Nervous system problems affect around 600 million people worldwide. Among these, neurodegenerativ... more Nervous system problems affect around 600 million people worldwide. Among these, neurodegenerative illnesses are often distinguished by a late adult start, a progressive clinical course, and a localized loss of neurons in the central nervous system. These include, among others, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease), Huntington's disease, Prion diseases, encephalitis, epilepsy, genetic brain disorders, hydrocephalus, stroke, and Alzheimer's and other less common dementias. The brain stem, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and intracranial white matter are among the areas that neurodegeneration typically affects. Mendelian inheritance is well-established, despite the fact that most neurodegenerative illnesses are sporadic. The neuropathological findings and clinical symptoms in hereditary neurodegenerative disorders are intriguing. Regretfully, there are few neurodegenerative diseases for which no effective treatments are available. The rare hereditary types of neurodegenerative diseases, such as ataxias, multiple system atrophy, spastic paraplegias, Parkinson's disease, dementias, motor neuron diseases, and uncommon metabolic disorders, are highlighted in this chapter along with their clinical and genetic characteristics.
Adrenal Glands - The Current Stage and New Perspectives of Diseases and Treatment [Working Title]
Over 50 different steroids, including precursors to other steroid hormones, are secreted by the a... more Over 50 different steroids, including precursors to other steroid hormones, are secreted by the adrenal glands, which are located directly above the kidneys. Aldosterone and hydrocortisone, however, are the two most significant hormonal steroids created by the adrenal cortex. Since aldosterone is too expensive to produce commercially, other semi-synthetic analogues are now used to treat Addison’s disease in its place. Fludrocortisone, for example, greatly increases both salt retention and anti-inflammatory activity when combined with hydrocortisone. The kidneys’ ability to reabsorb sodium is increased by aldosterone. Increased blood volume will follow an increase in plasma sodium concentration. Additionally, aldosterone boosts potassium ion excretion. Addison’s disease is brought on by inconsistency. Glycogen storage synthesis is induced by the synthesis of glycogen synthase, and gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose from glucose) is induced in the liver.
The leaf of Durian (Durio zibenthinus L.) contain flavonoids and steroids in ethanol extract. Nat... more The leaf of Durian (Durio zibenthinus L.) contain flavonoids and steroids in ethanol extract. Natural flavonoids have an important role in the prevention of diabetes and its complications and are able to provide good effects in the fight against diabetes mellitus, either through the ability to reduce glucose absorption and improve glucose tolerance. The purpose of this research is to know the activity of antidiabetic extract of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water from durian leaf ethanol extract. The results of phytochemical screening screen showed that durian leaf contains chemical compounds of flavonoids, steroids, and glycosides. The treatment was gradual to obtain durian leaf extract i.e. with 96% ethanol, then partitioned gradually with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Therefore, the extract of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water is obtained. All three extracts were tested activity antidiabetic with inhibition method of α-glucosidase enzyme activity. The inhibitory results of α-glucosidase enzyme activity showed IC 50 values for n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water extracts of 9.79 μg/mL; 38.18 μg/mL and 35.83 μg/mL. The results show that the polar chemical component of the durian leaf is potential as an antidiabetic.
Introduction: Lucid morinda (L) A medium-sized evergreen tree of the Morinda genus, the Benth (M... more Introduction: Lucid morinda (L) A medium-sized evergreen tree of the Morinda genus, the Benth (M. lucida, Rubiaceae) is a tropical West African rainforest plant that is also known as the Brimstone tree. In several West African nations, it is utilized in traditional medicine to cure a variety of human ailments. Phytosomes are freshly developed herbal formulations that have superior bioavailability and effects than traditional phyto molecules or botanical extracts because they are more readily absorbed. The goals of the current study were to evaluate ethanolic leaf extract of M. lucida's phytosomes, in vitro antioxidant properties, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses, and phytosome formation. Methods: The ethanolic plant extract and cholesterol-containing phospholipids were used to make the phytosome. The entrapment efficiency, particle size and size distribution, optical microscopic research, stability tests, and in vitro dissolution investigations were used to c...
