Background:Azoxymethane (AOM) induce colon cancer in experimental animal; in mechanism that is me... more Background:Azoxymethane (AOM) induce colon cancer in experimental animal; in mechanism that is mediated by glutathione (GSH) depletion and impairing total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in colonic cells. Objective: This study investigated the effectiveness of, β-Casein (extracted from camel milk) in the prevention of AOM-induced colon cancer.Method: The experimental animals received AOM intraperitonial injection in the presence or absence of oral supplementation of β-Casein, meanwhile the control group was fed basal diet. After 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and the colon tissues were examined for aberrant crypt foci (ACF) enumeration and for biochemical measurements of GSH and TAC. Results: Our data show that AOM-induced GSH depletion that was associated with an impaired TAC in colonic mucosal tissues and the ACF counts were significantly high. The concomitant treatments of AOM-injected rats with β-Casein reduce the AOM-mediated carcinogenesis. Conclusion: β-Casein exhibited anti-carcinogenic effect again...
Clinical studies have claimed in general to show a correlation between high consumption of phenol... more Clinical studies have claimed in general to show a correlation between high consumption of phenolic antioxidants and reduced risks of certain types of cancer. The main antioxidant activity that has been associated with polyphenols is the ability to scavenge free radicals. Prevention of cancer may be accomplished through primary prevention, secondary prevention, or a combination of these approaches. The objective of primary prevention is to prohibit effective contact of a carcinogenic agent with a susceptible target in the human body, so that the sequence of events that culminates in the occurrence of clinical cancer does not begin or is aborted at the start. Primary prevention of cancer might be implemented by fortifying the human diet with an effective dietary chemoprevention, among this approach is the date pit extract.
The state diagram of Deglet Nour dates was developed using freezing curve, glass transition line,... more The state diagram of Deglet Nour dates was developed using freezing curve, glass transition line, and maximal-freeze-concentration condition. Freezing points and glass transition temperature were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as a function of water content. Freezing points were fitted to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation adjusted with un-freezable water, and glass transition was fitted to the Gordon-Taylor model. Glass transition decreased with a decrease in solids content, confirming the plasticizing effect of water on date solids. Freezing point data indicated the temperature when ice formed and dates would be most stable in terms of its deterioration if it can be stored below its glass transition. Maximum-freeze-concentration conditions was found as X 0 s (characteristic solids content) = 0.78 g/g sample, with the characteristic temperature as T 0 g (characteristics glass transition) = À48°C and T 0 m (characteristic end point of freezing) = À38.2°C. These characteristics indicated that 0.22 g/g sample water in date was un-freezable (i.e. bound with solids or unable to form ice). The developed state diagram can be used in determining the stability of dates during storage as a function of temperature and moisture content. Moreover, it can be used to determine optimum drying and freezing conditions.
Background Azoxymethane (AOM) is a potent carcinogenic agent commonly used to induce colon cancer... more Background Azoxymethane (AOM) is a potent carcinogenic agent commonly used to induce colon cancer in rats; the cytotoxicity of AOM is considered to mediate oxidative stress. This study investigated the chemopreventive effect of three natural extracts [pomegranate peel extract (PomPE), papaya peel extract (PapPE) and seaweed extract (SE)] against AOM-induced oxidative stress and carcinogenesis in rat colon. Methods Eighty Sprague–Dawley rats (aged 4 weeks) were randomly divided into 8 groups (10 rats/group). Control group was fed a basal diet; AOM-treated group was fed a basal diet and received AOM intraperitonial injections for two weeks at a dose of 15 mg/kg bodyweight, whereas the other six groups were received oral supplementation of PomPE, PapPE or SE, in the presence or absence of AOM injection. All animals were continuously fed ad-libitum until aged 16 weeks, then all rats were sacrificed and the colon tissues were examined microscopically for pathological changes and aberrant...
