Papers by Dr.Safila Naveed
Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research
A simple reversed phase HPLC method has been successfully developed and validated for the quantit... more A simple reversed phase HPLC method has been successfully developed and validated for the quantitative determination of levofloxacin (LVX) in bulk material, pharmaceutical formulation and serum. Purospher STAR C18 (25 cm x 4.6 mm, 5 µ m) was used. The mobile phase MeOH: H2O (70:30, v/v) was delivered at a flow rate of 1 Ml min-1 . The proposed method is specific, accurate with a recovery of 100 0.02. The detection limits were 2 ng with an RSD 0.1 (n=6).The anticipated method is applicable to routine analysis of LVX in pharmaceutical formulations and human serum samples. The method was applied to study the In vitro availability of levofloxacin in presence of various elements essential to the human body, like magnesium, calcium, chromium, copper Zinc and iron. The availability of Levofloxacin in presence of these elements was depressed up to 21% in simulated gastric juice, while up to 5% in pH 7.4 and 27% in simulated intestinal juice.
A simple reversed phase HPLC method have been successfully developed and validated for the quanti... more A simple reversed phase HPLC method have been successfully developed and validated for the quantitative determination of captopril (CAP) in bulk material, pharmaceutical formulation and serum. Purospher Start C 18 (250cm x 4.6mm, 5µm) and Hypersil ODS C18 (150×4.6mm, 5micron) columns were used. The mobile phase, (methanol-water 50:50(v/v) pH 3.0 adjusted by phosphoric acid), was delivered at a flow rate of 1mLmin-1 , eluent was monitored using UV detector at 215, 220, 225 nm. The proposed method is specific, accurate (99-102%), precise (intra-day variation 0.04-0.98 % and inter-day variation 0.06-1.5%) and linearity (R 2 >0.999) within the desired range 1.25-50 µgmL-1 concentration. The detection limit and quantification limit was 2.0 ngmL-1 and 8.0 ngmL-1 respectively. The anticipated method is applicable to routine analysis of CAP in pharmaceutical formulations as well as in human serum samples.
Canadian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2014
A simple, rapid, isocratic, high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been deve... more A simple, rapid, isocratic, high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the first time for simultaneous determination of ACE inhibitors (captopril, lisinopril and enalapril) and diclofenac sodium in bulk drugs, pharmaceutical products and human serum.
American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2013
The aim of the present work was to develop a sensitive liquid chromatographic method for the quan... more The aim of the present work was to develop a sensitive liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of pravastatin and diltiazem along with naproxen and meloxicam using ultraviolet detector. The separation of components was achieved on Purospher Star, C 18 (5 µm, 25 x 0.46 cm) column using methanol-water (80:20 v/v) as mobile phase and pH adjusted 3.4 with 85% o-phosphoric acid. Related parameters that may influence the enrichment efficiency of speration of drugs such as the kind and volume of elute, sample flow rate, sample pH, and volume of the drug samples were investigated. Detection was performed at ambient temperature at 220 nm by pumping the mobile phase at the flow rate 1.0 mL min-1. The experimental results indicated a good linearity (R 2 > 0.9947) over the concentration range of 0.5-20 µg mL-1 for pravastatin, naproxen and meloxicam and 0.75-24 µg mL-1 for diltiazem. The method was compared by programming the detector adjusting the wavelength with time to match the individual analyte's chromophore which enhanced sensitivity with linear range 0.25-8.0, 0.5-16, 0.4-12 and 0.2-4.0 µg mL-1 for pravastatin, diltiazem, naproxen and meloxicam respectively. The LOD values shifted down from 33, 70, 50 and 80 ng mL-1 to 15, 42, 20 and 10 ng mL-1 for pravastatin, diltiazem, naproxen and meloxicam respectively. Validation of the method showed good precision and accuracy for the proposed method. All the results indicated that this procedure could allow the simultaneous determination of these four compounds in API, pharmaceutical formulations and serum at trace levels. The method can be successfully applied for the determination of these drugs in human serum, clinical laboratories and in pharmaceutical formulations without diode array detector and without interference of excipients or endogenous components of serum.
Research and Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 2013
The coadministration of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs is common, as both of these ailme... more The coadministration of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs is common, as both of these ailments are synergistic to each other and often occur together. In the present paper, we describe in vitro drug interactions of enalapril, an antihypertensive drug, with the hypoglycemic agents, metformin, glibenclamide, and glimepiride. These studies were carried out using an isocratic reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method using a C18 column with ultraviolet detection at 230 nm. The system was operated at room temperature using a mobile phase consisting of methanol:water (70:30) adjusted to pH 2.5 with o-phosphoric acid with a flow rate of 1 mL minute −1. The assay was reproducible, linear (concentration range of 2.5-100 µg mL −1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and an accuracy rate of 98%-102%. The results from the reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method clearly indicated that the availability of enalapril was unaffected by the simultaneous administration of hypoglycemic agents. Hence, the two drugs can be safely administered with one another.