Our firm has been involved in documenting and applying Tactical Urbanism practices globally for t... more Our firm has been involved in documenting and applying Tactical Urbanism practices globally for the past 4 years. Let’s be honest: 4 years is not that long! However, we’ve learned a great deal by doing—first by writing the Tactical Urbanism guides, then by working alongside passionate citizens, innovative government leaders, smart developers, and forward-thinking advocacy organizations.
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2017
Different lipid based vesicular systems have been developed as controlled and targeted drug deliv... more Different lipid based vesicular systems have been developed as controlled and targeted drug delivery systems. Pharmacosomes are novel vesicular drug delivery systems. They are potential alternative to conventional vesicles. Pharmacosomes are the amphiphilic phospholipids complexes of drugs bearing active hydrogen that bind to phospholipids. Similar to other vesicular systems pharmacosomes provide an efficient method for delivery of drug directly to the site of infection, leading to reduction of drug toxicity with no adverse effects. They also reduce the cost of therapy by improving bioavailability of medication, especially in the case of poorly soluble drugs. This approach as a drug delivery system certainly promises a reliable, safe, selective and precise method of drug delivery. They help in controlled release of drug at the site of action as well as in reduction in cost of therapy, drug leakage and toxicity, increased bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, and restorative effects. They are mainly prepared by hand-shaking and ether injection method. The Pharmacosomes have evaluated for different parameters such as size, surface morphology and in vitro release rate. This article reviews the potential of pharmacosomes as controlled and targeted drug delivery systems and highlights the methods of preparation and characterization.
Resumen Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users ... more Resumen Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product. Aims: To evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of two hundred samples of four different types of cough syrups marketed in Sana'a city, Yemen. Methods: All collected samples were subjected to the following examinations: the total microbial count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical parameters, and concentration of active ingredients were identified and assessed by standard techniques described in US Pharmacopeia. Results: All the cough syrup samples used contained viable microbial load within acceptable limit according Pharmacopeia specifications. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly recovered bacteria. However, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus flavus were the most fungi isolated...
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Jan 15, 2018
Objectives: The majority of the Yemeni honey varieties are characterized by low moisture content,... more Objectives: The majority of the Yemeni honey varieties are characterized by low moisture content, in addition to the various flora of Yemeni plant, which may not be found in many countries, which makes them of high medicinal importance and high monetary value. Methods: This study was carried out the effect of three types of Hadhrami honey: Somur, Sidr (Baghya) and Meria against the growth of some pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella sp.). Results: The results revealed that that Sidr honey gave the highest antibacterial activity against all bacteria tested, whereas the Somur and Meria honey were not recorded activity for growth Klebsiella sp. and Meria honey was not recorded activity for growth E. coli, respectively. When the antibiotics compared to types of honey antimicrobial activity, it was observed that the antimicrobial effect of Sidr honey was better than Imipenem antibiotic effect against P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: Study concludes that inhibition of the studied strains was dependent on the type of honey source. It is concluded that Yemeni honey could potentially be used as therapeutic agents against bacterial infection particularly to the tested microorganisms.
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Jan 15, 2018
Objectives: The present work has been done considering the constant spread pollution of heavy met... more Objectives: The present work has been done considering the constant spread pollution of heavy metals in water bodies. Pollution among water bodies is a major global problem. This contaminates not only the water but also the sediment and aquatic life such as fish. The water samples were collected from the three different Cities of Yemeni coasts. Aden, Al-Hodeidah and AL-Mukalla were chosen for the sample collection. Methods: The study was carried out in the all three seasons of winter 2011, summer 2012 and winter 2013 in order to check seasonal variation of heavy metal pollution.Total 81 samples of each Water were analyzed. The four heavy metals lead, Cadmium, Mercury and arsenic which are considered highly toxic were detected in the samples in the year 2010, 2012 and 2013. The heavy metal concentrations in the samples were measured using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results: The obtained results showed that the concentration (mg/l) of the heavy metal in seawater (Pb-0.061±0.005, Cd-0.007±0.001, Hg-0.007±0.0005 and As-0.008±0.0003) mg/l. The obtained results showed that the heavy metals concentrations were significantly higher, during the summer season for seawater samples in all stations during the study period. Because of the frequent use of water in the hot summer, results in an increase in sewage, as well as to the high rate of environmental variables in the summer. Conclusion: By comparing the results obtained with other data obtained from the local and international studies, in addition to, comparing the results standard levels of these metals contaminated and adopted internationally and domestically and the pollution levels in Yemen is currently within the lower limits of pollution. However, the study recommends continuing the study of these pollutants and other contaminants and their impact on the environment and marine life especially invertebrates.
