h i g h l i g h t s 70 Pullout bond tests with GFRP bars in conventional or seawater-mixed concre... more h i g h l i g h t s 70 Pullout bond tests with GFRP bars in conventional or seawater-mixed concrete. Detailed comparison of peak bond strength and bond-slip response. One-way ANOVA tests were conducted to compare the results. No statistically significant reduction in bond strength using seawater concrete.
. We present the ! and !e calculi, the two-sorted (term and substitution) versions of the s (cf. ... more . We present the ! and !e calculi, the two-sorted (term and substitution) versions of the s (cf. [KR95a]) and se (cf. [KR96a]) calculi, respectively. We establish an isomorphism between the s-calculus and the term restriction of the !-calculus, which extends to an isomorphism between se and the term restriction of !e . Since the ! and !e calculi are given in the style of the oe-calculus (cf. [ACCL91]) they bridge calculi between s and oe and between se and oe and thus we are able to better understand one calculus in terms of the other. We improve our knowledge on the open problem of strong normalisation (SN) of the associated calculus of substitutions se by showing SN for two subcalculi (we use the isomorphism with !e for the proof of SN of one of them). Finally, we present typed versions of all the calculi and check that the above mentioned isomorphism preserves types. As a consequence, the !-calculus is a calculus in the oe-style that simulates one step fi-reduction, is confluent ...
Extending the -calculus with either explicit substitution or generalised reduction has been the s... more Extending the -calculus with either explicit substitution or generalised reduction has been the subject of extensive research recently which still has many open problems. Due to this reason, the properties of a calculus combining both generalised reduction and explicit substitutions have never been studied. This paper presents such a calculus sg and shows that it is a desirable extension of the -calculus. In particular, we show that sg preserves strong normalisation, is sound and it simulates classical fi-reduction. Furthermore, we study the simply typed -calculus extended with both generalised reduction and explicit substitution and show that well-typed terms are strongly normalising and that other properties such as subtyping and subject reduction hold.
Extending the λ-calculus with either explicit substitution or generalized reduction has been the ... more Extending the λ-calculus with either explicit substitution or generalized reduction has been the subject of extensive research recently, and still has many open problems. This paper is the first investigation into the properties of a calculus combining both generalized reduction and explicit substitutions. We present a calculus, gs, that combines a calculus of explicit substitution, s, and a calculus with generalized reduction, g. We believe that gs is a useful extension of the - calculus, because it allows postponement of work in two different but complementary ways. Moreover, gs (and also s) satisfies properties desirable for calculi of explicit substitutions and generalized reductions. In particular, we show that gs preserves strong normalization, is a conservative extension of g, and simulates fi-reduction of g and the classical -calculus. Furthermore, we study the simply typed versions of s and gs, and show that well-typed terms are strongly normalizing and that other properties,...
Kamareddine and Nederpelt [9], resp. Kamareddine and Ríos [11] gave two calculi of explicit of su... more Kamareddine and Nederpelt [9], resp. Kamareddine and Ríos [11] gave two calculi of explicit of substitutions highly inuenced by de Bruijn's notation of the -calculus. These calculi added to the explosive pool of work on explicit substitution in the past 15 years. As far as we know, calculi of explicit substitutions: a) are unable to handle local substitutions, and b) have answered (positively or negatively) the question of the termination of the underlying calculus of substitutions. The exception to a) is the calculus of [9] where substitution is handled both locally and globally. However, the calculus of [9] does not satisfy properties like conuence and termination. The exception to b) is the s e -calculus [11] for which termination of the s e -calculus, the underlying calculus of substitutions, remains unsolved. This paper has two aims: (i) To provide a calculus a la de Bruijn which deals with local substitution and whose underlying calculus of substitutions is terminating and conuent.