Dates’ color is known to play a crucial role in determining the value and quality of the fruit. T... more Dates’ color is known to play a crucial role in determining the value and quality of the fruit. The color changes from the natural accepted golden color to unfavorable dark brown color during storage. In this study, the effect of different color preservation methods (modified atmosphere packaging, cold storage (4°C), sulfur dioxide gas (SO2), and blanching) and its relation to darkening due to action of the browning enzymes and melanin production were investigated. Polyphenol oxidase was shown to be active in all treatments except the samples treated with SO2 gas and steam blanching for ten minutes. Likewise, peroxidase activity showed a similar trend in all samples, but a decrease in activity was observed in sulfated samples and total inactivation in steam blanching for ten minutes. Moreover, sulfated samples have shown improvement in color compared to all other treatments, whereas the steamed samples showed the highest color deterioration. Concurrently, melanin content increased i...
Seaweed contained health functional polysaccharides and polyphenols. Five extracts were prepared ... more Seaweed contained health functional polysaccharides and polyphenols. Five extracts were prepared from red seaweed Melanothamnus somalensis; two of these were aqueous at 20°C (F1) and 70°C (F2), followed by acid (F3), alkali (F4) and acid-washed (F5) treatments. Molecular characteristics of extracts were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. Health functionality was determined by sulfate and polyphenol contents, and thermal characteristics were determined by modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Extract F3 contained the highest levels of sulfate followed by F2, F1, F4 and F5, respectively. Similarly, F3 contained the highest polyphenol followed by F4, F2, F1 and F5, respectively. Molecular weight distribution of F1 showed wider distribution of sizes (MW: 1.0 × 103 – 3.0 × 107), and F5 showed a sharp peak (MW: 3.1 × 103); whereas F2, F3 and F4 indicated bimodal distribution. FTIR indicated that all fractions contained...
Hypnea bryoides collected from the Arabian Sea on the southern coast of Oman was investigated for... more Hypnea bryoides collected from the Arabian Sea on the southern coast of Oman was investigated for κ-carrageenan optimal extraction conditions. The effects of different conditions of alkali treatment (4, 6, and 8% w/v NaOH), temperatures (70, 75, and 80°C), and time (2, 2.75, 3.5 hours) on carrageenan yield and chemical and thermal properties were evaluated. Yield was significantly affected by alkaline concentration and temperature, with highest value of 26.74 ± 5.01%. Molecular weights of the extracted carrageenan were significantly reduced by increased temperatures and ranged from 5.95 ± 0.49 × 105 Da to 13.90 ± 0.14 × 105. FTIR showed that samples under all extraction conditions were similar and confirmed the presence of κ-carrageenan with no traces of μ-precursor. Sulfate content was also significantly reduced by alkaline concentration (from 4% to 6%) and ranged from 7.62 ± 5.52% to 17.02 ± 0.14. Thermal properties showed more sensitivity towards temperature and alkaline strength...
Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B, 2015
The red seaweed Melanothamnus somalensis was investigated as potential economic source of agar. T... more The red seaweed Melanothamnus somalensis was investigated as potential economic source of agar. The effect of different conditions of alkali pre-treatment on chemical properties of agar was evaluated. Agar was extracted by various concentrations of NaOH (4%, 6% and 8%) and heated at different temperatures (70 °C, 75 °C and 80 °C) for different durations (2 h, 2.75 h and 3.5 h). The yields-molecular weight (M W ) and sulfate contents of extracted agar were analysed and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The yield was significantly increased at these treatments from 23.29% to 30.86%. M W studied by HPLC ranged from (12.45 ± 0.21) × 10 5 to (8.60 ± 2.40) × 10 5 Da. FTIR bands show sulfate groups in C4 and C6 of galactose and no sulfate group were found on both C2 of galactose and C2 of 3,6-anhydrogalactose. All treatments showed a high sulfate content that ranged from 5.4% to 10.1%. These properties were found to be significantly affected by the alkali pre-treatment concentration (p < 0.05). In conclusion, agar extracted in this study was considered acceptable for industrial application and the optimal conditions for extraction were found to be at 6% NaOH at 70 °C for 2 hours.
