For more than four centuries, the Tatra Mountains were affected by many factors, such as forest a... more For more than four centuries, the Tatra Mountains were affected by many factors, such as forest and pastoral management, mining and metallurgy, windthrows, snow avalanches, and bark beetle outbreaks. Due to the availability of the long-running Landsat program enabling acquisition of spatially and spectrally consistent information, it is possible to the use these data for forest disturbance analysis. The main aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between the frequency of disturbances detected over the period of 1985–2016 and selected topographic features, such as elevation, exposure, and slope, derived from a digital elevation model (DEM); stand features, such as vegetation community type, age, structure, and degree of naturalness of the stand; and the management protection zone, which was extracted from thematic layers of the Tatra National Park (TNP). Using the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), we detected forest disturbances in each year and analyzed them i...
Actual land cover maps are a very good source of information on present human activities. It incr... more Actual land cover maps are a very good source of information on present human activities. It increases value of actual spatial databases and it is a key element for decision makers. Therefore, it is important to develop fast and cheap algorithms and procedures of spatial data updating. Every day, satellite remote sensing deliver vast amount of new data, which can be semi-automatically classified.The paper presents a method of land cover classification based on a fuzzy artificial neural network simulator and Landsat TM satellite images. The latest CORINE Land Cover 2012 polygons were used as reference data. Three satellite images acquired 21 April 2011, 5 June 2010, 27 August 2011 over Warsaw and surrounding areas were processed. As an outcome of classification procedure, the maps, error matrices and a set of overall, producer and user accuracies and a kappa coefficient were achieved. The classification accuracy oscillates around 76% and confirms that artificial neural networks can b...
Mountainous ecosystems with plant communities are very sensitive indicator of global climate chan... more Mountainous ecosystems with plant communities are very sensitive indicator of global climate change and should be monitored. On the other hand, the variety of biotic and abiotic factors influencing the spatial distribution of vegetation is the product of a diverse mosaic of habitats leading to high biodiversity. This should be analysed in highly protected areas and this information can be used for the suitable management of national parks.
The paper deals with the evaluation of mountain meadow vegetation condition using in-situ measure... more The paper deals with the evaluation of mountain meadow vegetation condition using in-situ measurements of the fraction of Accumulated Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) and Leaf Area Index (LAI). The study analyses the relationship between these parameters and spectral properties of meadow vegetation and selected invasive species with the goal of finding out vegetation indices for the detection of fAPAR and LAI. The developed vegetation indices were applied on hyperspectral data from an APEX (Airborne Prism Experiment) sensor in the area of interest in the Krkonoše National Park. The results of index development on the level of the field data were quite good. The maximal sensitivity expressed by the coefficient of determination for LAI was R 2 = 0.56 and R 2 = 0.79 for fAPAR. However, the sensitivity of all the indices developed at the image level was quite low. The output values of in-situ measurements confirmed the condition of invasive species as better than that of the valuable original meadow vegetation, which is a serious problem for national park management.
The paper deals with the evaluation of mountain meadow vegetation condition using in-situ measure... more The paper deals with the evaluation of mountain meadow vegetation condition using in-situ measurements of the fraction of Accumulated Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) and Leaf Area Index (LAI). The study analyses the relationship between these parameters and spectral properties of meadow vegetation and selected invasive species with the goal of finding out vegetation indices for the detection of fAPAR and LAI. The developed vegetation indices were applied on hyperspectral data from an APEX (Airborne Prism Experiment) sensor in the area of interest in the Krkonoše National Park. The results of index development on the level of the field data were quite good. The maximal sensitivity expressed by the coefficient of determination for LAI was R2 = 0.56 and R2 = 0.79 for fAPAR. However, the sensitivity of all the indices developed at the image level was quite low. The output values of in-situ measurements confirmed the condition of invasive species as better than that of the valuable original meadow vegetation, which is a serious problem for national park management.
We used hyperspectral data from APEX scanner (288 spectral bands in 380−2500 nm spectral range; 3... more We used hyperspectral data from APEX scanner (288 spectral bands in 380−2500 nm spectral range; 3,5 m spatial resolution) to classify five tree species occurring in the area of Mt. Chojnik in the Karkonoski National Park (south−western Poland). Data used to delimit learning and verification polygons were acquired during field research in August 2013, when ground truth polygons were acquired using device equipped with GPS receiver. Raw APEX data went through radiometric and geometric correction at VITO office. To reduce processing time, 40 most informative bands were selected using information content analysis. The Support Vector Machines (SVM) algorithm was used for classification of the following tree species: Fagus sylvatica L., Betula pendula Roth, Pinus sylvestris L., Picea alba L. Karst and Larix decidua Mill. Final classification had 78.66% overall accuracy with Kappa coefficient equal to 0.71. The best classified species included beech (87.09%) and pine (83.96%), while the worst results were obtained for larch (60.29%). Low accuracy for larch could be caused by the fact that most of larch trees in the research area grow in small patches, which made it hard to specify large enough sample of training data. All classified tree species had producer's accuracy of at least 60%, with the highest value reaching 87%. User's accuracies were from 53% for pine to 85% for beech. It is possible to classify tree species using hyperspectral data with moderate to high accuracy even if the data used lacked atmospheric correction. Further work will focus on improving the classification accuracy and use of neural networks based classification methods. Results from this paper will serve as basis for tree species map of the Karkonoski National Park.