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2018
Objective: Helicobacter pylori consider the most important cause of chronic gastritis and also th... more Objective: Helicobacter pylori consider the most important cause of chronic gastritis and also the most important etiological factor responsible for the duodenal and gastric ulcer and have an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The aim of the present study to know the prevalence of H. pylori among the khat chewing adults in compared to non-khat chewing among asymptomatic populations. Methods: A total of 82 healthy subjects were screened to find out the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori using stool antigen card test during the period started in 16 April 2018 and ending in 8 May 2018 in Sana'a, Yemen. Predesigned questionnaire was used to collect information such as age, sex, education status, khat chewing, smoking, tobacco chewing, occupation, and tests results all above data were recorded for each subject. Results: Patients who had taken proton pump inhibitors or antibiotic for a month prior to study were excluded. Out of these 82 asymptomatic individuals, 36 were found positive for Helicobacter pylori by the test, giving a prevalence of 43.9 %. A prevalence of 26.9 % (62.9 % of khat chewing) was khat chewing individuals and it had statistically significant difference. A prevalence of 14.6 % was seen among cigarette smoking participants. Conclusion: The present study revealed substantial prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in khat chewing healthy subjects. A higher prevalence of Helicobacter pylori seen in these subjects may be contributed to khat chewing. Identification of khat chewing populations, who do not show symptoms of Helicobacter pylori infection, is essential for controlling the infection and it still remains a challenge for the clinicians.
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2020
Drug Utilization Evaluation (DUE) studies are designed to evaluate and improve the rational use o... more Drug Utilization Evaluation (DUE) studies are designed to evaluate and improve the rational use of medications. In this study, DUE has focused on drugs used in high risk patients such as critically ill cases. Carbapenems are beta-lactam type antibiotics with broad-spectrum of activity which cover gram-positive, gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. The heavy use of carbapenems (imipenem or meropenm) could increase the risk of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. This study was a prospective and cross sectional study performed at intensive care unit (ICU) of Al-Matwakel hospital in Sana'a, Yemen. The study was conducted from September 2018 to March 2019. All of the patients were on imipenem or meropenem as an empiric treatment or based upon microbiology culture results included in the study. Total of 80 patients at ICU were evaluated. The results of the study showed that empiric therapy was in most cases (91.25%; P< 0.001).In addition; about 36.3% of the patients required do...
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2019
In this study methanolic and aqueous extracts of one plant namely Psidium guajava, were screened ... more In this study methanolic and aqueous extracts of one plant namely Psidium guajava, were screened for the presence of phytochemical constituents and tested for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the results showed presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, resins, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, and amino acid were present in the methanol extract, with absence of glycosides, and amino acids in the aqueous extracts in leaves plant. TLC tests conducted revealed Rf values in the leaves for alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Phenols and Saponins(0.96-0.97-0.99-0.97-0.99) respectively. The antimicrobial activity extracts against four bacterial isolates Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp. and a single fungal isolate Candida albicans with concentrations (0.5 mg/ml, and 1,0 mg/ml) of the extract were added to the disc and respective solvent was used as negative control. The anti...
