Introduction Very few studies have quantified at a regional scale the frequency of smear-positive... more Introduction Very few studies have quantified at a regional scale the frequency of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (SPPT) co-infection and HIV infection in Africa. The aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTBC)/ HIV co-infection in a health region level of Burkina Faso and to identify therapeutic options for the patients. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to identify all cases of SPPT in seven Diagnostic and Treatment Centers (DTC) and in the Regional Center for Tuberculosis Control in the Hauts-Bassins Health Region located in Western region of Burkina Faso between March 2011 and December 2012. All included patients had a documented HIV serology. Results A total of 420 SPPT were included and 58 of these patients were HIV-positive, giving a prevalence of MTBC / HIV co-infection of 13.8% (95% CI: 10.75-17.36). MTBC / HIV co-infection was significantly higher in young women (OR = 2.1, p = 0.012) and subjects living alone (sing...
Using Ziehl-Neelsen-positive slides collected from tuberculosis diagnostic centers in Burkina Fas... more Using Ziehl-Neelsen-positive slides collected from tuberculosis diagnostic centers in Burkina Faso, we showed that 20% of 80 spoligotyping-positive DNA samples had a characteristic Mycobacterium africanum-specifi c genomic signature. This result suggests that M. africanum is still present in Burkina Faso at almost the same prevalence as 15-20 years ago. M ycobacterium africanum remains a major pathogen in Africa (1). Recently, de Jong et al. estimated the prevalence of M. africanum to be 1.7% in Burkina Faso (1); their estimate was based on a 2007 study by Godreuil et al., who unexpectedly did not identify any M. africanum isolate within a collection of 120 M. tuberculosis complex clinical isolates in 2001 from 79 tuberculosis patients living in Ouagadougou and 41 living in Bobo Dioulasso, the 2 largest cities in the country (2). However, 2 patterns (isolates 94 and 90) can be recognized as M. africanum by their characteristic spoligotyping signature (deletion of spacers, 8, 9, and 39) and an association of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) 24 >2, MIRU31 >4, and MIRU40 <3 signature (2,3). In the neighboring country of Ghana (which has 200 km of common borders with Burkina Faso), another study suggested that the population structure of M. tuberculosis complex comprises 1) 34% spoligo-international type (SIT) 61 (named the Cameroon clade, also present in Burkina Faso); 2) 30% M. africanum (including M. africanum West African 1 and West African 2); and 3) 36% principal genetic group 2 and 3 modern strains (e.g., T, U [unknown], Haarlem, X, LAM [Latino-American and Mediterranean]), with minor prevalence of other principal genetic groups, i.e., the East-African Indian, Beijing, and M. bovis clades (4,5). These observations-and their congruence to estimates by Ledru et al. in 1996 of an 18.4% prevalence of M. africanum strains isolated from the 300 patients in whom tuberculosis was newly diagnosed in Burkina Faso during 1992-1994 (5)-prompted us to reexamine the conclusions of Godreuil et al. on the M. africanum prevalence in Burkina Faso.
Introduction despite the development of new methods, culture on solid medium is the gold standard... more Introduction despite the development of new methods, culture on solid medium is the gold standard for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. However, this method is associated with increased rates of contamination of cultures by spore-forming bacteria. These bacteria are generally sensitive to vancomycin and to a combinsation of vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, and trimethoprim (VCNT). The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of VCNT-based selective Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium in reducing contamination of cultures by spore-forming bacteria. Methods sputum samples, collected from the 120 TB and non-TB patients included in the study between October 2016 and May 2017, were decontaminated with the modified Petroff method. Decontamination pellets were inoculated onto conventional LJ media and selective VCNT-based LJ medium containing 10µg/ml vancomycin. Fifteen strains of spore-forming bacteria were inoculated onto the same media in order to assess their sensitivity to VCNT. Re...
<p>*Excluding one strain of the putative African 5 clonal complex that hasn't MIRU-VNTR... more <p>*Excluding one strain of the putative African 5 clonal complex that hasn't MIRU-VNTR data.</p><p>Af1 = African 1 clonal complex, Af5 = putative African 5 clonal complex.</p><p>Allelic diversity of the 26 MIRU-VNTR loci in <i>M. bovis</i> isolates from humans and livestock in Burkina Faso.<sup><a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003142#nt108" target="_blank">*</a></sup></p
Additional file 1. The results of the identification of Chromobacterium violaceum strains isolate... more Additional file 1. The results of the identification of Chromobacterium violaceum strains isolated from mosquitoes using Vitek Software.