Abstract This paper summarizes the application of stoichiometric analytical approaches to quantit... more Abstract This paper summarizes the application of stoichiometric analytical approaches to quantitative IR analysis and describes the development of a rapid and sensitive Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method using such an approach for the determination of low ...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2004
A rapid, practical, and accurate FTIR method for the determination of FFA in edible oils was deve... more A rapid, practical, and accurate FTIR method for the determination of FFA in edible oils was developed. Analogous to the AOCS titration procedure, the FTIR FFA determination is effected by an acid/base reaction but directly measures the product formed rather than utilizing an end point based on an electrode potential or color change. A suspension of a weak base, potassium phthalimide (K-phthal) in 1-propanol (1-PrOH), is used to convert the FFA present in oils to their carboxylate salts without causing oil saponification, and differential spectroscopy is used to circumvent matrix effects. Samples are first diluted with 1-PrOH, then split, with one-half treated with the K-phthal reagent and the other half with 1-PrOH (blank reagent), their spectra collected, and differential spectra obtained to ratio out the invariant spectral contributions from the oil sample. Quantification of the percentage of FFA in the oil, expressed as %oleic acid, based on measurement of the peak height of the ν (COO − ) absorption of the FFA salt formed, yielded a calibration with an SE of <0.020% FFA over the range of 0-4%. The method was validated by standard addition and the analysis of Smalley check samples, the results indicating that the analytical performance of the FTIR procedure is as good as or better than that of the standard titrimetric procedure. As structured, the FTIR procedure is a primary method, as calibration is not dependent on reference values provided by another method, and has performance criteria that could lead to its consideration as an instrumental AOCS procedure for FFA determination. The FTIR portion of the analysis is automatable, and a system capable of analyzing ~60 samples/h was developed that could be of benefit to laboratories that carry out a large number of FFA analyses per day.
Background:Azoxymethane (AOM) induce colon cancer in experimental animal; in mechanism that is me... more Background:Azoxymethane (AOM) induce colon cancer in experimental animal; in mechanism that is mediated by glutathione (GSH) depletion and impairing total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in colonic cells. Objective: This study investigated the effectiveness of, β-Casein (extracted from camel milk) in the prevention of AOM-induced colon cancer.Method: The experimental animals received AOM intraperitonial injection in the presence or absence of oral supplementation of β-Casein, meanwhile the control group was fed basal diet. After 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and the colon tissues were examined for aberrant crypt foci (ACF) enumeration and for biochemical measurements of GSH and TAC. Results: Our data show that AOM-induced GSH depletion that was associated with an impaired TAC in colonic mucosal tissues and the ACF counts were significantly high. The concomitant treatments of AOM-injected rats with β-Casein reduce the AOM-mediated carcinogenesis. Conclusion: β-Casein exhibited anti-carcinogenic effect again...
Clinical studies have claimed in general to show a correlation between high consumption of phenol... more Clinical studies have claimed in general to show a correlation between high consumption of phenolic antioxidants and reduced risks of certain types of cancer. The main antioxidant activity that has been associated with polyphenols is the ability to scavenge free radicals. Prevention of cancer may be accomplished through primary prevention, secondary prevention, or a combination of these approaches. The objective of primary prevention is to prohibit effective contact of a carcinogenic agent with a susceptible target in the human body, so that the sequence of events that culminates in the occurrence of clinical cancer does not begin or is aborted at the start. Primary prevention of cancer might be implemented by fortifying the human diet with an effective dietary chemoprevention, among this approach is the date pit extract.