Volume 2, Issue 4: October 2016 – December 2016, 2016
In this study, we have two new compounds of quinazolinone-4 derivatives were synthesized and eval... more In this study, we have two new compounds of quinazolinone-4 derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for some of their pharmacological activities that were predicted by computer program (PASS), and also testified for their yield obtained by using some of strong polar aprotic solvents. The new compounds were synthesized in the lab by allowing interaction of 2-phenylbenzoxazinones-4 with p-aminobenzenesulfonamides in a medium of acid catalyst and strong polar aprotic solvents DMSO.In the pharmacological studies, the synthesized compounds have been investigated in vitro for their toxicity and antimalarial activity according to WHO method. The pharmacological studies approved that the new compounds have low toxicity, since compound A gave class VI (harmless) and compound B gave class V (practically non toxic) according to Sidorov’s classification. For the antimalarial activity, the investigated compounds…
The essential oil from the leaves of Tagetes minuta L., growing wild in Yemen, was obtained by hy... more The essential oil from the leaves of Tagetes minuta L., growing wild in Yemen, was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 28 compounds were identified representing 74.2% of total oil composition. Major components of the essential oil were ( Z)-ocimenone (15.9%), ( E)-ocimenone (34.8%), ( Z)-β-ocimene (8.3%), limonene (2.3%), ( Z)-tagetone (1.8%), dihydrotagetone (1.4%) and an unidentified dimethylvinylketone derivative (20.6%). The oil showed moderate cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast tumor cells, with an IC50 of 54.7 ± 6.2 μg/mL. In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, T. minuta oil showed potent antiradical activity with an IC50 value of 36 μg/mL. Antimicrobial activity was also investigated on several microorganisms, and the essential oil exhibited high activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with an inhibition zone of 23 mm. It also exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against Candida alb...
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2018
Carbapenem resistance is a major and a future public health problem globally. It occurs mainly am... more Carbapenem resistance is a major and a future public health problem globally. It occurs mainly among Gram-negative bacteria. Meropenem is the recently marketed carbapenem drug in Yemen. However, recent emergence of carbapenem-resistant isolates has become a major healthcare concern. The current study was designed to estimate the prevalence of meropenem resistance among hospitalised patients in Sana'a, Yemen. The study was performed at a local hospital in Sana’a, Yemen. The records of Meropenem susceptibility were taken for hospitalised patients. A total of 443 Meropenem susceptibility samples were collected from August, 2017 to July, 2018. The meropenem susceptibility was studied against several isolated pathogens. Out of 443 study sample, 316 (71.3%) were meropenem sensitive isolates and 25.3% of samples were resistant. The Escherichia coli isolates were observed in 27.5% of sample, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.6%). 36.4% of total meropenem sensitive isolates (115/31...
Nervous system problems affect around 600 million people worldwide. Among these, neurodegenerativ... more Nervous system problems affect around 600 million people worldwide. Among these, neurodegenerative illnesses are often distinguished by a late adult start, a progressive clinical course, and a localized loss of neurons in the central nervous system. These include, among others, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease), Huntington's disease, Prion diseases, encephalitis, epilepsy, genetic brain disorders, hydrocephalus, stroke, and Alzheimer's and other less common dementias. The brain stem, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and intracranial white matter are among the areas that neurodegeneration typically affects. Mendelian inheritance is well-established, despite the fact that most neurodegenerative illnesses are sporadic. The neuropathological findings and clinical symptoms in hereditary neurodegenerative disorders are intriguing. Regretfully, there are few neurodegenerative diseases for which no effective treatments are available. The rare hereditary types of neurodegenerative diseases, such as ataxias, multiple system atrophy, spastic paraplegias, Parkinson's disease, dementias, motor neuron diseases, and uncommon metabolic disorders, are highlighted in this chapter along with their clinical and genetic characteristics.
Adrenal Glands - The Current Stage and New Perspectives of Diseases and Treatment [Working Title]
Over 50 different steroids, including precursors to other steroid hormones, are secreted by the a... more Over 50 different steroids, including precursors to other steroid hormones, are secreted by the adrenal glands, which are located directly above the kidneys. Aldosterone and hydrocortisone, however, are the two most significant hormonal steroids created by the adrenal cortex. Since aldosterone is too expensive to produce commercially, other semi-synthetic analogues are now used to treat Addison’s disease in its place. Fludrocortisone, for example, greatly increases both salt retention and anti-inflammatory activity when combined with hydrocortisone. The kidneys’ ability to reabsorb sodium is increased by aldosterone. Increased blood volume will follow an increase in plasma sodium concentration. Additionally, aldosterone boosts potassium ion excretion. Addison’s disease is brought on by inconsistency. Glycogen storage synthesis is induced by the synthesis of glycogen synthase, and gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose from glucose) is induced in the liver.