In the actual context of increasing tuberculosis and anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, the labor... more In the actual context of increasing tuberculosis and anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, the laboratory diagnosis of Mycobacterial infections remain the primordial objective of control and surveillance of human tuberculosis. The diagnosis and following of tuberculosis in resource limited settings are done by microscopy Ziehl-Neelsen method which is poor sensitive (20-53%) and have poor specificity because it's can't distinguish tuberculosis mycobacterium and atypical tuberculoid mycobacterium. Mycobacterium culture on solid media is the gold standard method for tuberculosis and anti-tuberculosis drug resistance diagnosis. Here, the challenge is that expectorations using for culture contain mycobacterium and others contaminating bacteria responsible of culture contamination. Many different methods of homogenization and decontamination of sputum specimens for culturing exist and each laboratory had to do a choice of the better method to optimize isolating of mycobacterium. This...
Background This study was undertaken to identify and functionally characterize virulence genes fr... more Background This study was undertaken to identify and functionally characterize virulence genes from Salmonella isolates in street food and stool cultures. From February 2017 to May 2018, clinical and food Salmonella strains were isolated in three regions in Burkina Faso. Salmonella was serotyped according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detec invA, spvR, spvC, fimA and stn virulence genes commonly associated with salmonellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Results A total of 106 Salmonella isolates (77 human stools; 14 sandwiches) was analyzed using a serological identification with an O-group test reagent. The presence of Salmonella was confirmed in 86% (91/106) of the samples were reactive (OMA-positive/OMB-positive). Salmonella serogroup O:4,5 was the most common serogroup detected (40%; 36/91). Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium represented 5.5% (5/91) and 3.3% (3/91), respectively and were identified only from clinical isolat...
Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate manageme... more Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate management requires baseline drug-resistance prevalence data. In West Africa, due to a poor laboratory infrastructure and inadequate capacity, such data are scarce. Therefore, the true extent of drug-resistant TB was hitherto undetermined. In 2008, a new research network, the West African Network of Excellence for Tuberculosis, AIDS and Malaria (WANETAM), was founded, comprising nine study sites from eight West African countries
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2021
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic, infectious, chronic and contagious disease, caused by My... more Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic, infectious, chronic and contagious disease, caused by Mycobacterium bovis that mainly affects cattle. This pathology has a negative impact on animals and animal products trade. Unfortunately, in Burkina Faso where agriculture and livestock sectors represent around 80% of the socio-economic activities, the real situation of the disease is not well known especially in small ruminants and swine. Thus, our study focused on both the epidemiology and the microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in small ruminants and pigs slaughtered at Bobo-Dioulasso abattoir. A prospective study was conducted between August 2017 and December 2017. Epidemiological data collection was performed during routine meat inspection; moreover, samples were taken and transported to the Bacteriology laboratory of Centre Muraz for microbiological analyses. This diagnosis consisted in search of Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) using the hot Ziehl–Neelsen staining. Out of a total ...
INTRODUCTION: campylobacteriosis is zoonotic and one of the leading causes of bacterial foodborne... more INTRODUCTION: campylobacteriosis is zoonotic and one of the leading causes of bacterial foodborne diarrheal disease worldwide. Data on Campylobacter is scarce in Burkina Faso and do not provide information on the growing anti-microbial resistance (AMR) in the poultry value-chain. This study aims to assess the prevalence of Campylobacter spp simultaneously in poultry, in farmers and soil, as well as its impact on the emergence of AMR. METHODS: qualitative survey data provided information on the antibiotics used as breeding promoters in poultry farming. Campylobacter spp. strains were obtained from cloacal swabs, farmers´ stools and soil samples. Isolation indentification and drug sensitivity tests were performed in the bacteriology laboratory of the Centre Muraz using the automated Vitek 2 ID/AST, Biomerieux and Kirby Bauer method. RESULTS: the antibiotics used by farmers included: oxytetracycline, sulfadimidine, colistine, trimazin, erythromycin, streptomycin and colistin. The prevalence of campylobacter in poultry cloacal swabs was 4.44% (95% CI 1.4%, 7.5%). No campylobacter was isolated from human stools and soil samples. Three different species were isolated: Campylobacter jejuni (62.5%), Campylobacter fetus (25%) and Campylobacter coli (12.5%). From these species 37.5% were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid, 50% to ampicillin and 87.5% to tetracycline. CONCLUSION: while the resistance of campylobacter to antibiotics relevant to public health was considerable, the overall antibiotic resistance was lower than expected considering the generous use of antimicrobials in poultry breeding.