The characterization of vegetation is a very important ecological task, especially in sensitive m... more The characterization of vegetation is a very important ecological task, especially in sensitive mountain areas, as alpine regions often respond to small short-term variations of abiotic and biotic components as well as long-term global changes. Spatial techniques, such as imaging spectroscopy, allow for detailed classification of different syntaxonomic categories of vegetation and their status. Based on the Airborne Prism Experiment (APEX) and simulated Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) data, this study focused on subalpine and alpine vegetation mapping in the eastern part of the Polish Karkonosze National Park (KPN). The spatial resolution of APEX (3.12 m) enabled the classification of 21 vegetation communities, which was generalized into eight vegetation types. These types were identified on scaled-up APEX data, as both 252 bands from most of the spectral range and a spectrally reduced dataset of 30 minimum noise fraction (MNF) transforms, and compared to the simulated (30 m spatial resolution) EnMAP data using test areas extracted from the field survey derived reference non-forest vegetation map. After preprocessing, a pixel purity index (PPI) was calculated using the MNF image and then the training and validation pixels were selected with Support Vector Machine classification of vegetation communities carried out using different kernel functions: linear, polynomial, radial basis function, and sigmoid. The classification accuracy was obtained for 21 base classes, and the best result was achieved by using the linear function and 252 bands (overall accuracy (OA) of 74.39%). The next step was to classify the eight generalized vegetation types, and the OA for the APEX data reached 90.72% while EnMAP reached 78.25%. The results show the potential use of APEX and EnMAP imagery in mapping subalpine and alpine vegetation on a community and vegetation-type scales, within a diverse ecosystem such as the Karkonosze National Park.
Information about vegetation condition is needed for the effective management of natural resource... more Information about vegetation condition is needed for the effective management of natural resources and the estimation of the effectiveness of nature conservation. The aim of the study was to analyse the condition of non-forest mountain communities: synanthropic communities and natural grasslands. UNESCO’s M&B Karkonosze Transboundary Biosphere Reserve was selected as the research area. The analysis was based on 40 field test polygons and APEX hyperspectral images. The field measurements allowed the collection of biophysical parameters – Leaf Area Index (LAI), fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) and chlorophyll content – which were correlated with vegetation indices calculated using the APEX images. Correlations were observed between the vegetation indices (general condition, plant structure) and total area of leaves (LAI), as well as fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR). The outcomes show that the non-forest communities in the Karkonosze are in good condition, with the synanthropic communities characterised by better condition compared to the natural communities.
Monitoring vegetation cover, especially in mountain and protected areas is an important issue. Th... more Monitoring vegetation cover, especially in mountain and protected areas is an important issue. The analyses were conducted in Krkonoše Mountains in the Krkonoše National Park, Czech Republic. Heterogeneous non-forest mountain communities were analysed. The aim of the study was to check the possibility of using the Radiative Transfer Model to simulate the reflectance of very diverse mountain non-forest communities. In field measurements, biophysical parameters were collected and calculated to input parameters to the PROSAIL model. At the same time a reference spectrum was acquired. Then, the PROSAIL model was used to simulate the spectrum for each polygon. The accuracy was tested using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and normalised Root Mean Square Error (nRMSE) values for comparison with the reference spectrum. The average RMSE value for the whole analysed range was equal 0.129. The biggest errors were noticed in the near infrared (0.242) and the smallest in the 400-600 nm range (0.01...
Monitoring vegetation cover, especially in mountain and protected areas is an important issue. Th... more Monitoring vegetation cover, especially in mountain and protected areas is an important issue. The analyses were conducted in Krkonoše Mountains in the Krkonoše National Park, Czech Republic. Heterogeneous non-forest mountain communities were analysed. The aim of the study was to check the possibility of using the Radiative Transfer Model to simulate the reflectance of very diverse mountain non-forest communities. In field measurements, biophysical parameters were collected and calculated to input parameters to the PROSAIL model. At the same time a reference spectrum was acquired. Then, the PROSAIL model was used to simulate the spectrum for each polygon. The accuracy was tested using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and normalised Root Mean Square Error (nRMSE) values for comparison with the reference spectrum. The average RMSE value for the whole analysed range was equal 0.129. The biggest errors were noticed in the near infrared (0.242) and the smallest in the 400-600 nm range (0.01...
Tourist traffic has been observed to cause changes in vegetation cover, particularly in alpine ar... more Tourist traffic has been observed to cause changes in vegetation cover, particularly in alpine areas. These changes can be monitored using remote-sensing methods. This paper presents an analysis of the condition of the dominant sward species surrounding the most frequented alpine tourist trails in the Tatra National Park, one of the most visited natural mountain parks in Poland and a UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserve. Hyperspectral measurements of interactions between the electromagnetic spectrum and the morphology and physiology of plants were presented. The spectral properties of plants and remote-sensing vegetation indices could be used at a later date for monitoring, for example from the air. The results identified the species' sensitivity and resistance to trampling and allowed an assessment of their physiological condition. Differences were observed in the conditions of trampled and control plants. The alpine swards in the Tatra National Park were assessed as being in good condition, with only small areas located close to the most popular trails showing damage. The proposed method for analyzing the condition of alpine swards could be a useful tool for the future management of protected areas.