The leaf of Durian (Durio zibenthinus L.) contain flavonoids and steroids in ethanol extract. Nat... more The leaf of Durian (Durio zibenthinus L.) contain flavonoids and steroids in ethanol extract. Natural flavonoids have an important role in the prevention of diabetes and its complications and are able to provide good effects in the fight against diabetes mellitus, either through the ability to reduce glucose absorption and improve glucose tolerance. The purpose of this research is to know the activity of antidiabetic extract of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water from durian leaf ethanol extract. The results of phytochemical screening screen showed that durian leaf contains chemical compounds of flavonoids, steroids, and glycosides. The treatment was gradual to obtain durian leaf extract i.e. with 96% ethanol, then partitioned gradually with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Therefore, the extract of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water is obtained. All three extracts were tested activity antidiabetic with inhibition method of α-glucosidase enzyme activity. The inhibitory results of α-glucosidase enzyme activity showed IC 50 values for n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water extracts of 9.79 μg/mL; 38.18 μg/mL and 35.83 μg/mL. The results show that the polar chemical component of the durian leaf is potential as an antidiabetic.
Introduction: Lucid morinda (L) A medium-sized evergreen tree of the Morinda genus, the Benth (M... more Introduction: Lucid morinda (L) A medium-sized evergreen tree of the Morinda genus, the Benth (M. lucida, Rubiaceae) is a tropical West African rainforest plant that is also known as the Brimstone tree. In several West African nations, it is utilized in traditional medicine to cure a variety of human ailments. Phytosomes are freshly developed herbal formulations that have superior bioavailability and effects than traditional phyto molecules or botanical extracts because they are more readily absorbed. The goals of the current study were to evaluate ethanolic leaf extract of M. lucida's phytosomes, in vitro antioxidant properties, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses, and phytosome formation. Methods: The ethanolic plant extract and cholesterol-containing phospholipids were used to make the phytosome. The entrapment efficiency, particle size and size distribution, optical microscopic research, stability tests, and in vitro dissolution investigations were used to c...
Our firm has been involved in documenting and applying Tactical Urbanism practices globally for t... more Our firm has been involved in documenting and applying Tactical Urbanism practices globally for the past 4 years. Let’s be honest: 4 years is not that long! However, we’ve learned a great deal by doing—first by writing the Tactical Urbanism guides, then by working alongside passionate citizens, innovative government leaders, smart developers, and forward-thinking advocacy organizations.
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2017
Different lipid based vesicular systems have been developed as controlled and targeted drug deliv... more Different lipid based vesicular systems have been developed as controlled and targeted drug delivery systems. Pharmacosomes are novel vesicular drug delivery systems. They are potential alternative to conventional vesicles. Pharmacosomes are the amphiphilic phospholipids complexes of drugs bearing active hydrogen that bind to phospholipids. Similar to other vesicular systems pharmacosomes provide an efficient method for delivery of drug directly to the site of infection, leading to reduction of drug toxicity with no adverse effects. They also reduce the cost of therapy by improving bioavailability of medication, especially in the case of poorly soluble drugs. This approach as a drug delivery system certainly promises a reliable, safe, selective and precise method of drug delivery. They help in controlled release of drug at the site of action as well as in reduction in cost of therapy, drug leakage and toxicity, increased bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, and restorative effects. They are mainly prepared by hand-shaking and ether injection method. The Pharmacosomes have evaluated for different parameters such as size, surface morphology and in vitro release rate. This article reviews the potential of pharmacosomes as controlled and targeted drug delivery systems and highlights the methods of preparation and characterization.
Resumen Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users ... more Resumen Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product. Aims: To evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of two hundred samples of four different types of cough syrups marketed in Sana'a city, Yemen. Methods: All collected samples were subjected to the following examinations: the total microbial count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical parameters, and concentration of active ingredients were identified and assessed by standard techniques described in US Pharmacopeia. Results: All the cough syrup samples used contained viable microbial load within acceptable limit according Pharmacopeia specifications. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly recovered bacteria. However, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus flavus were the most fungi isolated...
