Asian Cultural Documentation Center for UNESCO

A B S T R A C T Geopolitical crises are among the international crises that have geographic nature and root. Therefore, despite international political or economic crises that may have more negative consequences than those of geopolitical ones, no crisis threatens the nations-states' factors as do geopolitical crises because the specialty of geographic basis is rooted in national and prestigious values. Thus, the compromise about them is quite hard and impossible, and these crises often last so long. In this regard, if a geopolitical crisis, like the case of Karabakh, is rooted in bilateral disputes over geographic factors, including geographic-political, geographic-cultural and geographic-economic factors, it would have special complexities.

Expansion of communicational infrastructures and increase in grassroots' access to media and cyberspace affect public's needs, political participation and the citizens' relationship with international, national and local political space. Nowdays, citizens in different countries have increased their awareness using communicational infrastructures and have spread out news and information in cyberspace and communicational media. They do not act passively in front of the other media like past , but they compare their life quality and legal freedoms with others by observing and evaluating the situation of their own country. In the late 2010, some protests were raised in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Syria that no one could anticipate them. The common point of these protests was their origin rooted in cyberspace. By dismantling Tunisia, Egypt and Libya's governments and resignation of Yemen's president, it can be expected that these movements can be spread in the Middle East, to other totalitarian governments of the region. In the protests process in the region and in particular in Egypt and Tunisia, protesters used cyberspace to coordinate campaigns. The organizers of these protests organizers in Egypt tried to take attention using devices that their audiences have, and shifted the leadership of protests from political parties and elites to the social networks. The current study tires to answer this question using published documents and reports: In the framework of what process and under the effect of what factors cyberspace contributed to the formation of protests movements in Egypt?

Civil war in Syria started in 2011 provide an important and rich area of investigation into the study of civil war. The present study is intended to concentrate on the cause of Syrian civil war. The main focus of the paper is on the investigation of why and how civil war in Syria was triggered. Despite the various ways in which Syrian civil war can be addressed, the paper benefited from good/ poor governance theoretical framework to investigate the cause of the civil war. The findings support the theoretical argument that poor governance has led to civil war in Syria. Governance indicators show lack of free and fair elections, low level of rule of law, high level of corruption, lack of voice and accountability, exclusion of different interest groups, inequity and government ineffectiveness in Syria which have been resulted in lasting civil war.

Regional treaties are set out to make regional institutions efficient and transparent, and pave the way the member states to work in harmony. From the other hand, the regional treaties legitimize every action by the regional institutions, because they are proven democratically and voluntarily by the member states. The regional treaties affect every regional space and can have some negative and positive consequences as well. The European Union is often viewed as the epitome of regional integration which has challenged most of regional studies theories. The EU has tried to base every action on treaties, because it is based on the rule of law. The EU treaties have transformed the regional space after the Second World War. This paper argues that these treaties have some positive and negative reflections on the regional space. Positive reflections of the EU treaties are as follows: regional peace and security,
the establishment of a new regional identity, the establishment of a security community, development and blurring national boundaries. This paper also challenges this claim that the EU has only positive reflections and the public and the elites enjoy from the EU, equally. The sense of marginality and exclusion by some of the Europeans is also the negative reflection of the European integration.
Key words: the EU; Regional Treaties; Spatial Reflection

فضاي جغرافیایی و به تبع آن ارزش هاي فضا نقشی مهم در رفتار کشورها دارد و الگوهاي رفتاري متفاوتی مانند همکاري، تعامل، رقابت و ستیز را می آفریند. این تحقیق به بررسی نقش فضاي جغرافیایی آسیاي مرکزي در رقابت قدرتها پرداخته است. روش انجام تحقیق در این پژوهش، روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و ابزار گرد آوري اطلاعات، روش کتابخانه اي (اسنادي) و پرسشنامه اي می باشد. نتیجه تحقیق حاضر با تکیه بر یافته هاي میدانی و کتابخانه اي نشان می دهد که فضاي جغرافیایی آسیاي مرکزي و به تبع آن ارزشهاي این فضا در رقابت قدرتها در این منطقه موثر می باشند. مهمترین ارزشهاي جغرافیایی که موضوع رقابت میباشند عبارتند از: موقعیت جغرافیایی، منابع
انرژي، مسیرهاي انتقال انرژي، سازه انسانی و بازار مصرف آسیاي مرکزي.
کلید واژه ها: فضاي جغرافیایی، ارزش هاي جغرافیایی، آسیاي مرکزي، قدرت، رقابت

افزایش منازعات محلی این سوال را در ذهن ایجاد می کند که نهاد دولت محلی چگونه می تواند در ایجاد صلح در سطح محلی تاثیرگذار باشد. بر اساس تقسیم بندی صلح از نظر کمیت، پایین ترین نوع صلح، صلح محلی است و مسئول بنای صلح پایدار در سطح محلی، نهاد دولت محلی است. دولت محلی در ارتباط مستقیم و بلافصل با مردم محلی است و نسبت به شرایط محلی آگاهی کامل دارد و از مشروعیت و صلاحیت عمل بیشتری نسبت به دولت ملی در این زمینه برخوردار است. بخش اعظم ادبیات صلح در زمینه صلح محلی به نقش دولت محلی در مراحل حین و بعد از منازعه در زمینه صلح سازی متمرکز است و خلاء ادبیاتی در زمینه نقش دولت محلی در صلح سازی در مرحله قبل از منازعه وجود دارد. یافته های مطالعات صلح در زمینه نقش دولت محلی در دو مقطع زمانی حین و بعد از منازعه نیز موردی می باشند و تئوری سازی در این زمینه صورت نگرفته است. بر این اساس این مقاله به بررسی نقش دولت محلی داخلی و فراملی در صلح محلی می¬پردازد تا کمکی به رفع این خلاء تئوریکی بنماید. این مقاله بحث می کند که دولت محلی می تواند در ایجاد صلح در سه مرحله زمانی اشاره شده به ایفای نقش بپردازد و کارکردهای این نهاد در هر سه مقطع زمانی متفاوت است؛ هر چند که در جهت انجام این کار پیش شرط هایی نیز وجود دارد.
کلمات کلیدی: دولت محلی؛ صلح محلی؛ دیپلماسی شهری؛ صلح سازی مثبت و منفی

Expounding the development of countries related to human structures settled in geographical sp ace has caused different theoretical discussions. Iran has a diverse society in terms of human and physical properties, so multidimensional development is considered. This paper is intended to expound the relation between the regional development of Iran and human structures settled in geographical sp ace. Human structures include ethnic groups settled across the borders of Iran. Theoretical framework of the paper is based on the "modernization in societies" and "critical approach to the development". Based on theoretical principles, modernization in developing societies with ignoring environmental requirements has caused one-linear development, weakness for multilateral development and human participation. These countries need reformed modernization to their society's development. Critical approach to the development criticizes society 's inequality in terms of development and lack of human participation in society 's evolutions and emphasizes human forces for development. By sy nthesizing the two approaches, the paper considers the two approaches. Affected by the sy nthesized approach, the multilateral development in its all economic, political and cultural-social facets, and also considering humanistic development and regard to human layers of society is considered .