The G allele of the rs6983267 single-nucleotide polymorphism, located on chromosome 8q24, has bee... more The G allele of the rs6983267 single-nucleotide polymorphism, located on chromosome 8q24, has been associated with increased risk of several cancer types. The association between rs6983267G and thyroid cancer (TC) has been tested in different populations, mostly of European ancestry, and has led to inconclusive results. While significant associations have been reported in the British and Polish populations, no association has been detected in populations from Spain, Italy and the USA. To further investigate the role of rs6983267G in TC susceptibility, we evaluated rs6983267 genotypes in three populations of different continental ancestry (British Isles, Colombia and Japan), providing a total of 3067 cases and 8575 controls. We detected significant associations between rs6983267G and TC in the British Isles (odds ratio (OR)=1.19, 95% CI: 1.11–1.27, P=4.03×10−7), Japan (OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.03–1.41, P=0.022) and a borderline significant association of similar effect direction and size i...
TC is one of the most common malignancy that shows familial inheritance with ∼8 fold increase in ... more TC is one of the most common malignancy that shows familial inheritance with ∼8 fold increase in the risk of developing TC in first-degree relatives affected by this disease. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) aimed at characterizing the risk loci for TC have identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs966423, rs2439302, rs965513, rs116909374 and rs944289) associated with increased risk for TC. However, effect of these polymorphisms have bot been studied in any Hispanic population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the above-mentioned SNPs in 235 TC patients and 588 healthy controls from Central Colombia using KASP genotyping system. Genotype frequencies, Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and association testing was carried out using Plink. The cumulative genetic risk was assessed using unweighted and weighted approaches. Significant associations between thyroid cancer risk and rs965513A (OR = 1.503, 95% CI: 1.203-1.886, P = 0.00038) and rs944289T (OR ...
The objective of this study was to compare the sealing ability of ActiV GP/glass ionomer (GI) sea... more The objective of this study was to compare the sealing ability of ActiV GP/glass ionomer (GI) sealer (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA), Resilon/Epiphany (Pentron Clinical Technologies, Wallingford, CT), and gutta-percha (GP)/AH Plus (Dentsply Maillefer, Tulsa, OK). Seventy-three human single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into three test groups (20 canals each) and two control groups (5 positive and 8 negative). Using Enterococcus faecalis, a split-chamber bacterial leakage model was developed to evaluate the sealing ability of the three obturation systems. Samples were monitored every 24 hours for 65 days. Thirteen teeth leaked in both the Resilon/Epiphany and GP/AH Plus groups, whereas 17 teeth leaked in the ActiV GP/GI group at the end of the observation period. There were no statistically significant differences in the resistance to leakage between the three obturation systems (p > 0.05).
The last fifteen years have seen an explosion in work on explicit substitution, mostof which is d... more The last fifteen years have seen an explosion in work on explicit substitution, mostof which is done in the style of the oe-calculus. In [KR95a], we extended the -calculuswith explicit substitutions by turning de Bruijn's meta-operators into object-operatorsoffering a style of explicit substitution that differs from that of oe. The resulting calculus, s, remains as close as possible to the
Nowadays, type theory has many applications and is used in many different disciplines. Within com... more Nowadays, type theory has many applications and is used in many different disciplines. Within computer science, logic and mathematics there are many different type systems. They serve several purposes and are formulated in various ways. A general framework called Pure Type Systems (PTSs) has been introduced independently by Terlouw and Berardi in order to provide a unified formalism in which many type systems can be represented. In particular, PTSs allow the representation of the simple theory of types, the polymophic theory of types, the dependent theory of types and various other well-known type systems such as the Edinburgh Logical Frameworks and the Automath system. PTSs are usually presented using variable names. In this article, we present a formulation of PTSs with de Bruijn indices. De Bruijn indices avoid the problems caused by variable names during the implementation of type systems. We show that PTSs with variable names and PTSs with de Bruijn indices are isomorphic. This isomorphism enables us to answer questions about PTSs with de Bruijn indices including confluence, termination (strong normalization) and safety (subject reduction).