Mapping plant communities is a difficult and time consuming endeavor. Methods relying on field su... more Mapping plant communities is a difficult and time consuming endeavor. Methods relying on field surveys deliver high quality data but are usually limited to relatively small areas. In this paper we apply airborne hyperspectral data to vegetation mapping in remote and hard to reach areas. We classified 22 vegetation communities in the Giant Mountains on 3.12-m Airborne Prism Experiment (APEX) hyperspectral images, registered in 288 spectral bands (10 September 2012). As the classification algorithm, Support Vector Machines (SVM) was used. APEX data were corrected geometrically and atmospherically, and three dimensionality reduction methods were performed to select the best dataset. As reference we used a non-forest vegetation map containing vegetation communities of Polish Karkonosze National Park from 2002, orthophotomap and field surveys data from 2013 to 2014. We obtained the post-classification maps of 22 vegetation communities, lakes and areas without any vegetation. Iterative accuracy assessment repeated 100 times was used to obtain the most objective results for individual communities. The median value of overall accuracy (OA) was 84%. Fourteen out of twenty-four classes were classified of more than 80% of producer accuracy (PA) and sixteen out of twenty-four of user accuracy (UA). APEX data and SVM with the use of iterative accuracy assessment are useful for the mountain communities classification. This can support both Polish and Czech national parks management by giving the information about diversity of communities in the whole transboundary area, helping with identification especially in changing environment caused by humans.
Mamy ogromną przyjemność oddać do rąk czytelnika długo oczekiwaną publikację prezentującą opracow... more Mamy ogromną przyjemność oddać do rąk czytelnika długo oczekiwaną publikację prezentującą opracowania użytkowników licencji SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Wspólną i spójną tematyką niniejszego wydania jest wykorzystanie technik Systemów Informacji Przestrzennej (GIS) w różnych dziedzinach: zaczynając od nauk przyrodniczych i kończąc na cyfrowej humanistyce. Niniejsza publikacja, choć nieco w innej odsłonie, stanowi kontynuację pomysłu stworzenia forum wymiany informacji na UW prowadzącego do rozwoju i upowszechniania warsztatu badawczego wykorzystującego narzędzia GIS w różnych dziedzinach nauki. W zamyśle ma zachęcać do propagowania interdyscyplinarności projektów realizowanych na Uczelni. Pierwszy tom serii, pod redakcją Jerzego Lechnio, powstał w 2015 i nosił tytuł „GIS w UW. Pierwsze forum użytkowników licencji edukacyjnej SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Materiały pokonferencyjne„. Stanowił bardzo ciekawą relację z postępów prac studentów i doktorantów, którzy wzięli udział w pierwszej ogólnouniwersyteckiej konferencji Forum Użytkowników Licencji SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Konferencja ta, w założeniu jako impreza cykliczna, ostała zainicjowana przez Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych UW i odbyła się po raz pierwszy 6 lutego 2014 roku. Konwencję „Forum” zaproponował wówczas mgr Jerzy Lechnio i dr Maciej Lenartowicz Niniejsze wydanie zawiera owoce prac dwóch kolejnych edycji konferencji: drugiej zorganizowanej na Wydziale Geologii UW (w dniu 18 lutego 2015 roku), oraz trzeciej, która odbyła się w Instytucie Archeologii UW (10-12 grudnia 2015 roku). Sprawozdania z wspomnianych konferencji zostały włączone do niniejszego woluminu. Niniejsza publikacja zawiera przede wszystkim artykuły prezentujące wybrane i najciekawsze wystąpienia z dwóch kolejnych konferencji, a stąd zachowuje porządek chronologiczny, czyli podział na tom II i III. Wspomniane tomy obejmują ogółem dwanaście artykułów. Ich tematyka koncentruje się na takich zagadnieniach, jak: GIS w badaniach środowiskowych, zróżnicowanie tematyczne i rola danych przestrzennych w nauce i praktyce oraz komunikacji społecznej, analiza zdjęć satelitarnych i jej zastosowania, GIS w archeologii i humanistyce. Szerokie spektrum poruszanych tematów i różnorodność zastosowań technik GIS świadczą o dużych kompetencjach i potencjale absolwentów UW na rynku pracy. Artykuły poświęcone zastosowaniu metod i technik GIS w ocenie stanu środowiska poruszają problemy istotne z perspektywy Polski, jak i skali globu. Ich zanieczyszczenia wód podziemnych, ewapotranspiracji (parowanie z powierzchni gruntu), analiz przepuszczalność gruntu w miastach, problematyki globalnego ocieplenia, podatność lasów na uszkodzenia silnym wiatrem, czy też procesów urbanizacji. Przykłady wykorzystania analiz zdjęć satelitarnych obejmują zarówno analizy bazujące na zastosowaniach wysokiej rozdzielczości zobrazowań panchromatycznych CORONA, jak i multispektralnych z misji Landsat i Worldview-2. Ważnym zagadnieniem poruszanym przez autorów jest kwestia dostępności danych z zasobów publicznych, w tym Centralnej Bazy Danych Geologicznych, bazy otworów geologicznych PITAKA, Corine Land Cover i Urban Atlas. W wspomnianym nurcie mieści się prezentacja projektu udostępniania danych geograficznych w postaci Regionalizacji geomorfologicznej Karpat. W publikacji znajdziemy, również przykłady zastosowań technologii GIS w dokumentacji archeologicznej, które rozwijane są z powodzeniem w Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Prezentowane opracowania obejmują przede wszystkim wyniki prac magisterskich i licencjackich studentów i absolwentów oraz badań bardziej doświadczonych badaczy z UW. Dowodzą dobitnie, że na naszych oczach dokonuje się rewolucja za sprawą szerokiego i multidyscyplinarnego wykorzystania metod i technik GIS oraz danych przestrzennych, która wpływa na pomnażanie wiedzy o otaczającym świecie, a także rozwój nowych pól badawczych w dziedzinie humanistyki, czy dystrybucję informacji w dobie społeczeństwa informacyjnego. Rangę publikacji podnosi fakt, że wszystkie z prezentowanych artykułów podlegały recenzji naukowej i opracowaniu redakcyjnemu.