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Jan 15, 2018
Objectives: The majority of the Yemeni honey varieties are characterized by low moisture content,... more Objectives: The majority of the Yemeni honey varieties are characterized by low moisture content, in addition to the various flora of Yemeni plant, which may not be found in many countries, which makes them of high medicinal importance and high monetary value. Methods: This study was carried out the effect of three types of Hadhrami honey: Somur, Sidr (Baghya) and Meria against the growth of some pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella sp.). Results: The results revealed that that Sidr honey gave the highest antibacterial activity against all bacteria tested, whereas the Somur and Meria honey were not recorded activity for growth Klebsiella sp. and Meria honey was not recorded activity for growth E. coli, respectively. When the antibiotics compared to types of honey antimicrobial activity, it was observed that the antimicrobial effect of Sidr honey was better than Imipenem antibiotic effect against P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: Study concludes that inhibition of the studied strains was dependent on the type of honey source. It is concluded that Yemeni honey could potentially be used as therapeutic agents against bacterial infection particularly to the tested microorganisms.
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Jan 15, 2018
Objectives: The present work has been done considering the constant spread pollution of heavy met... more Objectives: The present work has been done considering the constant spread pollution of heavy metals in water bodies. Pollution among water bodies is a major global problem. This contaminates not only the water but also the sediment and aquatic life such as fish. The water samples were collected from the three different Cities of Yemeni coasts. Aden, Al-Hodeidah and AL-Mukalla were chosen for the sample collection. Methods: The study was carried out in the all three seasons of winter 2011, summer 2012 and winter 2013 in order to check seasonal variation of heavy metal pollution.Total 81 samples of each Water were analyzed. The four heavy metals lead, Cadmium, Mercury and arsenic which are considered highly toxic were detected in the samples in the year 2010, 2012 and 2013. The heavy metal concentrations in the samples were measured using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results: The obtained results showed that the concentration (mg/l) of the heavy metal in seawater (Pb-0.061±0.005, Cd-0.007±0.001, Hg-0.007±0.0005 and As-0.008±0.0003) mg/l. The obtained results showed that the heavy metals concentrations were significantly higher, during the summer season for seawater samples in all stations during the study period. Because of the frequent use of water in the hot summer, results in an increase in sewage, as well as to the high rate of environmental variables in the summer. Conclusion: By comparing the results obtained with other data obtained from the local and international studies, in addition to, comparing the results standard levels of these metals contaminated and adopted internationally and domestically and the pollution levels in Yemen is currently within the lower limits of pollution. However, the study recommends continuing the study of these pollutants and other contaminants and their impact on the environment and marine life especially invertebrates.
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2018
Objective: Helicobacter pylori consider the most important cause of chronic gastritis and also th... more Objective: Helicobacter pylori consider the most important cause of chronic gastritis and also the most important etiological factor responsible for the duodenal and gastric ulcer and have an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The aim of the present study to know the prevalence of H. pylori among the khat chewing adults in compared to non-khat chewing among asymptomatic populations. Methods: A total of 82 healthy subjects were screened to find out the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori using stool antigen card test during the period started in 16 April 2018 and ending in 8 May 2018 in Sana'a, Yemen. Predesigned questionnaire was used to collect information such as age, sex, education status, khat chewing, smoking, tobacco chewing, occupation, and tests results all above data were recorded for each subject. Results: Patients who had taken proton pump inhibitors or antibiotic for a month prior to study were excluded. Out of these 82 asymptomatic individuals, 36 were found positive for Helicobacter pylori by the test, giving a prevalence of 43.9 %. A prevalence of 26.9 % (62.9 % of khat chewing) was khat chewing individuals and it had statistically significant difference. A prevalence of 14.6 % was seen among cigarette smoking participants. Conclusion: The present study revealed substantial prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in khat chewing healthy subjects. A higher prevalence of Helicobacter pylori seen in these subjects may be contributed to khat chewing. Identification of khat chewing populations, who do not show symptoms of Helicobacter pylori infection, is essential for controlling the infection and it still remains a challenge for the clinicians.