Journal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques, 2012
A simple reversed phase HPLC method have been successfully developed and validated for the quanti... more A simple reversed phase HPLC method have been successfully developed and validated for the quantitative determination of enalapril maleate (ENP) in bulk material, pharmaceutical formulation and serum. Purospher Start C 18 (250 cm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) and Hypersil, ODS columns were used. The mobile phase, methanol-acetonitrile-water (70:30v/v pH 3.5 adjusted by phosphoric acid), was delivered at a flow rate of 1 mLmin-1 , eluent was monitored using UV detector at 215 nm. The proposed method is specific, accurate (99-102%), precise (intra-day and inter-day variation 0.07-1.25%) and linearity (R 2 >0.999) within the desired range 2.5-100 µgmL-1 concentration. The detection limit and quantification 3.9 ngmL-1 and 12 ngmL-1 respectively. The anticipated method is applicable to routine analysis of ENP in pharmaceutical formulations as well as in human serum samples.
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY, 2014
Captopril is the first orally active and specific inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme. It ... more Captopril is the first orally active and specific inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme. It blocks conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme and used for hyper tension as a potent vasodilator. Captopril is used to lower hyper tension and available in several brands in the market. The aim of this study is to establish pharmaceutical equivalence among the brands available in Karachi, Pakistan. Four different brands of captopril tablets (25 mg) were included in study. Six quality control parameters: weight variation test, hardness test, thickness, friability, disintegration test and dissolution test were carried out specified by British and United state Pharmacopoeia BP/USP. Hardness value requirement was complied by all brands. Disintegration time for all brands was within 15 minutes complying the BP/USP standards. All brands of captopril showed more than 80 % drug release within forty five 45 minutes. The study suggests that almost all the brands of captopril are available in Karachi meet the specification for quality control analysis.
Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 2011
Simple, specific, economical and precise high performance liquid chromatographic method for the s... more Simple, specific, economical and precise high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of enalapril in presence of statins (rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and simvastatin) in API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) and formulation has been developed and validated. Chromatography was carried out at 25 • C on a prepacked Purospher Star, C18 (5 mm, 250 x 4.6 mm) column with the isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile: water (60:40 v/v) adjusting pH to 2.8. The UV detection was carried at 230 nm. The results obtained showed good agreement with the declared contents. Enalapril and statins separated in less than 10 mins with good resolution and minimal tailing and without interference of excepients. The method was linear in the range of 2.5-100 µgmL-1 for enalapril concentration with a correlation coefficient 0.9995 and in the range 0.625-25 µgmL-1 for statins concentrations having correlation coefficient 0.9990 (inter and intraday CV<2 .0%). The recovery was 99-102%. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and the acceptance criteria for accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity and system suitability were met in all cases. The proposed method can be used for quantitative determination of enalapril and statins alone or in combination from API and formulations.
Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2013
The present study aimed at synthesizing PPI dendrimer and loading dual drug followed by developin... more The present study aimed at synthesizing PPI dendrimer and loading dual drug followed by developing stability indicating reversed-phase HPLC method and subsequent validation for simultaneous estimation of valsartan and fenofibrate. The proposed RP-HPLC method utilizes a Nucleosil 100, 5 µm, C8, 250 × 4.0 mm column, mobile phase consisting of methanol : 1 % orthophosphoric acid : acetonitrile (45:30:25) and UV detection at 247 nm. The described method was linear over a range of 10-50 µg/mL for valsartan and 3-15 µg/mL for fenofibrate. The mean recoveries were 99.91 and 100.53 % for valsartan and fenofibrate, respectively. Statistical data's were used to check the intermediate precision data obtained under different experimental setups. The calculated value was found to be less than critical value.
Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 2014
Both ACE inhibitors and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are prescribed together in... more Both ACE inhibitors and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are prescribed together in the elderly as different diseases may occur together. In vivo and in vitro interaction studies of ACE inhibitor (enalapril) was carried out with commonly used NSAID, flurbiprofen in carrageenan induced inflammation (CIIR) rats to check the anti-inflammatory response of NSAIDs in presence of enalapril and alone. In present study, altered anti-inflammatory response was observed for flurbiprofen when given simultaneously with enalapril by comparing decrease in paw size. Results were expressed in % reduction in paw size for every hour and were calculated for edema rate and percentage reduction. In vitro interaction studies carried out using HPLC and both the drugs were analyzed by assaying both drugs alone and in combination.The combination of enalapril and flurbiprofen showed increased activity of flurbiprofen as depicted by increase of % reduction and decrease in edema rate. It was also proved from AUC of the chromatogram of combine drugs. Since this study has certain limitation as a number of tested animals were small and the duration of anti-inflammatory response was checked for flurbiprofen alone and in combination with enalapril for few hours, further studies may be required to establish the strong relationship.