For more than four centuries, the Tatra Mountains were affected by many factors, such as forest a... more For more than four centuries, the Tatra Mountains were affected by many factors, such as forest and pastoral management, mining and metallurgy, windthrows, snow avalanches, and bark beetle outbreaks. Due to the availability of the long-running Landsat program enabling acquisition of spatially and spectrally consistent information, it is possible to the use these data for forest disturbance analysis. The main aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between the frequency of disturbances detected over the period of 1985–2016 and selected topographic features, such as elevation, exposure, and slope, derived from a digital elevation model (DEM); stand features, such as vegetation community type, age, structure, and degree of naturalness of the stand; and the management protection zone, which was extracted from thematic layers of the Tatra National Park (TNP). Using the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), we detected forest disturbances in each year and analyzed them i...
Actual land cover maps are a very good source of information on present human activities. It incr... more Actual land cover maps are a very good source of information on present human activities. It increases value of actual spatial databases and it is a key element for decision makers. Therefore, it is important to develop fast and cheap algorithms and procedures of spatial data updating. Every day, satellite remote sensing deliver vast amount of new data, which can be semi-automatically classified.The paper presents a method of land cover classification based on a fuzzy artificial neural network simulator and Landsat TM satellite images. The latest CORINE Land Cover 2012 polygons were used as reference data. Three satellite images acquired 21 April 2011, 5 June 2010, 27 August 2011 over Warsaw and surrounding areas were processed. As an outcome of classification procedure, the maps, error matrices and a set of overall, producer and user accuracies and a kappa coefficient were achieved. The classification accuracy oscillates around 76% and confirms that artificial neural networks can b...
Mountainous ecosystems with plant communities are very sensitive indicator of global climate chan... more Mountainous ecosystems with plant communities are very sensitive indicator of global climate change and should be monitored. On the other hand, the variety of biotic and abiotic factors influencing the spatial distribution of vegetation is the product of a diverse mosaic of habitats leading to high biodiversity. This should be analysed in highly protected areas and this information can be used for the suitable management of national parks.
The paper deals with the evaluation of mountain meadow vegetation condition using in-situ measure... more The paper deals with the evaluation of mountain meadow vegetation condition using in-situ measurements of the fraction of Accumulated Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) and Leaf Area Index (LAI). The study analyses the relationship between these parameters and spectral properties of meadow vegetation and selected invasive species with the goal of finding out vegetation indices for the detection of fAPAR and LAI. The developed vegetation indices were applied on hyperspectral data from an APEX (Airborne Prism Experiment) sensor in the area of interest in the Krkonoše National Park. The results of index development on the level of the field data were quite good. The maximal sensitivity expressed by the coefficient of determination for LAI was R 2 = 0.56 and R 2 = 0.79 for fAPAR. However, the sensitivity of all the indices developed at the image level was quite low. The output values of in-situ measurements confirmed the condition of invasive species as better than that of the valuable original meadow vegetation, which is a serious problem for national park management.
The paper deals with the evaluation of mountain meadow vegetation condition using in-situ measure... more The paper deals with the evaluation of mountain meadow vegetation condition using in-situ measurements of the fraction of Accumulated Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) and Leaf Area Index (LAI). The study analyses the relationship between these parameters and spectral properties of meadow vegetation and selected invasive species with the goal of finding out vegetation indices for the detection of fAPAR and LAI. The developed vegetation indices were applied on hyperspectral data from an APEX (Airborne Prism Experiment) sensor in the area of interest in the Krkonoše National Park. The results of index development on the level of the field data were quite good. The maximal sensitivity expressed by the coefficient of determination for LAI was R2 = 0.56 and R2 = 0.79 for fAPAR. However, the sensitivity of all the indices developed at the image level was quite low. The output values of in-situ measurements confirmed the condition of invasive species as better than that of the valuable original meadow vegetation, which is a serious problem for national park management.
We used hyperspectral data from APEX scanner (288 spectral bands in 380−2500 nm spectral range; 3... more We used hyperspectral data from APEX scanner (288 spectral bands in 380−2500 nm spectral range; 3,5 m spatial resolution) to classify five tree species occurring in the area of Mt. Chojnik in the Karkonoski National Park (south−western Poland). Data used to delimit learning and verification polygons were acquired during field research in August 2013, when ground truth polygons were acquired using device equipped with GPS receiver. Raw APEX data went through radiometric and geometric correction at VITO office. To reduce processing time, 40 most informative bands were selected using information content analysis. The Support Vector Machines (SVM) algorithm was used for classification of the following tree species: Fagus sylvatica L., Betula pendula Roth, Pinus sylvestris L., Picea alba L. Karst and Larix decidua Mill. Final classification had 78.66% overall accuracy with Kappa coefficient equal to 0.71. The best classified species included beech (87.09%) and pine (83.96%), while the worst results were obtained for larch (60.29%). Low accuracy for larch could be caused by the fact that most of larch trees in the research area grow in small patches, which made it hard to specify large enough sample of training data. All classified tree species had producer's accuracy of at least 60%, with the highest value reaching 87%. User's accuracies were from 53% for pine to 85% for beech. It is possible to classify tree species using hyperspectral data with moderate to high accuracy even if the data used lacked atmospheric correction. Further work will focus on improving the classification accuracy and use of neural networks based classification methods. Results from this paper will serve as basis for tree species map of the Karkonoski National Park.