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2020
Drug Utilization Evaluation (DUE) studies are designed to evaluate and improve the rational use o... more Drug Utilization Evaluation (DUE) studies are designed to evaluate and improve the rational use of medications. In this study, DUE has focused on drugs used in high risk patients such as critically ill cases. Carbapenems are beta-lactam type antibiotics with broad-spectrum of activity which cover gram-positive, gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. The heavy use of carbapenems (imipenem or meropenm) could increase the risk of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. This study was a prospective and cross sectional study performed at intensive care unit (ICU) of Al-Matwakel hospital in Sana'a, Yemen. The study was conducted from September 2018 to March 2019. All of the patients were on imipenem or meropenem as an empiric treatment or based upon microbiology culture results included in the study. Total of 80 patients at ICU were evaluated. The results of the study showed that empiric therapy was in most cases (91.25%; P< 0.001).In addition; about 36.3% of the patients required do...
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2019
In this study methanolic and aqueous extracts of one plant namely Psidium guajava, were screened ... more In this study methanolic and aqueous extracts of one plant namely Psidium guajava, were screened for the presence of phytochemical constituents and tested for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the results showed presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, resins, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, and amino acid were present in the methanol extract, with absence of glycosides, and amino acids in the aqueous extracts in leaves plant. TLC tests conducted revealed Rf values in the leaves for alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Phenols and Saponins(0.96-0.97-0.99-0.97-0.99) respectively. The antimicrobial activity extracts against four bacterial isolates Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp. and a single fungal isolate Candida albicans with concentrations (0.5 mg/ml, and 1,0 mg/ml) of the extract were added to the disc and respective solvent was used as negative control. The anti...
Volume 2, Issue 4: October 2016 – December 2016, 2016
In this study, we have two new compounds of quinazolinone-4 derivatives were synthesized and eval... more In this study, we have two new compounds of quinazolinone-4 derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for some of their pharmacological activities that were predicted by computer program (PASS), and also testified for their yield obtained by using some of strong polar aprotic solvents. The new compounds were synthesized in the lab by allowing interaction of 2-phenylbenzoxazinones-4 with p-aminobenzenesulfonamides in a medium of acid catalyst and strong polar aprotic solvents DMSO.In the pharmacological studies, the synthesized compounds have been investigated in vitro for their toxicity and antimalarial activity according to WHO method. The pharmacological studies approved that the new compounds have low toxicity, since compound A gave class VI (harmless) and compound B gave class V (practically non toxic) according to Sidorov’s classification. For the antimalarial activity, the investigated compounds…
The essential oil from the leaves of Tagetes minuta L., growing wild in Yemen, was obtained by hy... more The essential oil from the leaves of Tagetes minuta L., growing wild in Yemen, was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 28 compounds were identified representing 74.2% of total oil composition. Major components of the essential oil were ( Z)-ocimenone (15.9%), ( E)-ocimenone (34.8%), ( Z)-β-ocimene (8.3%), limonene (2.3%), ( Z)-tagetone (1.8%), dihydrotagetone (1.4%) and an unidentified dimethylvinylketone derivative (20.6%). The oil showed moderate cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast tumor cells, with an IC50 of 54.7 ± 6.2 μg/mL. In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, T. minuta oil showed potent antiradical activity with an IC50 value of 36 μg/mL. Antimicrobial activity was also investigated on several microorganisms, and the essential oil exhibited high activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with an inhibition zone of 23 mm. It also exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against Candida alb...
Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2018
Carbapenem resistance is a major and a future public health problem globally. It occurs mainly am... more Carbapenem resistance is a major and a future public health problem globally. It occurs mainly among Gram-negative bacteria. Meropenem is the recently marketed carbapenem drug in Yemen. However, recent emergence of carbapenem-resistant isolates has become a major healthcare concern. The current study was designed to estimate the prevalence of meropenem resistance among hospitalised patients in Sana'a, Yemen. The study was performed at a local hospital in Sana’a, Yemen. The records of Meropenem susceptibility were taken for hospitalised patients. A total of 443 Meropenem susceptibility samples were collected from August, 2017 to July, 2018. The meropenem susceptibility was studied against several isolated pathogens. Out of 443 study sample, 316 (71.3%) were meropenem sensitive isolates and 25.3% of samples were resistant. The Escherichia coli isolates were observed in 27.5% of sample, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.6%). 36.4% of total meropenem sensitive isolates (115/31...
Uploads
Papers by Ali Alkaf