Ogologo oge ọmụmụ
Ogologo oge ọmụmụ, oghere ị dị ime, oghere n'etiti ọmụmụ (IBI) ma ọ bụ oghere n'etiti ị dị ime na-ezo aka n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ime ime gara aga gasịrị nwanyị na-atụrụ ime ma ọ bụ na-amụ nwa ọzọ. E nwere ihe ize ndụ ahụike metụtara ma afọ ime a na-etinye nso na ndị a na-ekewapụ iche, mana ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike na-emetụta ọmụmụ ndị na-eme nso.[1] WHO na-atụ aro ọnwa 24 n'etiti ime.[2] Oge dị mkpirikpi nwere ike ịbụ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị ma ọ bụrụ na afọ ime gwụchaa na ite ime ma ọ bụ ime ọpụpụ, nke na-abụkarị ọnwa 6.[3][2] Ọ bụrụ na nne ahụ nwere ngalaba C-sekshon tupu, ọ bụ ihe amamihe dị na ya ichere tupu ọ mụọ nwa ọzọ n'ihi ihe ize ndụ nke mgbawa akpa nwa n'ime nne n'oge ọ na-amụ nwa, yana aro nke oge dị ala n'etiti ọmụmụ site na otu afọ ruo afọ atọ. Oge ime ime karịa afọ ise na-ejikọta ya na ohere dị ukwuu nke pre-eklampsia.[4] Ibu ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze zuru ụwa ọnụ nke obere oge ime ime dị ukwuu. Atụmatụ ezinụlọ nwere ike inye aka mụbaa oge ime ime.[5]
Ihe ndị na-emetụta oghere ọmụmụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Atụmatụ ezinụlọ, dị ka iji ihe mgbochi afọ ime nwere ike ịbawanye oge i di ime.[5] Ịnara ara na inye ara ogologo oge nwekwara ike ịbawanye ohere ọmụmụ n'ihi laktashonal amenoria.[6][7][8][9]
Omume ọdịbendị na nke okpukpe n'ebe nwoke na nwanyị nọ na iji ihe mgbochi afọ ime, ọnụahịa na nnweta nlekọta ahụike, na ịda ogbenye bụ ihe niile nwere ike imetụta oge i dị ime.[10][11]
Ihe ize ndụ ahụike
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Oge dị mkpirikpi n'etiti ime
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ogologo oge dị mkpirikpi n'etiti ime na-ejikọta na mmụba nke ọnwụ nne, ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ, na ọnwụ ụmụaka.[5][12][13] Oge ime ime nke na-erughị ọnwa 18 na-ejikọta ya na ohere dị ukwuu nke ịmụ nwa tupu oge eruo.[3] Ihe akaebe maka ihe kpatara njikọ ndị a na gburugburu ebe obibi dị elu adịghị ike.[14][15]
Oge dị mkpirikpi n'etiti ime mgbe C-sekshon gara aga nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi maka ịmụ nwa n'ahụ nwanyị mgbe C-sekshon gara aga (VBAC). N'otu nnyocha, oge i di ime dị mkpirikpi karịa ọnwa 6 jikọtara ya na ohere dị okpukpu 2-3 nke mgbawa akpa nwa, nnukwu ọrịa, na mmịnye ọbara n'oge ịmụ nwa n'ime ndị nne nwere ọ dịkarịa ala otu C-sekshon.[16]
Nsogbu nke obere oge i dị ime dị ala mgbe ite ime ma ọ bụ ime ọpụpụ gasịrị ma e jiri ya tụnyere ime ime zuru oke.[13]
Ogologo oge ime ime
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ogologo oge i di ime nke karịrị afọ ise na-ejikọta ya na ohere dị ukwuu nke pre-eklampsia.[4][12]
Ahụike ọha na eze
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ibu ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze zuru ụwa ọnụ nke obere oge ime ime dị ukwuu. Na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ụmụaka a mụrụ afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa mgbe nwanne ya nwoke tọrọ ya nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ọnwụ na nwa ọhụrụ, ebe ndị a mụrụ n'etiti afọ abụọ na atọ nwere mmụba nke 10%, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị a mụrụ mgbe afọ anọ ruo ise gasịrị.[17] Òtù dị iche iche, gụnyere Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa[2], achọpụtala na oghere ọmụmụ dị ka mpaghara dị mkpa nke itinye aka na ahụike ọha na eze.