The characterization of vegetation is a very important ecological task, especially in sensitive m... more The characterization of vegetation is a very important ecological task, especially in sensitive mountain areas, as alpine regions often respond to small short-term variations of abiotic and biotic components as well as long-term global changes. Spatial techniques, such as imaging spectroscopy, allow for detailed classification of different syntaxonomic categories of vegetation and their status. Based on the Airborne Prism Experiment (APEX) and simulated Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) data, this study focused on subalpine and alpine vegetation mapping in the eastern part of the Polish Karkonosze National Park (KPN). The spatial resolution of APEX (3.12 m) enabled the classification of 21 vegetation communities, which was generalized into eight vegetation types. These types were identified on scaled-up APEX data, as both 252 bands from most of the spectral range and a spectrally reduced dataset of 30 minimum noise fraction (MNF) transforms, and compared to the simulated (30 m spatial resolution) EnMAP data using test areas extracted from the field survey derived reference non-forest vegetation map. After preprocessing, a pixel purity index (PPI) was calculated using the MNF image and then the training and validation pixels were selected with Support Vector Machine classification of vegetation communities carried out using different kernel functions: linear, polynomial, radial basis function, and sigmoid. The classification accuracy was obtained for 21 base classes, and the best result was achieved by using the linear function and 252 bands (overall accuracy (OA) of 74.39%). The next step was to classify the eight generalized vegetation types, and the OA for the APEX data reached 90.72% while EnMAP reached 78.25%. The results show the potential use of APEX and EnMAP imagery in mapping subalpine and alpine vegetation on a community and vegetation-type scales, within a diverse ecosystem such as the Karkonosze National Park.
Information about vegetation condition is needed for the effective management of natural resource... more Information about vegetation condition is needed for the effective management of natural resources and the estimation of the effectiveness of nature conservation. The aim of the study was to analyse the condition of non-forest mountain communities: synanthropic communities and natural grasslands. UNESCO’s M&B Karkonosze Transboundary Biosphere Reserve was selected as the research area. The analysis was based on 40 field test polygons and APEX hyperspectral images. The field measurements allowed the collection of biophysical parameters – Leaf Area Index (LAI), fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) and chlorophyll content – which were correlated with vegetation indices calculated using the APEX images. Correlations were observed between the vegetation indices (general condition, plant structure) and total area of leaves (LAI), as well as fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR). The outcomes show that the non-forest communities in the Karkonosze are in good condition, with the synanthropic communities characterised by better condition compared to the natural communities.
Monitoring vegetation cover, especially in mountain and protected areas is an important issue. Th... more Monitoring vegetation cover, especially in mountain and protected areas is an important issue. The analyses were conducted in Krkonoše Mountains in the Krkonoše National Park, Czech Republic. Heterogeneous non-forest mountain communities were analysed. The aim of the study was to check the possibility of using the Radiative Transfer Model to simulate the reflectance of very diverse mountain non-forest communities. In field measurements, biophysical parameters were collected and calculated to input parameters to the PROSAIL model. At the same time a reference spectrum was acquired. Then, the PROSAIL model was used to simulate the spectrum for each polygon. The accuracy was tested using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and normalised Root Mean Square Error (nRMSE) values for comparison with the reference spectrum. The average RMSE value for the whole analysed range was equal 0.129. The biggest errors were noticed in the near infrared (0.242) and the smallest in the 400-600 nm range (0.01...
Monitoring vegetation cover, especially in mountain and protected areas is an important issue. Th... more Monitoring vegetation cover, especially in mountain and protected areas is an important issue. The analyses were conducted in Krkonoše Mountains in the Krkonoše National Park, Czech Republic. Heterogeneous non-forest mountain communities were analysed. The aim of the study was to check the possibility of using the Radiative Transfer Model to simulate the reflectance of very diverse mountain non-forest communities. In field measurements, biophysical parameters were collected and calculated to input parameters to the PROSAIL model. At the same time a reference spectrum was acquired. Then, the PROSAIL model was used to simulate the spectrum for each polygon. The accuracy was tested using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and normalised Root Mean Square Error (nRMSE) values for comparison with the reference spectrum. The average RMSE value for the whole analysed range was equal 0.129. The biggest errors were noticed in the near infrared (0.242) and the smallest in the 400-600 nm range (0.01...
Tourist traffic has been observed to cause changes in vegetation cover, particularly in alpine ar... more Tourist traffic has been observed to cause changes in vegetation cover, particularly in alpine areas. These changes can be monitored using remote-sensing methods. This paper presents an analysis of the condition of the dominant sward species surrounding the most frequented alpine tourist trails in the Tatra National Park, one of the most visited natural mountain parks in Poland and a UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserve. Hyperspectral measurements of interactions between the electromagnetic spectrum and the morphology and physiology of plants were presented. The spectral properties of plants and remote-sensing vegetation indices could be used at a later date for monitoring, for example from the air. The results identified the species' sensitivity and resistance to trampling and allowed an assessment of their physiological condition. Differences were observed in the conditions of trampled and control plants. The alpine swards in the Tatra National Park were assessed as being in good condition, with only small areas located close to the most popular trails showing damage. The proposed method for analyzing the condition of alpine swards could be a useful tool for the future management of protected areas.