Over the past several decades, Mycobacterium bovis, the main etiological agent of bovine tubercul... more Over the past several decades, Mycobacterium bovis, the main etiological agent of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in cattle in Burkina Faso, has been isolated from cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, and humans. Because of the lack of funding, its status in other species, including wildlife, is unknown. The role of M. bovis in the human tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Burkina Faso is also difficult to assess due to the lack of diagnostic facilities. The close contact between pastoralists and their animals and the traditional consumption of raw milk in many communities emphasize the public health risk posed by M. bovis in Burkina Faso. Although BTB presents both economic and public health problems, there are many gaps in the understanding of its epidemiology in Burkina Faso. The prevalence of the disease in cattle appears to be influenced mainly by the type of husbandry system and the uncontrolled transhumant movement of livestock, including those from neighboring BTB-infected countries. In additio...
Background: This is now a concern that malaria eradication will not be achieved without the intro... more Background: This is now a concern that malaria eradication will not be achieved without the introduction of novel control tools. Microbiological control might be able to make a greater contribution to vector control in the future. The interactions between bacteria and mosquito make mosquito microbiota really promising from a disease control perspective. Here, we studied the impact of Chromobacterium violaceum infections isolated from both larvae and adult of wild caught Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes in Burkina Faso on mosquito survival, blood feeding and fecundity propensy. Methods: To assess entomopathogenic effects of C. violaceum infection on mosquitoes, three different types of bioassays were performed in laboratory. These bioassays aimed to evaluate the impact of C.violaceum infection on mosquito survival, blood feeding and fecundity, respectively. During bioassays mosquitoes were infected through the well-established system of cotton ball soaked with 6% glucose containing ...
The type of commensal microorganisms can influence the efficiency of sputum decontamination for T... more The type of commensal microorganisms can influence the efficiency of sputum decontamination for TB diagnosis. A basic characterization of contaminants from LJ contaminated media showed that Gram positive Spore Forming Bacteria (SFB) were the major contaminants. This study aims to identify the species of this contaminants and to evaluate the effectiveness of VCNT at 10 µg of vancomycin to reduce mycobacterial culture contamination mainly linked to SFB. Fifty-three SFB isolated between February 2016 and May 2017 were used. The effectiveness of LJ with VCNT at 10 µg of Vancomycin were evaluated with sputum collected in the same period. SFB had been stored at −20 °C and identified after subculture onto 5% sheep blood Columbia agar and incubated at 37 °C during 24 h. Bacteria cells and isolated colonies were described. API 50CH/B was performed and MALDI-TOF MS was used for external quality control. Thirty-five (66%) isolates representing 4 genera (Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Brevisbacillus and Lysinibacillus) including 10 species were identified. The most important species were Bacillus cereus (30%) and Bacillus licheniformis (21%). Eighteen (34%) isolates were non-reactive Bacillus. The overall contamination rate on LJ with VCNT at 10 µg of vancomycin was statistically lower than which without VCNT (18.7% versus 43.8%) (p = 0.01). The most important SFB identified were B. cereus and B. licheniformis. Almost all identified strains were similar to those currently isolated in fermented traditional food suggesting in part food related contaminants. VCNT containing 10 µg of vancomycin is a good alternative method to reduce mycobacterial culture contamination. Culture on solid media remains the gold standard for detecting TB and drug sensitivity testing 1,2. However, the effectiveness of culture systems is greatly undermined by contamination with other bacteria and fungi 3-5. The sputum culture process on LJ media, include a step of decontamination in order to eliminate contaminating microorganisms while protecting mycobacteria 6. But the type of the contaminant microorganisms can influence the efficiency of the decontamination 7. Indeed, the presence of an external envelope for Gram negative bacteria,
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis by culture in most resource-limited settings is hampered ... more Background: Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis by culture in most resource-limited settings is hampered by high contamination rate varying up to 31%. Reduction of oral microorganism loads by mouth rinse with antiseptic before sputum collection showed a reduction of contamination. Moreover, knowing the characteristic of residual contaminant microorganisms would be an asset to understand contamination issues. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine on mycobacteria culture contaminations and to characterize morphologically the residual contaminants. Methods: We consecutively included 158 patients in a TB center. Each of them supplied two sputa: The first before mouth rinse, and the second after 60sec of mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine (0.1%). Petroff method and Lowenstein-Jensen media were used for sputum decontamination and inoculation respectively. The contamination rates were compared, and the type of residual contaminants were characterized and compared. Results: The contamination rate did not differ before and after the mouth rinse (respectively 58/150 (39 %) vs 61/150 (41 %), p=0.7). The major residual contaminants were Gram positive spore forming bacteria (94%). Conclusion: Chlorhexidine mouth rinsing before sputum collection did not reduce mycobacterial culture contamination rate. This is probably due to spore forming bacteria, highlighted as major residual contaminants.
Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate manageme... more Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate management requires baseline drug-resistance prevalence data. In West Africa, due to a poor laboratory infrastructure and inadequate capacity, such data are scarce. Therefore, the true extent of drug-resistant TB was hitherto undetermined. In 2008, a new research network, the West African Network of Excellence for Tuberculosis, AIDS and Malaria (WANETAM), was founded, comprising nine study sites from eight West African countries
Some species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), particularly Mycobacterium tubercu... more Some species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes human tuberculosis (TB), are the first cause of death linked to a single pathogen worldwide. In the last decades, evolutionary studies have much improved our knowledge on MTBC history and have highlighted its long co-evolution with humans. Its ability to remain latent in humans, the extraordinary proportion of asymptomatic carriers (1/3 of the entire human population), the deadly epidemics and the observed increasing level of resistance to antibiotics are proofs of its evolutionary success. Many MTBC molecular signatures show that these bacteria are not only a model of adaptation to humans, but that they have also influenced human evolution. Due to the unbalance between the number of asymptomatic carriers and the number of patients with active TB, some authors suggest that infection by MTBC could have a protective role against active TB disease and also against other pa...
Introduction Very few studies have quantified at a regional scale the frequency of smear-positive... more Introduction Very few studies have quantified at a regional scale the frequency of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (SPPT) co-infection and HIV infection in Africa. The aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTBC)/ HIV co-infection in a health region level of Burkina Faso and to identify therapeutic options for the patients. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to identify all cases of SPPT in seven Diagnostic and Treatment Centers (DTC) and in the Regional Center for Tuberculosis Control in the Hauts-Bassins Health Region located in Western region of Burkina Faso between March 2011 and December 2012. All included patients had a documented HIV serology. Results A total of 420 SPPT were included and 58 of these patients were HIV-positive, giving a prevalence of MTBC / HIV co-infection of 13.8% (95% CI: 10.75-17.36). MTBC / HIV co-infection was significantly higher in young women (OR = 2.1, p = 0.012) and subjects living alone (sing...
Using Ziehl-Neelsen-positive slides collected from tuberculosis diagnostic centers in Burkina Fas... more Using Ziehl-Neelsen-positive slides collected from tuberculosis diagnostic centers in Burkina Faso, we showed that 20% of 80 spoligotyping-positive DNA samples had a characteristic Mycobacterium africanum-specifi c genomic signature. This result suggests that M. africanum is still present in Burkina Faso at almost the same prevalence as 15-20 years ago. M ycobacterium africanum remains a major pathogen in Africa (1). Recently, de Jong et al. estimated the prevalence of M. africanum to be 1.7% in Burkina Faso (1); their estimate was based on a 2007 study by Godreuil et al., who unexpectedly did not identify any M. africanum isolate within a collection of 120 M. tuberculosis complex clinical isolates in 2001 from 79 tuberculosis patients living in Ouagadougou and 41 living in Bobo Dioulasso, the 2 largest cities in the country (2). However, 2 patterns (isolates 94 and 90) can be recognized as M. africanum by their characteristic spoligotyping signature (deletion of spacers, 8, 9, and 39) and an association of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) 24 >2, MIRU31 >4, and MIRU40 <3 signature (2,3). In the neighboring country of Ghana (which has 200 km of common borders with Burkina Faso), another study suggested that the population structure of M. tuberculosis complex comprises 1) 34% spoligo-international type (SIT) 61 (named the Cameroon clade, also present in Burkina Faso); 2) 30% M. africanum (including M. africanum West African 1 and West African 2); and 3) 36% principal genetic group 2 and 3 modern strains (e.g., T, U [unknown], Haarlem, X, LAM [Latino-American and Mediterranean]), with minor prevalence of other principal genetic groups, i.e., the East-African Indian, Beijing, and M. bovis clades (4,5). These observations-and their congruence to estimates by Ledru et al. in 1996 of an 18.4% prevalence of M. africanum strains isolated from the 300 patients in whom tuberculosis was newly diagnosed in Burkina Faso during 1992-1994 (5)-prompted us to reexamine the conclusions of Godreuil et al. on the M. africanum prevalence in Burkina Faso.