Hypercholesterolemia, 2015
Prescription writing is the key part in healthcare provision.
A systematic observational study is performed in general population of age group 18-60 years to c... more A systematic observational study is performed in general population of age group 18-60 years to collect enough data on the irrational dispensing pattern and self medication of benzodiazepines. There were two separate specially designed Performa's, one for the OPD pharmacy or dispensary in different communities of Karachi and one for the general population of variable demographic status duly filled by 190 out of 200 OPD pharmacies approached, (n = 190 with response rate 95 %) and 478 out of 508 people approached (n = 478 with response rate 94.09 %) In this study 478 individual participated. Mean age of population was 43.62 ± 17 years. 44.6 % were male (n = 213) and 55.4 % were female (n = 265) the common Benzodiazepines reported to be used by study population are Alprazolam 54 %, Bromazepam 40 %, Clorazepate, Lorazepam and Azolam 2 % each. The three primary reasons reported lead to the use of benzodiazepines by general population are depression 64 %, sleep disturbance 19 % and pain 17 %. There were 68 people (29 %) confessed that they are using it without any prescription from GP. By the Performa filled by OPD community pharmacies findings are benzodiazepines are the 6 th largest selling drug class. Alprazolam and Bromezepam both are the top most selling benzodiazepines members 88.52 % followed by Lorazepam 6.39 %, Clorazepate 0.09 % and others 5.0 %. Among 190 pharmacies visited, around 79 pharmacies (41.57 %) reported to dispense benzodiazepines without prescription. Significant variable with respect to rate of use of benzodiazepines in the community were educational status, socio-economical background, occupation, marital status etc with p < 0.000 when Pearson chi-square test were applied.
A simple, rapid, isocratic, high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been deve... more A simple, rapid, isocratic, high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the first time for simultaneous determination of ACE inhibitors (captopril, lisinopril and enalapril) and diclofenac sodium in bulk drugs, pharmaceutical products and human serum. The separation was performed on a Purospher Start C18 (250cm x 4.6mm, 5µm) and Hypersil ODS (25cm x 4.6mm 5µm ) column using methanol-water as mobile phase 80:20 (v/v) and 60:40 (v/v) as diluent. The pH of mobile phase was adjusted to 3.0 with ortho-phosphoric acid, flow rate was adjusted to 1 mLmin -1 at room temperature and analytes peaks were observed using UV detector at 220 nm. The retention times of captopril, lisinopril, enalapril and diclofenac sodium were 2.5, 3.8, 4.5 and 5 min and LLOD, LLOQ were 1, 4, 2, 6, 3 and 12, 8, and 14 ngmL -1 respectively. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The linearity of the method was studied over the concentration range of 2.5-50 µgmL -1 for ACE inhibitors and diclofenac sodium, where it demonstrated good linearity with r = 0.9998, 0.9999, 0.9997, and 0.9998 (n = 6), respectively. The HPLC method presented here shows an easy but reliable and precise analysis of the antihypertensive drugs captopril, lisinopril, enalapril, and diclofenac sodium. The values for LLOD, precision of RT, precision of area and linearity shows good performance of the analysis. The developed method was successfully applied to quantitate, the three ACE inhibitors and diclofenac sodium in pharmaceutical formulations and human serum.
Acetaminophen is used analgesic and available in several brands in the market which makes it diff... more Acetaminophen is used analgesic and available in several brands in the market which makes it difficult to select the safe and effective one. There for The aim of study to establish pharmaceutical equivalence of the different brands of acetaminophen tablets available in Karachi, Pakistan. Four different brands of acetaminophen tablets (500 mg) were included in study. The quality control parameters which are studied are weight variation test, hardness test, thickness, friability, disintegration and dissolution specified by BP/USP (British and United state Pharmacopoeia) .Weight variation and hardness value requirement was complied by all brands .Disintegration time for all brands was within 15 minutes also complying the BP/USP recommendation. All brands showed more than 80 % drug release within 45 minutes. The present findings suggest that almost all the brands of acetaminophen that are available in Karachi meet the BP/USP specification for quality control analysis. Safila et al., World J Pharm Sci 2014; 2(6): xxxx
Traditional plants have many medicinal values including the treatment of different infectious dis... more Traditional plants have many medicinal values including the treatment of different infectious diseases. In the assessment of conventional claims, scientific research is foremost. For this reason the methanolic extract of Atropa Belladonna were evaluated at different concentration for antimicrobial activity against medically important bacteria viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was performed by agar well diffusion method. The methanolic extract of Atropa belladonna exhibit considerable degree of antimicrobial activity against the tested gram negative and gram positive bacterial strains.