Mapping plant communities is a difficult and time consuming endeavor. Methods relying on field su... more Mapping plant communities is a difficult and time consuming endeavor. Methods relying on field surveys deliver high quality data but are usually limited to relatively small areas. In this paper we apply airborne hyperspectral data to vegetation mapping in remote and hard to reach areas. We classified 22 vegetation communities in the Giant Mountains on 3.12-m Airborne Prism Experiment (APEX) hyperspectral images, registered in 288 spectral bands (10 September 2012). As the classification algorithm, Support Vector Machines (SVM) was used. APEX data were corrected geometrically and atmospherically, and three dimensionality reduction methods were performed to select the best dataset. As reference we used a non-forest vegetation map containing vegetation communities of Polish Karkonosze National Park from 2002, orthophotomap and field surveys data from 2013 to 2014. We obtained the post-classification maps of 22 vegetation communities, lakes and areas without any vegetation. Iterative accuracy assessment repeated 100 times was used to obtain the most objective results for individual communities. The median value of overall accuracy (OA) was 84%. Fourteen out of twenty-four classes were classified of more than 80% of producer accuracy (PA) and sixteen out of twenty-four of user accuracy (UA). APEX data and SVM with the use of iterative accuracy assessment are useful for the mountain communities classification. This can support both Polish and Czech national parks management by giving the information about diversity of communities in the whole transboundary area, helping with identification especially in changing environment caused by humans.
Mamy ogromną przyjemność oddać do rąk czytelnika długo oczekiwaną publikację prezentującą opracow... more Mamy ogromną przyjemność oddać do rąk czytelnika długo oczekiwaną publikację prezentującą opracowania użytkowników licencji SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Wspólną i spójną tematyką niniejszego wydania jest wykorzystanie technik Systemów Informacji Przestrzennej (GIS) w różnych dziedzinach: zaczynając od nauk przyrodniczych i kończąc na cyfrowej humanistyce. Niniejsza publikacja, choć nieco w innej odsłonie, stanowi kontynuację pomysłu stworzenia forum wymiany informacji na UW prowadzącego do rozwoju i upowszechniania warsztatu badawczego wykorzystującego narzędzia GIS w różnych dziedzinach nauki. W zamyśle ma zachęcać do propagowania interdyscyplinarności projektów realizowanych na Uczelni. Pierwszy tom serii, pod redakcją Jerzego Lechnio, powstał w 2015 i nosił tytuł „GIS w UW. Pierwsze forum użytkowników licencji edukacyjnej SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Materiały pokonferencyjne„. Stanowił bardzo ciekawą relację z postępów prac studentów i doktorantów, którzy wzięli udział w pierwszej ogólnouniwersyteckiej konferencji Forum Użytkowników Licencji SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Konferencja ta, w założeniu jako impreza cykliczna, ostała zainicjowana przez Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych UW i odbyła się po raz pierwszy 6 lutego 2014 roku. Konwencję „Forum” zaproponował wówczas mgr Jerzy Lechnio i dr Maciej Lenartowicz Niniejsze wydanie zawiera owoce prac dwóch kolejnych edycji konferencji: drugiej zorganizowanej na Wydziale Geologii UW (w dniu 18 lutego 2015 roku), oraz trzeciej, która odbyła się w Instytucie Archeologii UW (10-12 grudnia 2015 roku). Sprawozdania z wspomnianych konferencji zostały włączone do niniejszego woluminu. Niniejsza publikacja zawiera przede wszystkim artykuły prezentujące wybrane i najciekawsze wystąpienia z dwóch kolejnych konferencji, a stąd zachowuje porządek chronologiczny, czyli podział na tom II i III. Wspomniane tomy obejmują ogółem dwanaście artykułów. Ich tematyka koncentruje się na takich zagadnieniach, jak: GIS w badaniach środowiskowych, zróżnicowanie tematyczne i rola danych przestrzennych w nauce i praktyce oraz komunikacji społecznej, analiza zdjęć satelitarnych i jej zastosowania, GIS w archeologii i humanistyce. Szerokie spektrum poruszanych tematów i różnorodność zastosowań technik GIS świadczą o dużych kompetencjach i potencjale absolwentów UW na rynku pracy. Artykuły poświęcone zastosowaniu metod i technik GIS w ocenie stanu środowiska poruszają problemy istotne z perspektywy Polski, jak i skali globu. Ich zanieczyszczenia wód podziemnych, ewapotranspiracji (parowanie z powierzchni gruntu), analiz przepuszczalność gruntu w miastach, problematyki globalnego ocieplenia, podatność lasów na uszkodzenia silnym wiatrem, czy też procesów urbanizacji. Przykłady wykorzystania analiz zdjęć satelitarnych obejmują zarówno analizy bazujące na zastosowaniach wysokiej rozdzielczości zobrazowań panchromatycznych CORONA, jak i multispektralnych z misji Landsat i Worldview-2. Ważnym zagadnieniem poruszanym przez autorów jest kwestia dostępności danych z zasobów publicznych, w tym Centralnej Bazy Danych Geologicznych, bazy otworów geologicznych PITAKA, Corine Land Cover i Urban Atlas. W wspomnianym nurcie mieści się prezentacja projektu udostępniania danych geograficznych w postaci Regionalizacji geomorfologicznej Karpat. W publikacji znajdziemy, również przykłady zastosowań technologii GIS w dokumentacji archeologicznej, które rozwijane są z powodzeniem w Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Prezentowane opracowania obejmują przede wszystkim wyniki prac magisterskich i licencjackich studentów i absolwentów oraz badań bardziej doświadczonych badaczy z UW. Dowodzą dobitnie, że na naszych oczach dokonuje się rewolucja za sprawą szerokiego i multidyscyplinarnego wykorzystania metod i technik GIS oraz danych przestrzennych, która wpływa na pomnażanie wiedzy o otaczającym świecie, a także rozwój nowych pól badawczych w dziedzinie humanistyki, czy dystrybucję informacji w dobie społeczeństwa informacyjnego. Rangę publikacji podnosi fakt, że wszystkie z prezentowanych artykułów podlegały recenzji naukowej i opracowaniu redakcyjnemu.