Introduction despite the development of new methods, culture on solid medium is the gold standard... more Introduction despite the development of new methods, culture on solid medium is the gold standard for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. However, this method is associated with increased rates of contamination of cultures by spore-forming bacteria. These bacteria are generally sensitive to vancomycin and to a combinsation of vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, and trimethoprim (VCNT). The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of VCNT-based selective Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium in reducing contamination of cultures by spore-forming bacteria. Methods sputum samples, collected from the 120 TB and non-TB patients included in the study between October 2016 and May 2017, were decontaminated with the modified Petroff method. Decontamination pellets were inoculated onto conventional LJ media and selective VCNT-based LJ medium containing 10µg/ml vancomycin. Fifteen strains of spore-forming bacteria were inoculated onto the same media in order to assess their sensitivity to VCNT. Re...
<p>*Excluding one strain of the putative African 5 clonal complex that hasn't MIRU-VNTR... more <p>*Excluding one strain of the putative African 5 clonal complex that hasn't MIRU-VNTR data.</p><p>Af1 = African 1 clonal complex, Af5 = putative African 5 clonal complex.</p><p>Allelic diversity of the 26 MIRU-VNTR loci in <i>M. bovis</i> isolates from humans and livestock in Burkina Faso.<sup><a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003142#nt108" target="_blank">*</a></sup></p
Additional file 1. The results of the identification of Chromobacterium violaceum strains isolate... more Additional file 1. The results of the identification of Chromobacterium violaceum strains isolated from mosquitoes using Vitek Software.
In the actual context of increasing tuberculosis and anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, the labor... more In the actual context of increasing tuberculosis and anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, the laboratory diagnosis of Mycobacterial infections remain the primordial objective of control and surveillance of human tuberculosis. The diagnosis and following of tuberculosis in resource limited settings are done by microscopy Ziehl-Neelsen method which is poor sensitive (20-53%) and have poor specificity because it's can't distinguish tuberculosis mycobacterium and atypical tuberculoid mycobacterium. Mycobacterium culture on solid media is the gold standard method for tuberculosis and anti-tuberculosis drug resistance diagnosis. Here, the challenge is that expectorations using for culture contain mycobacterium and others contaminating bacteria responsible of culture contamination. Many different methods of homogenization and decontamination of sputum specimens for culturing exist and each laboratory had to do a choice of the better method to optimize isolating of mycobacterium. This...
Background This study was undertaken to identify and functionally characterize virulence genes fr... more Background This study was undertaken to identify and functionally characterize virulence genes from Salmonella isolates in street food and stool cultures. From February 2017 to May 2018, clinical and food Salmonella strains were isolated in three regions in Burkina Faso. Salmonella was serotyped according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detec invA, spvR, spvC, fimA and stn virulence genes commonly associated with salmonellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Results A total of 106 Salmonella isolates (77 human stools; 14 sandwiches) was analyzed using a serological identification with an O-group test reagent. The presence of Salmonella was confirmed in 86% (91/106) of the samples were reactive (OMA-positive/OMB-positive). Salmonella serogroup O:4,5 was the most common serogroup detected (40%; 36/91). Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium represented 5.5% (5/91) and 3.3% (3/91), respectively and were identified only from clinical isolat...
Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate manageme... more Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate management requires baseline drug-resistance prevalence data. In West Africa, due to a poor laboratory infrastructure and inadequate capacity, such data are scarce. Therefore, the true extent of drug-resistant TB was hitherto undetermined. In 2008, a new research network, the West African Network of Excellence for Tuberculosis, AIDS and Malaria (WANETAM), was founded, comprising nine study sites from eight West African countries
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2021
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic, infectious, chronic and contagious disease, caused by My... more Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic, infectious, chronic and contagious disease, caused by Mycobacterium bovis that mainly affects cattle. This pathology has a negative impact on animals and animal products trade. Unfortunately, in Burkina Faso where agriculture and livestock sectors represent around 80% of the socio-economic activities, the real situation of the disease is not well known especially in small ruminants and swine. Thus, our study focused on both the epidemiology and the microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in small ruminants and pigs slaughtered at Bobo-Dioulasso abattoir. A prospective study was conducted between August 2017 and December 2017. Epidemiological data collection was performed during routine meat inspection; moreover, samples were taken and transported to the Bacteriology laboratory of Centre Muraz for microbiological analyses. This diagnosis consisted in search of Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) using the hot Ziehl–Neelsen staining. Out of a total ...
INTRODUCTION: campylobacteriosis is zoonotic and one of the leading causes of bacterial foodborne... more INTRODUCTION: campylobacteriosis is zoonotic and one of the leading causes of bacterial foodborne diarrheal disease worldwide. Data on Campylobacter is scarce in Burkina Faso and do not provide information on the growing anti-microbial resistance (AMR) in the poultry value-chain. This study aims to assess the prevalence of Campylobacter spp simultaneously in poultry, in farmers and soil, as well as its impact on the emergence of AMR. METHODS: qualitative survey data provided information on the antibiotics used as breeding promoters in poultry farming. Campylobacter spp. strains were obtained from cloacal swabs, farmers´ stools and soil samples. Isolation indentification and drug sensitivity tests were performed in the bacteriology laboratory of the Centre Muraz using the automated Vitek 2 ID/AST, Biomerieux and Kirby Bauer method. RESULTS: the antibiotics used by farmers included: oxytetracycline, sulfadimidine, colistine, trimazin, erythromycin, streptomycin and colistin. The prevalence of campylobacter in poultry cloacal swabs was 4.44% (95% CI 1.4%, 7.5%). No campylobacter was isolated from human stools and soil samples. Three different species were isolated: Campylobacter jejuni (62.5%), Campylobacter fetus (25%) and Campylobacter coli (12.5%). From these species 37.5% were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid, 50% to ampicillin and 87.5% to tetracycline. CONCLUSION: while the resistance of campylobacter to antibiotics relevant to public health was considerable, the overall antibiotic resistance was lower than expected considering the generous use of antimicrobials in poultry breeding.
Over the past several decades, Mycobacterium bovis, the main etiological agent of bovine tubercul... more Over the past several decades, Mycobacterium bovis, the main etiological agent of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in cattle in Burkina Faso, has been isolated from cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, and humans. Because of the lack of funding, its status in other species, including wildlife, is unknown. The role of M. bovis in the human tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Burkina Faso is also difficult to assess due to the lack of diagnostic facilities. The close contact between pastoralists and their animals and the traditional consumption of raw milk in many communities emphasize the public health risk posed by M. bovis in Burkina Faso. Although BTB presents both economic and public health problems, there are many gaps in the understanding of its epidemiology in Burkina Faso. The prevalence of the disease in cattle appears to be influenced mainly by the type of husbandry system and the uncontrolled transhumant movement of livestock, including those from neighboring BTB-infected countries. In additio...
Background: This is now a concern that malaria eradication will not be achieved without the intro... more Background: This is now a concern that malaria eradication will not be achieved without the introduction of novel control tools. Microbiological control might be able to make a greater contribution to vector control in the future. The interactions between bacteria and mosquito make mosquito microbiota really promising from a disease control perspective. Here, we studied the impact of Chromobacterium violaceum infections isolated from both larvae and adult of wild caught Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes in Burkina Faso on mosquito survival, blood feeding and fecundity propensy. Methods: To assess entomopathogenic effects of C. violaceum infection on mosquitoes, three different types of bioassays were performed in laboratory. These bioassays aimed to evaluate the impact of C.violaceum infection on mosquito survival, blood feeding and fecundity, respectively. During bioassays mosquitoes were infected through the well-established system of cotton ball soaked with 6% glucose containing ...