ABSTRACT In this paper, we show the weak normalization (WN) of the simply-typed λs e -calculus wi... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we show the weak normalization (WN) of the simply-typed λs e -calculus with open terms, where abstractions are decorated with types, and metavariables, de Bruijn indices and updating operators are decorated with environments. We show a proof of WN using the λω e -calculus, a calculus isomorphic to λs → e . This proof is strongly influenced by Goubault-Larrecq’s proof of WN for the λσ-calculus but with subtle differences which show that the two styles require different attention. Furthermore, we give a new calculus λω e ' which works like λs e but which is closer to λσ than λω e . For both λω e and λω e ' we prove WN for typed semi-open terms (i.e. those which allow term variables but no substitution variables), unlike the result of Goubault-Larrecq which covered all λσ open terms.
Objective: To determine changes in clinical manifestations and cerebral blood flow (CBF) before a... more Objective: To determine changes in clinical manifestations and cerebral blood flow (CBF) before and after administration of ECT to patients with catatonia due to schizophrenia or mood disorders. Methods: A sample of nine patients who met DSM-IV criteria for catatonia was studied. Patients received between 5 and 15 sessions (thrice per week) of ECT. Severity of catatonia was measured with the Modified Rogers Scale (MRS). Changes in CBF were measured with a brain single positron emission computer tomography (SPECT) that was performed 1 week before the first ECT and 1 week after the last ECT. Results: Catatonia was due to schizophrenia in five patients and mood disorders in four patients. There were no significant clinical and brain SPECT differences between these two groups before treatment. Pre-vs. post-ECT comparisons showed significant reduction of catatonic symptoms in both groups. However, patients with mood disorders needed less ECT sessions and showed greater clinical improvement. Brain SPECT showed significant increase in CBF in parietal, temporal, and occipital regions in patients with mood disorder and no significant changes in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusions: These results support the efficacy of ECT for treatment of catatonic patients, especially secondary to mood disorders, which seem to be correlated with improvements in CBF.
We present an extension of the λ(η)-calculus with a case construct that propagates through functi... more We present an extension of the λ(η)-calculus with a case construct that propagates through functions like a head linear substitution, and show that this construction permits to recover the expressiveness of ML-style pattern matching. We then prove that this system enjoys the Church–Rosser property using a semi-automatic ‘divide and conquer’ technique by which we determine all the pairs of commuting subsystems of the formalism (considering all the possible combinations of the nine primitive reduction rules). Finally, we prove a separation theorem similar to Böhm's theorem for the whole formalism.
The last 15 years have seen an explosion in work on explicit substitution, most of which is done ... more The last 15 years have seen an explosion in work on explicit substitution, most of which is done in the style of the λσ-calculus. In Kamareddine and Ríos (1995a), we extended the λ-calculus with explicit substitutions by turning de Bruijn's meta-operators into object-operators offering a style of explicit substitution that differs from that of λσ. The resulting calculus, λs, remains as close as possible to the λ-calculus from an intuitive point of view and, while preserving strong normalisation (Kamareddine and Ríos, 1995a), is extended in this paper to a confluent calculus on open terms: the λse-caculus. Since the establishment of these results, another calculus, λζ, came into being in Muñoz Hurtado (1996) which preserves strong normalisation and is itself confluent on open terms. However, we believe that λse still deserves attention because, while offering a new style to work with explicit substitutions, it is able to simulate one step of classical β-reduction, whereas λζ is n...
Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with high-power lasers as the light source has been prov... more Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with high-power lasers as the light source has been proven to be effective in disinfecting root canals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of PDT using toluidine blue O (TBO) and a low-energy light-emitting diode (LED) lamp after the conventional disinfection protocol of 6% NaOCl. Methods: Single-rooted extracted teeth were cleaned, shaped, and sealed at the apex before incubation with Enterococcus faecalis for 2 weeks. Roots were randomly assigned to five experimental groups and three control groups. Dentin shavings were collected from the root canals of all groups with a #50/.06 rotary file, colony-forming units were determined, and the bacterial survival rate was calculated for each treatment. Results: The bacterial survival rate of the NaOCl/TBO/light group (0.1%) was significantly lower (P < .005) than the NaOCl (0.66%) and TBO/light groups (2.9%). Conclusions: PDT using TBO and a LED lamp has the potential to be used as an adjunctive antimicrobial procedure in conventional endodontic therapy.
h i g h l i g h t s 70 Pullout bond tests with GFRP bars in conventional or seawater-mixed concre... more h i g h l i g h t s 70 Pullout bond tests with GFRP bars in conventional or seawater-mixed concrete. Detailed comparison of peak bond strength and bond-slip response. One-way ANOVA tests were conducted to compare the results. No statistically significant reduction in bond strength using seawater concrete.