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Papers by Adrian Ochtyra
The study analyses the relationship between these parameters and spectral properties of meadow vegetation and selected invasive species with the goal of finding out vegetation indices for the detection of fAPAR and LAI. The developed vegetation indices were applied on hyperspectral data from an APEX (Airborne Prism Experiment) sensor in the area of interest in the Krkonoše National Park. The results of index development on the level of the field data were quite good. The maximal sensitivity expressed by the coefficient of determination for LAI was R2 = 0.56 and R2 = 0.79 for fAPAR. However, the sensitivity of all the indices developed at the image level was quite low. The output values of in-situ measurements confirmed the condition of invasive species as better than that of the valuable original meadow vegetation, which is a serious problem for national park management.
Low accuracy for larch could be caused by the fact that most of larch trees in the research area grow in small patches, which made it hard to specify large enough sample of training data. All classified tree species had producer's accuracy of at least 60%, with the highest value reaching 87%. User's accuracies were from 53% for pine to 85% for beech. It is possible to classify tree species using hyperspectral data with moderate to high accuracy even if the data used lacked atmospheric correction. Further work will focus on improving the classification accuracy and use of neural networks based classification methods. Results from this paper will serve as basis for tree species map of the Karkonoski National Park.
The field measurements allowed the collection of biophysical parameters – Leaf Area Index (LAI), fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) and chlorophyll content – which were correlated with vegetation indices calculated using the APEX images. Correlations were observed between the vegetation indices (general condition, plant structure) and total area of leaves (LAI), as well as fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR). The outcomes show that the non-forest communities in the Karkonosze are in good condition, with the synanthropic communities characterised by better condition compared to the natural communities.
Books by Adrian Ochtyra
projektów realizowanych na Uczelni. Pierwszy tom serii, pod redakcją Jerzego Lechnio, powstał w 2015 i nosił tytuł „GIS w UW. Pierwsze forum użytkowników licencji edukacyjnej SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Materiały pokonferencyjne„. Stanowił bardzo ciekawą relację z postępów prac studentów i doktorantów, którzy wzięli udział w pierwszej ogólnouniwersyteckiej konferencji Forum Użytkowników Licencji SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Konferencja ta, w założeniu jako impreza cykliczna, ostała zainicjowana przez Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych UW i odbyła się po raz pierwszy 6 lutego 2014 roku. Konwencję „Forum” zaproponował wówczas mgr Jerzy Lechnio i dr Maciej Lenartowicz
Niniejsze wydanie zawiera owoce prac dwóch kolejnych edycji konferencji: drugiej zorganizowanej na Wydziale Geologii UW (w dniu 18 lutego 2015 roku), oraz trzeciej, która odbyła się w Instytucie Archeologii UW (10-12 grudnia 2015 roku). Sprawozdania z wspomnianych konferencji zostały włączone do niniejszego woluminu. Niniejsza publikacja zawiera przede wszystkim artykuły prezentujące wybrane i najciekawsze wystąpienia z dwóch kolejnych konferencji, a stąd zachowuje porządek chronologiczny, czyli podział na tom II i III.
Wspomniane tomy obejmują ogółem dwanaście artykułów. Ich tematyka koncentruje się na takich zagadnieniach, jak: GIS w badaniach środowiskowych, zróżnicowanie tematyczne i rola danych przestrzennych w nauce i praktyce oraz komunikacji społecznej, analiza zdjęć satelitarnych i jej zastosowania, GIS w archeologii i humanistyce. Szerokie spektrum poruszanych tematów i różnorodność zastosowań technik GIS świadczą o dużych kompetencjach i potencjale absolwentów
UW na rynku pracy.
Artykuły poświęcone zastosowaniu metod i technik GIS w ocenie stanu środowiska poruszają problemy istotne z perspektywy Polski, jak i skali globu. Ich zanieczyszczenia wód podziemnych, ewapotranspiracji (parowanie z powierzchni gruntu), analiz przepuszczalność gruntu w miastach, problematyki globalnego ocieplenia, podatność lasów na uszkodzenia silnym wiatrem, czy też procesów urbanizacji.
Przykłady wykorzystania analiz zdjęć satelitarnych obejmują zarówno analizy bazujące na zastosowaniach wysokiej rozdzielczości zobrazowań panchromatycznych CORONA, jak i multispektralnych z misji Landsat i Worldview-2.
Ważnym zagadnieniem poruszanym przez autorów jest kwestia dostępności danych z zasobów publicznych, w tym Centralnej Bazy Danych Geologicznych, bazy otworów geologicznych PITAKA, Corine Land Cover i Urban Atlas. W wspomnianym nurcie mieści się prezentacja projektu udostępniania danych geograficznych w postaci Regionalizacji geomorfologicznej Karpat.
W publikacji znajdziemy, również przykłady zastosowań technologii GIS w dokumentacji archeologicznej, które rozwijane są z powodzeniem w Uniwersytecie Warszawskim.
Prezentowane opracowania obejmują przede wszystkim wyniki prac magisterskich i licencjackich studentów i absolwentów oraz badań bardziej doświadczonych badaczy z UW. Dowodzą dobitnie, że na naszych oczach dokonuje się rewolucja za sprawą szerokiego i multidyscyplinarnego wykorzystania metod i technik GIS oraz danych przestrzennych, która wpływa na pomnażanie wiedzy o otaczającym świecie, a także rozwój nowych pól badawczych w dziedzinie humanistyki, czy dystrybucję informacji w dobie społeczeństwa informacyjnego.
Rangę publikacji podnosi fakt, że wszystkie z prezentowanych artykułów podlegały recenzji naukowej i opracowaniu redakcyjnemu.