Self-medication is the use of medication without prescription, orientation, or supervision of a p... more Self-medication is the use of medication without prescription, orientation, or supervision of a physician or dentist. Self-medication might become a serious health problem .In Pakistan; almost every pharmacy sells drugs without prescription, and there is no concept of community Pharmacy, furthermore no pharmacist is present on the counter to guide customers. As a result, antibiotics and potential habit forming medicines are easily sold as OTC drugs to a common man. Improper use of combination of OTC drugs can be very harmful. The improper use of some drugs can lead to addiction. The purpose of this survey based study was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with self-medication among population of Karachi that comprises of people with various age groups, in both genders. This study assessed the prevalence of self-medication, and determined what commonly used drugs are as self medication.95% of population showed self medication which included pain reliever such as paracetamol and other NSAIDS, cough, cold medications, antihistamines, antacids and antibiotics. About 30% of the respondents suffered with adverse effects due to self medication. These substances are generally purchased for medicinal purpose and an often tend to be effective. But they may be later misused or overused. Basically the poor awareness leaves the layman uninformed about the potentially lethal effects of some of these drugs. Cost issues causes the general public to approach various other doors instead of a doctor's to seek help for a problem. This study presents the results of the Pakistani nation's knowledge, attitude, and practice towards self medication. Easy availability and accessibility to healthcare facilities helps reducing the practice of self medication
Irrational use of cephalosporin and quinolones is a key factor behind rapidly increasing antimicr... more Irrational use of cephalosporin and quinolones is a key factor behind rapidly increasing antimicrobial resistance in human. This study is undertaken in order to determine misuse of both of these drugs in private and public sectors hospitals. The aim of this study is to analyze the irrational use of cephalosporin and quinolones in private and public sectors hospitals in Karachi. This study is survey based which is conducted in public and private hospitals to determine maximum irrationality of cephalosporin and quinolones. Total 70 (100%) prescriptions taken from different patient having different infectionous diseases. 40 prescriptions shows irrationality (57.14%) while 30 of the prescription shows rationality (42.85%). By our study it shows that maximum irrationality of cephalosporin and quinolones is in public sectors due to irrational prescribing of cephalosporin and quinolones to patient and it is the alarming condition for the population.
To investigate the dispensing behavior of antipsychotics in retail pharmacy practice and to asses... more To investigate the dispensing behavior of antipsychotics in retail pharmacy practice and to assess the attitude of pharmacist towards dispensing of these drugs without prescription and evaluating the causes of their malpractice in Karachi. A questionnaire was given consisting of 10 questions, emphasizing on dispensing patterns of antipsychotics with or without prescriber's guidance or prescription. The total 150 individuals male and female both between age group 19-45 years are selected ,the data is collected and statistical calculation shows that there are number of individuals who are using psychoactive without prescription, either prescribed by doctor but not showing prescription at the time of dispensing, taking self medication or by the advice of store keeper. Mostly these patients have taken antipsychotics prescribed by the doctor once and after getting positive effects they are taking medicines without doctor's consultation and without prescription. Some of patients have faced harmful effects and stop taking these medicines. From 150 sample size, we found that Almost all pharmacists handed out the antipsychotics immediately of the population,78 % are using psychoactive agents while 30% are taking self medications,70% are taking with prescriber's advice54% store keepers dispensed medicines without demanding prescription while 46% claimed for prescription. The study also showed that the use of antipsychotics is highest among females. Total 36% males and 74% females are using psychoactive agents. 12.1% of patients said that dispencing should not be without prescription and 83.73% of patient agree about the use of these agents with physician's prescription. The study confirmed that pharmacists are dispensing psychoactive agents without prescription and not only violating the law, which is leading to a profound malpractice in retail pharmacies around the city but also contribute toward the factors which leads to adverse drug effects. The antipsychotics list should be generated, implemented, and monitored by high authorities.
To Determine Frequency Of Diabetes Mellitus In Different Age Groups. This research paper contains... more To Determine Frequency Of Diabetes Mellitus In Different Age Groups. This research paper contains statistics about who is affected and in which group find more prevalence of diabetes. Diabetes is serious and if left untreated then it can lead to heart disease, blindness, stroke and kidney failure. Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the amount of glucose in the blood is too high reason is that the body cannot use it properly. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes develops if the body cannot produce insulin hormone and usually appears before the age of 40. It is the least common of the two main types and accounts for around 10 per cent of all people with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can still make some insulin, but not enough, or when the insulin that is produced does not work properly (known as insulin resistance).According to our result the frequency of diabetes in different age groups shows that in between the age of 20-30 there should be a rare chance of diabetes but between the age of 31-70 the chance of diabetes is increase in between this age group.
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Papers by Dr.Safila Naveed