Objectives: To evaluate the estimates of burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in South Asian (... more Objectives: To evaluate the estimates of burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in South Asian (SA) region from 1990 to 2019 using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Methodology: Data for this ecological study was extracted from the Global Health Data Exchange query tool for 30 years from 1990 to 2019. Dataset consisted of prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to CVD summarized as estimated number of cases and rate per 100 thousand individuals for Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan and South Asian region. Results: An increasing trend has been noticed in overall prevalence rate and death rate of CVD in the SA region in the past 30-years from 1990 to 2019. A relative increase of 49.6% was noted in the prevalence rate of CVD per 100,000 population with 3304.2 and 4944.1 cases per 100,000 in the year 1990 and 2019, respectively. Similarly, a relative increase of 30.3% was noted in mortality rate due to CVD with 139.8 and 182.1 deaths per ...
For the reliability and general ability of the results of any epidemiological or medical research... more For the reliability and general ability of the results of any epidemiological or medical research study, adequate number of study units is extremely important. Study of both less than needed and unnecessarily large sample size is ethically and economically unfair. Considering the importance of sample size, its determination and justification in all kinds of epidemiological or medical research studies, we propose simple and non-technical explanation to the available sample size calculation methods. In this review we covered most frequently encountered study designs in medical research. Present review provides statistical formulas for the sample size calculation of the research studies with varying objectives such as estimation of population proportion(s) and hypothesis testing, estimation of population mean, estimation of diagnostic accuracy, estimation of association and reliability, sample size calculation for case control studies, and sample size calculation for cohort studies. Li...
Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is excellence of care for the dealing of indicative dise... more Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is excellence of care for the dealing of indicative disease of the gallbladder and commonly repeated operation being carried out by the surgeons. Occasionally done straightforwardly and rapidly and sometimes hard and prolonged. Guess of the situation involving exposure to danger of complication to turning or pitfall of surgery is a key angle for surgeons to setting up of surgery accordingly. But there is no handy scoring tool. The point at a target of our pilot survey is to analyze the feasibility of conducting a large study to validate a scoring tool developed at our institution. Methods: Eleven patients included, study conducted in general surgery department, Ziauddin University and hospitals. Patient’s assessment and surgery done by four experienced Surgeons. The variables such as up in years especially in male sex, past events of cholecystitis, pancreatitis, Overweight, past surgery on abdomen, noticeable gallbladder, gallbladder status a...
Background: Cytokine-mediated endothelial activation pathway is a known mechanism of pathogenesis... more Background: Cytokine-mediated endothelial activation pathway is a known mechanism of pathogenesis employed by Plasmodium falciparum to induce severe disease symptoms in human host. Though considered benign, complicated cases of Plasmodium vivax are being reported worldwide and from Pakistan. It has been hypothesized that P.vivax utilizes similar mechanism of pathogenesis, as that of P.falciparum for manifestations of severe malaria. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to characterize the role of cytokines and endothelial activation markers in complicated Plasmodium vivax isolates from Pakistan.
Objectives: To evaluate the estimates of burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in South Asian (... more Objectives: To evaluate the estimates of burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in South Asian (SA) region from 1990 to 2019 using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Methodology: Data for this ecological study was extracted from the Global Health Data Exchange query tool for 30 years from 1990 to 2019. Dataset consisted of prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to CVD summarized as estimated number of cases and rate per 100 thousand individuals for Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan and South Asian region. Results: An increasing trend has been noticed in overall prevalence rate and death rate of CVD in the SA region in the past 30-years from 1990 to 2019. A relative increase of 49.6% was noted in the prevalence rate of CVD per 100,000 population with 3304.2 and 4944.1 cases per 100,000 in the year 1990 and 2019, respectively. Similarly, a relative increase of 30.3% was noted in mortality rate due to CVD with 139.8 and 182.1 deaths per ...
For the reliability and general ability of the results of any epidemiological or medical research... more For the reliability and general ability of the results of any epidemiological or medical research study, adequate number of study units is extremely important. Study of both less than needed and unnecessarily large sample size is ethically and economically unfair. Considering the importance of sample size, its determination and justification in all kinds of epidemiological or medical research studies, we propose simple and non-technical explanation to the available sample size calculation methods. In this review we covered most frequently encountered study designs in medical research. Present review provides statistical formulas for the sample size calculation of the research studies with varying objectives such as estimation of population proportion(s) and hypothesis testing, estimation of population mean, estimation of diagnostic accuracy, estimation of association and reliability, sample size calculation for case control studies, and sample size calculation for cohort studies. Li...
Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is excellence of care for the dealing of indicative dise... more Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is excellence of care for the dealing of indicative disease of the gallbladder and commonly repeated operation being carried out by the surgeons. Occasionally done straightforwardly and rapidly and sometimes hard and prolonged. Guess of the situation involving exposure to danger of complication to turning or pitfall of surgery is a key angle for surgeons to setting up of surgery accordingly. But there is no handy scoring tool. The point at a target of our pilot survey is to analyze the feasibility of conducting a large study to validate a scoring tool developed at our institution. Methods: Eleven patients included, study conducted in general surgery department, Ziauddin University and hospitals. Patient’s assessment and surgery done by four experienced Surgeons. The variables such as up in years especially in male sex, past events of cholecystitis, pancreatitis, Overweight, past surgery on abdomen, noticeable gallbladder, gallbladder status a...
Background: Cytokine-mediated endothelial activation pathway is a known mechanism of pathogenesis... more Background: Cytokine-mediated endothelial activation pathway is a known mechanism of pathogenesis employed by Plasmodium falciparum to induce severe disease symptoms in human host. Though considered benign, complicated cases of Plasmodium vivax are being reported worldwide and from Pakistan. It has been hypothesized that P.vivax utilizes similar mechanism of pathogenesis, as that of P.falciparum for manifestations of severe malaria. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to characterize the role of cytokines and endothelial activation markers in complicated Plasmodium vivax isolates from Pakistan.
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Papers by Ahmed Raheem