The study analyses the relationship between these parameters and spectral properties of meadow vegetation and selected invasive species with the goal of finding out vegetation indices for the detection of fAPAR and LAI. The developed vegetation indices were applied on hyperspectral data from an APEX (Airborne Prism Experiment) sensor in the area of interest in the Krkonoše National Park. The results of index development on the level of the field data were quite good. The maximal sensitivity expressed by the coefficient of determination for LAI was R2 = 0.56 and R2 = 0.79 for fAPAR. However, the sensitivity of all the indices developed at the image level was quite low. The output values of in-situ measurements confirmed the condition of invasive species as better than that of the valuable original meadow vegetation, which is a serious problem for national park management.
Low accuracy for larch could be caused by the fact that most of larch trees in the research area grow in small patches, which made it hard to specify large enough sample of training data. All classified tree species had producer's accuracy of at least 60%, with the highest value reaching 87%. User's accuracies were from 53% for pine to 85% for beech. It is possible to classify tree species using hyperspectral data with moderate to high accuracy even if the data used lacked atmospheric correction. Further work will focus on improving the classification accuracy and use of neural networks based classification methods. Results from this paper will serve as basis for tree species map of the Karkonoski National Park.
The field measurements allowed the collection of biophysical parameters – Leaf Area Index (LAI), fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) and chlorophyll content – which were correlated with vegetation indices calculated using the APEX images. Correlations were observed between the vegetation indices (general condition, plant structure) and total area of leaves (LAI), as well as fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR). The outcomes show that the non-forest communities in the Karkonosze are in good condition, with the synanthropic communities characterised by better condition compared to the natural communities.
projektów realizowanych na Uczelni. Pierwszy tom serii, pod redakcją Jerzego Lechnio, powstał w 2015 i nosił tytuł „GIS w UW. Pierwsze forum użytkowników licencji edukacyjnej SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Materiały pokonferencyjne„. Stanowił bardzo ciekawą relację z postępów prac studentów i doktorantów, którzy wzięli udział w pierwszej ogólnouniwersyteckiej konferencji Forum Użytkowników Licencji SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Konferencja ta, w założeniu jako impreza cykliczna, ostała zainicjowana przez Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych UW i odbyła się po raz pierwszy 6 lutego 2014 roku. Konwencję „Forum” zaproponował wówczas mgr Jerzy Lechnio i dr Maciej Lenartowicz
Niniejsze wydanie zawiera owoce prac dwóch kolejnych edycji konferencji: drugiej zorganizowanej na Wydziale Geologii UW (w dniu 18 lutego 2015 roku), oraz trzeciej, która odbyła się w Instytucie Archeologii UW (10-12 grudnia 2015 roku). Sprawozdania z wspomnianych konferencji zostały włączone do niniejszego woluminu. Niniejsza publikacja zawiera przede wszystkim artykuły prezentujące wybrane i najciekawsze wystąpienia z dwóch kolejnych konferencji, a stąd zachowuje porządek chronologiczny, czyli podział na tom II i III.
Wspomniane tomy obejmują ogółem dwanaście artykułów. Ich tematyka koncentruje się na takich zagadnieniach, jak: GIS w badaniach środowiskowych, zróżnicowanie tematyczne i rola danych przestrzennych w nauce i praktyce oraz komunikacji społecznej, analiza zdjęć satelitarnych i jej zastosowania, GIS w archeologii i humanistyce. Szerokie spektrum poruszanych tematów i różnorodność zastosowań technik GIS świadczą o dużych kompetencjach i potencjale absolwentów
UW na rynku pracy.
Artykuły poświęcone zastosowaniu metod i technik GIS w ocenie stanu środowiska poruszają problemy istotne z perspektywy Polski, jak i skali globu. Ich zanieczyszczenia wód podziemnych, ewapotranspiracji (parowanie z powierzchni gruntu), analiz przepuszczalność gruntu w miastach, problematyki globalnego ocieplenia, podatność lasów na uszkodzenia silnym wiatrem, czy też procesów urbanizacji.
Przykłady wykorzystania analiz zdjęć satelitarnych obejmują zarówno analizy bazujące na zastosowaniach wysokiej rozdzielczości zobrazowań panchromatycznych CORONA, jak i multispektralnych z misji Landsat i Worldview-2.
Ważnym zagadnieniem poruszanym przez autorów jest kwestia dostępności danych z zasobów publicznych, w tym Centralnej Bazy Danych Geologicznych, bazy otworów geologicznych PITAKA, Corine Land Cover i Urban Atlas. W wspomnianym nurcie mieści się prezentacja projektu udostępniania danych geograficznych w postaci Regionalizacji geomorfologicznej Karpat.
W publikacji znajdziemy, również przykłady zastosowań technologii GIS w dokumentacji archeologicznej, które rozwijane są z powodzeniem w Uniwersytecie Warszawskim.
Prezentowane opracowania obejmują przede wszystkim wyniki prac magisterskich i licencjackich studentów i absolwentów oraz badań bardziej doświadczonych badaczy z UW. Dowodzą dobitnie, że na naszych oczach dokonuje się rewolucja za sprawą szerokiego i multidyscyplinarnego wykorzystania metod i technik GIS oraz danych przestrzennych, która wpływa na pomnażanie wiedzy o otaczającym świecie, a także rozwój nowych pól badawczych w dziedzinie humanistyki, czy dystrybucję informacji w dobie społeczeństwa informacyjnego.
Rangę publikacji podnosi fakt, że wszystkie z prezentowanych artykułów podlegały recenzji naukowej i opracowaniu redakcyjnemu.