. We present the ! and !e calculi, the two-sorted (term and substitution) versions of the s (cf. ... more . We present the ! and !e calculi, the two-sorted (term and substitution) versions of the s (cf. [KR95a]) and se (cf. [KR96a]) calculi, respectively. We establish an isomorphism between the s-calculus and the term restriction of the !-calculus, which extends to an isomorphism between se and the term restriction of !e . Since the ! and !e calculi are given in the style of the oe-calculus (cf. [ACCL91]) they bridge calculi between s and oe and between se and oe and thus we are able to better understand one calculus in terms of the other. We improve our knowledge on the open problem of strong normalisation (SN) of the associated calculus of substitutions se by showing SN for two subcalculi (we use the isomorphism with !e for the proof of SN of one of them). Finally, we present typed versions of all the calculi and check that the above mentioned isomorphism preserves types. As a consequence, the !-calculus is a calculus in the oe-style that simulates one step fi-reduction, is confluent ...
Extending the -calculus with either explicit substitution or generalised reduction has been the s... more Extending the -calculus with either explicit substitution or generalised reduction has been the subject of extensive research recently which still has many open problems. Due to this reason, the properties of a calculus combining both generalised reduction and explicit substitutions have never been studied. This paper presents such a calculus sg and shows that it is a desirable extension of the -calculus. In particular, we show that sg preserves strong normalisation, is sound and it simulates classical fi-reduction. Furthermore, we study the simply typed -calculus extended with both generalised reduction and explicit substitution and show that well-typed terms are strongly normalising and that other properties such as subtyping and subject reduction hold.
Extending the λ-calculus with either explicit substitution or generalized reduction has been the ... more Extending the λ-calculus with either explicit substitution or generalized reduction has been the subject of extensive research recently, and still has many open problems. This paper is the first investigation into the properties of a calculus combining both generalized reduction and explicit substitutions. We present a calculus, gs, that combines a calculus of explicit substitution, s, and a calculus with generalized reduction, g. We believe that gs is a useful extension of the - calculus, because it allows postponement of work in two different but complementary ways. Moreover, gs (and also s) satisfies properties desirable for calculi of explicit substitutions and generalized reductions. In particular, we show that gs preserves strong normalization, is a conservative extension of g, and simulates fi-reduction of g and the classical -calculus. Furthermore, we study the simply typed versions of s and gs, and show that well-typed terms are strongly normalizing and that other properties,...
Kamareddine and Nederpelt [9], resp. Kamareddine and Ríos [11] gave two calculi of explicit of su... more Kamareddine and Nederpelt [9], resp. Kamareddine and Ríos [11] gave two calculi of explicit of substitutions highly inuenced by de Bruijn&apos;s notation of the -calculus. These calculi added to the explosive pool of work on explicit substitution in the past 15 years. As far as we know, calculi of explicit substitutions: a) are unable to handle local substitutions, and b) have answered (positively or negatively) the question of the termination of the underlying calculus of substitutions. The exception to a) is the calculus of [9] where substitution is handled both locally and globally. However, the calculus of [9] does not satisfy properties like conuence and termination. The exception to b) is the s e -calculus [11] for which termination of the s e -calculus, the underlying calculus of substitutions, remains unsolved. This paper has two aims: (i) To provide a calculus a la de Bruijn which deals with local substitution and whose underlying calculus of substitutions is terminating and conuent.
