... more In this study, it was essential to analyze a vehicle camshaft, considering the in-service failure it undergoes due to multi-translated non-proportional loading conditions. The auto camshaft component was modelled and simulated using SOLIDWORKS software, 2020 version. Three materials were considered in the modelling and simulation process viz AISI 1020 Steel (Cold Rolled), AISI 4130 Steel (annealed at 865 o C) and Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Annealed (SS), and the results indicated maximum Von-mises stresses of 576, 268 and 176.3 MPa as well as yield strength values of 356, 463 and 744.6 MPa. Maximum static displacement of 0.07924, 0.03725 and 0.003495 mm were obtained for AISI 1020 Steel (Cold Rolled), AISI 4130 Steel (Annealed at 865 o C) and Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Annealed (SS). In the same vein, maximum static strain obtained from the same set of materials were 0.0005628, 0.00005238 and 0.00005387 respectively. From the aforementioned results, AISI 1020 Steel (Cold Rolled) had not satisfy the failure distortion-energy theory, and may not be feasible for camshaft application in actual scenario because the Von-mises stress obtained had exceeded the material yield strength due to multiple translated non-proportional loading conditions which outweighed the load bearing capacity of the material. However, AISI 4130 Steel (annealed at 865 o C) despite the weight constrain (but still less heavier than AISI 1020 Steel Cold Rolled), was observed to produce optimum Von-mises stress, strain and displacement which indicated that it still had relevance in auto camshaft applications. Of all the materials examined in this study, it is evidently clear that Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Annealed (SS), the material with highest yield strength, also had the lowest Von-mises stress, static displacement and strain as well as the lowest density which makes it a better material for camshaft applications. For maintenance cost savings and improved fuel economy, lightweight materials are highly recommended. These factors could ultimately improve the overall vehicle performance and fuel efficiency.
COMPUTATION OF IN-CYLINDER TRANSIENT THERMODYNAMICS AND VALVE LIFT EFFECTS ON FOUR STROKE RECIPROCATING PISTON INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, 2023
Several of advanced technological approach have been investigated, developed and tested in recent... more Several of advanced technological approach have been investigated, developed and tested in recent times in order to improve the efficiency and power output of Internal Combustion (IC) engine. However, in this study, the in-cylinder transient thermodynamics and valve lift effects on four stroke single cylinder IC engine cycle were modelled and simulated with ANSYS FLUENT version 15.0. Mass flow rate was varried at engine speeds ranging from 1000-12000 RPM for valve lifts in the range of 5-13mm. The simulated in-cylinder absolute mean velocity during combustion stroke attained peak values in the range of 1.30 and 1.50 m/s while turbulence kinetic energy attended peak values in the range of 0.26 to 0.30 m2/s2. The peak turbulent velocity (0.44 m/s) and turbulent intensity (2.25) were caused by fluctuations resulting from random, unsteady and irregular nature of expanding air-fuel mixture in the cylinder. At engine loads of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, maximum cylinder pressure of 21 bar, 42 bar, 70 bar and 140 bar were obtained respectively. The in-cylinder air-fuel charges during combustion/expansion stroke was observed to be characterised by swirling turbulence and tumbling motion as it expanded towards the cylinder walls. A positive flow rate implies that charge is entering inside the cylinder while a negative flow rate implies that charge or air is leaving the engine cylinder. At low engine speed, higher valve lift led to greater charge loss while significant variation characterized by negative mass flow rate was observed after the bottom dead center.
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