The state diagram of Deglet Nour dates was developed using freezing curve, glass transition line,... more The state diagram of Deglet Nour dates was developed using freezing curve, glass transition line, and maximal-freeze-concentration condition. Freezing points and glass transition temperature were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as a function of water content. Freezing points were fitted to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation adjusted with un-freezable water, and glass transition was fitted to the Gordon-Taylor model. Glass transition decreased with a decrease in solids content, confirming the plasticizing effect of water on date solids. Freezing point data indicated the temperature when ice formed and dates would be most stable in terms of its deterioration if it can be stored below its glass transition. Maximum-freeze-concentration conditions was found as X 0 s (characteristic solids content) = 0.78 g/g sample, with the characteristic temperature as T 0 g (characteristics glass transition) = À48°C and T 0 m (characteristic end point of freezing) = À38.2°C. These characteristics indicated that 0.22 g/g sample water in date was un-freezable (i.e. bound with solids or unable to form ice). The developed state diagram can be used in determining the stability of dates during storage as a function of temperature and moisture content. Moreover, it can be used to determine optimum drying and freezing conditions.
Background Azoxymethane (AOM) is a potent carcinogenic agent commonly used to induce colon cancer... more Background Azoxymethane (AOM) is a potent carcinogenic agent commonly used to induce colon cancer in rats; the cytotoxicity of AOM is considered to mediate oxidative stress. This study investigated the chemopreventive effect of three natural extracts [pomegranate peel extract (PomPE), papaya peel extract (PapPE) and seaweed extract (SE)] against AOM-induced oxidative stress and carcinogenesis in rat colon. Methods Eighty Sprague–Dawley rats (aged 4 weeks) were randomly divided into 8 groups (10 rats/group). Control group was fed a basal diet; AOM-treated group was fed a basal diet and received AOM intraperitonial injections for two weeks at a dose of 15 mg/kg bodyweight, whereas the other six groups were received oral supplementation of PomPE, PapPE or SE, in the presence or absence of AOM injection. All animals were continuously fed ad-libitum until aged 16 weeks, then all rats were sacrificed and the colon tissues were examined microscopically for pathological changes and aberrant...
Dates’ color is known to play a crucial role in determining the value and quality of the fruit. T... more Dates’ color is known to play a crucial role in determining the value and quality of the fruit. The color changes from the natural accepted golden color to unfavorable dark brown color during storage. In this study, the effect of different color preservation methods (modified atmosphere packaging, cold storage (4°C), sulfur dioxide gas (SO2), and blanching) and its relation to darkening due to action of the browning enzymes and melanin production were investigated. Polyphenol oxidase was shown to be active in all treatments except the samples treated with SO2 gas and steam blanching for ten minutes. Likewise, peroxidase activity showed a similar trend in all samples, but a decrease in activity was observed in sulfated samples and total inactivation in steam blanching for ten minutes. Moreover, sulfated samples have shown improvement in color compared to all other treatments, whereas the steamed samples showed the highest color deterioration. Concurrently, melanin content increased i...
Seaweed contained health functional polysaccharides and polyphenols. Five extracts were prepared ... more Seaweed contained health functional polysaccharides and polyphenols. Five extracts were prepared from red seaweed Melanothamnus somalensis; two of these were aqueous at 20°C (F1) and 70°C (F2), followed by acid (F3), alkali (F4) and acid-washed (F5) treatments. Molecular characteristics of extracts were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. Health functionality was determined by sulfate and polyphenol contents, and thermal characteristics were determined by modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Extract F3 contained the highest levels of sulfate followed by F2, F1, F4 and F5, respectively. Similarly, F3 contained the highest polyphenol followed by F4, F2, F1 and F5, respectively. Molecular weight distribution of F1 showed wider distribution of sizes (MW: 1.0 × 103 – 3.0 × 107), and F5 showed a sharp peak (MW: 3.1 × 103); whereas F2, F3 and F4 indicated bimodal distribution. FTIR indicated that all fractions contained...