The G allele of the rs6983267 single-nucleotide polymorphism, located on chromosome 8q24, has bee... more The G allele of the rs6983267 single-nucleotide polymorphism, located on chromosome 8q24, has been associated with increased risk of several cancer types. The association between rs6983267G and thyroid cancer (TC) has been tested in different populations, mostly of European ancestry, and has led to inconclusive results. While significant associations have been reported in the British and Polish populations, no association has been detected in populations from Spain, Italy and the USA. To further investigate the role of rs6983267G in TC susceptibility, we evaluated rs6983267 genotypes in three populations of different continental ancestry (British Isles, Colombia and Japan), providing a total of 3067 cases and 8575 controls. We detected significant associations between rs6983267G and TC in the British Isles (odds ratio (OR)=1.19, 95% CI: 1.11–1.27, P=4.03×10−7), Japan (OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.03–1.41, P=0.022) and a borderline significant association of similar effect direction and size i...
TC is one of the most common malignancy that shows familial inheritance with ∼8 fold increase in ... more TC is one of the most common malignancy that shows familial inheritance with ∼8 fold increase in the risk of developing TC in first-degree relatives affected by this disease. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) aimed at characterizing the risk loci for TC have identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs966423, rs2439302, rs965513, rs116909374 and rs944289) associated with increased risk for TC. However, effect of these polymorphisms have bot been studied in any Hispanic population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the above-mentioned SNPs in 235 TC patients and 588 healthy controls from Central Colombia using KASP genotyping system. Genotype frequencies, Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and association testing was carried out using Plink. The cumulative genetic risk was assessed using unweighted and weighted approaches. Significant associations between thyroid cancer risk and rs965513A (OR = 1.503, 95% CI: 1.203-1.886, P = 0.00038) and rs944289T (OR ...
The objective of this study was to compare the sealing ability of ActiV GP/glass ionomer (GI) sea... more The objective of this study was to compare the sealing ability of ActiV GP/glass ionomer (GI) sealer (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA), Resilon/Epiphany (Pentron Clinical Technologies, Wallingford, CT), and gutta-percha (GP)/AH Plus (Dentsply Maillefer, Tulsa, OK). Seventy-three human single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into three test groups (20 canals each) and two control groups (5 positive and 8 negative). Using Enterococcus faecalis, a split-chamber bacterial leakage model was developed to evaluate the sealing ability of the three obturation systems. Samples were monitored every 24 hours for 65 days. Thirteen teeth leaked in both the Resilon/Epiphany and GP/AH Plus groups, whereas 17 teeth leaked in the ActiV GP/GI group at the end of the observation period. There were no statistically significant differences in the resistance to leakage between the three obturation systems (p > 0.05).
The last fifteen years have seen an explosion in work on explicit substitution, mostof which is d... more The last fifteen years have seen an explosion in work on explicit substitution, mostof which is done in the style of the oe-calculus. In [KR95a], we extended the -calculuswith explicit substitutions by turning de Bruijn's meta-operators into object-operatorsoffering a style of explicit substitution that differs from that of oe. The resulting calculus, s, remains as close as possible to the
Nowadays, type theory has many applications and is used in many different disciplines. Within com... more Nowadays, type theory has many applications and is used in many different disciplines. Within computer science, logic and mathematics there are many different type systems. They serve several purposes and are formulated in various ways. A general framework called Pure Type Systems (PTSs) has been introduced independently by Terlouw and Berardi in order to provide a unified formalism in which many type systems can be represented. In particular, PTSs allow the representation of the simple theory of types, the polymophic theory of types, the dependent theory of types and various other well-known type systems such as the Edinburgh Logical Frameworks and the Automath system. PTSs are usually presented using variable names. In this article, we present a formulation of PTSs with de Bruijn indices. De Bruijn indices avoid the problems caused by variable names during the implementation of type systems. We show that PTSs with variable names and PTSs with de Bruijn indices are isomorphic. This isomorphism enables us to answer questions about PTSs with de Bruijn indices including confluence, termination (strong normalization) and safety (subject reduction).