The type of commensal microorganisms can influence the efficiency of sputum decontamination for T... more The type of commensal microorganisms can influence the efficiency of sputum decontamination for TB diagnosis. A basic characterization of contaminants from LJ contaminated media showed that Gram positive Spore Forming Bacteria (SFB) were the major contaminants. This study aims to identify the species of this contaminants and to evaluate the effectiveness of VCNT at 10 µg of vancomycin to reduce mycobacterial culture contamination mainly linked to SFB. Fifty-three SFB isolated between February 2016 and May 2017 were used. The effectiveness of LJ with VCNT at 10 µg of Vancomycin were evaluated with sputum collected in the same period. SFB had been stored at −20 °C and identified after subculture onto 5% sheep blood Columbia agar and incubated at 37 °C during 24 h. Bacteria cells and isolated colonies were described. API 50CH/B was performed and MALDI-TOF MS was used for external quality control. Thirty-five (66%) isolates representing 4 genera (Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Brevisbacillus and Lysinibacillus) including 10 species were identified. The most important species were Bacillus cereus (30%) and Bacillus licheniformis (21%). Eighteen (34%) isolates were non-reactive Bacillus. The overall contamination rate on LJ with VCNT at 10 µg of vancomycin was statistically lower than which without VCNT (18.7% versus 43.8%) (p = 0.01). The most important SFB identified were B. cereus and B. licheniformis. Almost all identified strains were similar to those currently isolated in fermented traditional food suggesting in part food related contaminants. VCNT containing 10 µg of vancomycin is a good alternative method to reduce mycobacterial culture contamination. Culture on solid media remains the gold standard for detecting TB and drug sensitivity testing 1,2. However, the effectiveness of culture systems is greatly undermined by contamination with other bacteria and fungi 3-5. The sputum culture process on LJ media, include a step of decontamination in order to eliminate contaminating microorganisms while protecting mycobacteria 6. But the type of the contaminant microorganisms can influence the efficiency of the decontamination 7. Indeed, the presence of an external envelope for Gram negative bacteria,
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis by culture in most resource-limited settings is hampered ... more Background: Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis by culture in most resource-limited settings is hampered by high contamination rate varying up to 31%. Reduction of oral microorganism loads by mouth rinse with antiseptic before sputum collection showed a reduction of contamination. Moreover, knowing the characteristic of residual contaminant microorganisms would be an asset to understand contamination issues. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine on mycobacteria culture contaminations and to characterize morphologically the residual contaminants. Methods: We consecutively included 158 patients in a TB center. Each of them supplied two sputa: The first before mouth rinse, and the second after 60sec of mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine (0.1%). Petroff method and Lowenstein-Jensen media were used for sputum decontamination and inoculation respectively. The contamination rates were compared, and the type of residual contaminants were characterized and compared. Results: The contamination rate did not differ before and after the mouth rinse (respectively 58/150 (39 %) vs 61/150 (41 %), p=0.7). The major residual contaminants were Gram positive spore forming bacteria (94%). Conclusion: Chlorhexidine mouth rinsing before sputum collection did not reduce mycobacterial culture contamination rate. This is probably due to spore forming bacteria, highlighted as major residual contaminants.
Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate manageme... more Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate management requires baseline drug-resistance prevalence data. In West Africa, due to a poor laboratory infrastructure and inadequate capacity, such data are scarce. Therefore, the true extent of drug-resistant TB was hitherto undetermined. In 2008, a new research network, the West African Network of Excellence for Tuberculosis, AIDS and Malaria (WANETAM), was founded, comprising nine study sites from eight West African countries
Some species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), particularly Mycobacterium tubercu... more Some species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes human tuberculosis (TB), are the first cause of death linked to a single pathogen worldwide. In the last decades, evolutionary studies have much improved our knowledge on MTBC history and have highlighted its long co-evolution with humans. Its ability to remain latent in humans, the extraordinary proportion of asymptomatic carriers (1/3 of the entire human population), the deadly epidemics and the observed increasing level of resistance to antibiotics are proofs of its evolutionary success. Many MTBC molecular signatures show that these bacteria are not only a model of adaptation to humans, but that they have also influenced human evolution. Due to the unbalance between the number of asymptomatic carriers and the number of patients with active TB, some authors suggest that infection by MTBC could have a protective role against active TB disease and also against other pa...
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