Hypnea bryoides collected from the Arabian Sea on the southern coast of Oman was investigated for... more Hypnea bryoides collected from the Arabian Sea on the southern coast of Oman was investigated for κ-carrageenan optimal extraction conditions. The effects of different conditions of alkali treatment (4, 6, and 8% w/v NaOH), temperatures (70, 75, and 80°C), and time (2, 2.75, 3.5 hours) on carrageenan yield and chemical and thermal properties were evaluated. Yield was significantly affected by alkaline concentration and temperature, with highest value of 26.74 ± 5.01%. Molecular weights of the extracted carrageenan were significantly reduced by increased temperatures and ranged from 5.95 ± 0.49 × 105 Da to 13.90 ± 0.14 × 105. FTIR showed that samples under all extraction conditions were similar and confirmed the presence of κ-carrageenan with no traces of μ-precursor. Sulfate content was also significantly reduced by alkaline concentration (from 4% to 6%) and ranged from 7.62 ± 5.52% to 17.02 ± 0.14. Thermal properties showed more sensitivity towards temperature and alkaline strength...
Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B, 2015
The red seaweed Melanothamnus somalensis was investigated as potential economic source of agar. T... more The red seaweed Melanothamnus somalensis was investigated as potential economic source of agar. The effect of different conditions of alkali pre-treatment on chemical properties of agar was evaluated. Agar was extracted by various concentrations of NaOH (4%, 6% and 8%) and heated at different temperatures (70 °C, 75 °C and 80 °C) for different durations (2 h, 2.75 h and 3.5 h). The yields-molecular weight (M W ) and sulfate contents of extracted agar were analysed and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The yield was significantly increased at these treatments from 23.29% to 30.86%. M W studied by HPLC ranged from (12.45 ± 0.21) × 10 5 to (8.60 ± 2.40) × 10 5 Da. FTIR bands show sulfate groups in C4 and C6 of galactose and no sulfate group were found on both C2 of galactose and C2 of 3,6-anhydrogalactose. All treatments showed a high sulfate content that ranged from 5.4% to 10.1%. These properties were found to be significantly affected by the alkali pre-treatment concentration (p < 0.05). In conclusion, agar extracted in this study was considered acceptable for industrial application and the optimal conditions for extraction were found to be at 6% NaOH at 70 °C for 2 hours.
Abstract This paper summarizes the application of stoichiometric analytical approaches to quantit... more Abstract This paper summarizes the application of stoichiometric analytical approaches to quantitative IR analysis and describes the development of a rapid and sensitive Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method using such an approach for the determination of low ...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2004
A rapid, practical, and accurate FTIR method for the determination of FFA in edible oils was deve... more A rapid, practical, and accurate FTIR method for the determination of FFA in edible oils was developed. Analogous to the AOCS titration procedure, the FTIR FFA determination is effected by an acid/base reaction but directly measures the product formed rather than utilizing an end point based on an electrode potential or color change. A suspension of a weak base, potassium phthalimide (K-phthal) in 1-propanol (1-PrOH), is used to convert the FFA present in oils to their carboxylate salts without causing oil saponification, and differential spectroscopy is used to circumvent matrix effects. Samples are first diluted with 1-PrOH, then split, with one-half treated with the K-phthal reagent and the other half with 1-PrOH (blank reagent), their spectra collected, and differential spectra obtained to ratio out the invariant spectral contributions from the oil sample. Quantification of the percentage of FFA in the oil, expressed as %oleic acid, based on measurement of the peak height of the ν (COO − ) absorption of the FFA salt formed, yielded a calibration with an SE of <0.020% FFA over the range of 0-4%. The method was validated by standard addition and the analysis of Smalley check samples, the results indicating that the analytical performance of the FTIR procedure is as good as or better than that of the standard titrimetric procedure. As structured, the FTIR procedure is a primary method, as calibration is not dependent on reference values provided by another method, and has performance criteria that could lead to its consideration as an instrumental AOCS procedure for FFA determination. The FTIR portion of the analysis is automatable, and a system capable of analyzing ~60 samples/h was developed that could be of benefit to laboratories that carry out a large number of FFA analyses per day.
Uploads
Papers by Ahmed Al-alawi