ABSTRACT In this paper, we show the weak normalization (WN) of the simply-typed λs e -calculus wi... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we show the weak normalization (WN) of the simply-typed λs e -calculus with open terms, where abstractions are decorated with types, and metavariables, de Bruijn indices and updating operators are decorated with environments. We show a proof of WN using the λω e -calculus, a calculus isomorphic to λs → e . This proof is strongly influenced by Goubault-Larrecq’s proof of WN for the λσ-calculus but with subtle differences which show that the two styles require different attention. Furthermore, we give a new calculus λω e &#39; which works like λs e but which is closer to λσ than λω e . For both λω e and λω e &#39; we prove WN for typed semi-open terms (i.e. those which allow term variables but no substitution variables), unlike the result of Goubault-Larrecq which covered all λσ open terms.
Objective: To determine changes in clinical manifestations and cerebral blood flow (CBF) before a... more Objective: To determine changes in clinical manifestations and cerebral blood flow (CBF) before and after administration of ECT to patients with catatonia due to schizophrenia or mood disorders. Methods: A sample of nine patients who met DSM-IV criteria for catatonia was studied. Patients received between 5 and 15 sessions (thrice per week) of ECT. Severity of catatonia was measured with the Modified Rogers Scale (MRS). Changes in CBF were measured with a brain single positron emission computer tomography (SPECT) that was performed 1 week before the first ECT and 1 week after the last ECT. Results: Catatonia was due to schizophrenia in five patients and mood disorders in four patients. There were no significant clinical and brain SPECT differences between these two groups before treatment. Pre-vs. post-ECT comparisons showed significant reduction of catatonic symptoms in both groups. However, patients with mood disorders needed less ECT sessions and showed greater clinical improvement. Brain SPECT showed significant increase in CBF in parietal, temporal, and occipital regions in patients with mood disorder and no significant changes in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusions: These results support the efficacy of ECT for treatment of catatonic patients, especially secondary to mood disorders, which seem to be correlated with improvements in CBF.
We present an extension of the λ(η)-calculus with a case construct that propagates through functi... more We present an extension of the λ(η)-calculus with a case construct that propagates through functions like a head linear substitution, and show that this construction permits to recover the expressiveness of ML-style pattern matching. We then prove that this system enjoys the Church–Rosser property using a semi-automatic ‘divide and conquer’ technique by which we determine all the pairs of commuting subsystems of the formalism (considering all the possible combinations of the nine primitive reduction rules). Finally, we prove a separation theorem similar to Böhm's theorem for the whole formalism.
The last 15 years have seen an explosion in work on explicit substitution, most of which is done ... more The last 15 years have seen an explosion in work on explicit substitution, most of which is done in the style of the λσ-calculus. In Kamareddine and Ríos (1995a), we extended the λ-calculus with explicit substitutions by turning de Bruijn's meta-operators into object-operators offering a style of explicit substitution that differs from that of λσ. The resulting calculus, λs, remains as close as possible to the λ-calculus from an intuitive point of view and, while preserving strong normalisation (Kamareddine and Ríos, 1995a), is extended in this paper to a confluent calculus on open terms: the λse-caculus. Since the establishment of these results, another calculus, λζ, came into being in Muñoz Hurtado (1996) which preserves strong normalisation and is itself confluent on open terms. However, we believe that λse still deserves attention because, while offering a new style to work with explicit substitutions, it is able to simulate one step of classical β-reduction, whereas λζ is n...
Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with high-power lasers as the light source has been prov... more Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with high-power lasers as the light source has been proven to be effective in disinfecting root canals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of PDT using toluidine blue O (TBO) and a low-energy light-emitting diode (LED) lamp after the conventional disinfection protocol of 6% NaOCl. Methods: Single-rooted extracted teeth were cleaned, shaped, and sealed at the apex before incubation with Enterococcus faecalis for 2 weeks. Roots were randomly assigned to five experimental groups and three control groups. Dentin shavings were collected from the root canals of all groups with a #50/.06 rotary file, colony-forming units were determined, and the bacterial survival rate was calculated for each treatment. Results: The bacterial survival rate of the NaOCl/TBO/light group (0.1%) was significantly lower (P < .005) than the NaOCl (0.66%) and TBO/light groups (2.9%). Conclusions: PDT using TBO and a LED lamp has the potential to be used as an adjunctive antimicrobial procedure in conventional endodontic therapy.
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Papers by Alejandro Rios