Ọrịa na-efe efe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'otu nnyocha, nkezi oge ọmụmụ na mba niile bụ ọnwa 32.1 (2.7 afọ). Mpaghara nwere pasent kachasị elu nke oge mkpirikpi nke ịmụ nwa bụ etiti Eshia, ebe a mụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụmụaka n'ihe na-erughị ọnwa 24. Mpaghara nwere ibu arọ kachasị ala bụ Sub-Saharan Afrika, ebe 20% nke ọmụmụ nwere oge na-erughị ọnwa 24.[18]
A chọpụtala na oge ọmụmụ dị elu n'etiti ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta ihe. A kọọrọ oge ọmụmụ nke ndị Gainj nke New Guini Hayilands dị ka afọ 3.6 (ọnwa 43), na nke ![19]Ndị Kung nke Afrika dị ka afọ 3.7 (ọnwa 44).[20]
N'ime ụmụ anụmanụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-akọ na oge ọmụmụ n'etiti apụl ọhịa dị ogologo karịa nke ụmụ mmadụ, na oge ọmụmụ nke etiti na afọ 3 na ọnwa 8 maka gorila, afọ 5 na onwa 6 maka chimpanzi na afọ 7 na onwa 7 maka orangutans.[19]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ịnapụ ara
Ebensidee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Shachar (2012). "Interpregnancy interval and obstetrical complications". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 67 (9): 584–596. DOI:10.1097/OGX.0b013e31826b2c3e. PMID 22990461. Retrieved on 2018-04-22.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - ↑ 3.0 3.1 "How long should you wait before getting pregnant again?", The March of Dimes. Retrieved on 2018-04-03. (in en-US) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 (April 2007) "Effects of birth spacing on maternal health: a systematic review" (in en). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 196 (4): 297–308. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.05.055. PMID 17403398. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 (October 2016) "Role of birth spacing, family planning services, safe abortion services and post-abortion care in reducing maternal mortality". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 36: 145–155. DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.07.008. PMID 27640082. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Tommaselli (April 2000). "Using complete breastfeeding and lactational amenorrhoea as birth spacing methods" (in en). Contraception 61 (4): 253–257. DOI:10.1016/S0010-7824(00)00101-3. ISSN 0010-7824. PMID 10899480.
- ↑ (May 1989) "Consensus statement on the use of breastfeeding as a family planning method". Contraception 39 (5): 477–96. DOI:10.1016/0010-7824(89)90103-0. PMID 2656086.
- ↑ P (1981). "The function of child-spacing in traditional societies and the direction of change." (in en). Retrieved on 2018-04-25.
- ↑ Konner (1980-02-15). "Nursing frequency, gonadal function, and birth spacing among !Kung hunter-gatherers" (in en). Science 207 (4432): 788–791. DOI:10.1126/science.7352291. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 7352291.
- ↑ Bavel (2004-06-01). "Birth Spacing in the Netherlands. The Effects of Family Composition, Occupation and Religion on Birth Intervals, 1820–1885" (in en). European Journal of Population / Revue Européenne de Démographie 20 (2): 119–140. DOI:10.1023/B:EUJP.0000033860.39537.e2. ISSN 0168-6577.
- ↑ Gates. "Warren Buffett's Best Investment", gatesnotes.com. Retrieved on 2018-04-22.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Conde-Agudelo (2000-11-18). "Maternal morbidity and mortality associated with interpregnancy interval: cross sectional study" (in en). BMJ 321 (7271): 1255–1259. DOI:10.1136/bmj.321.7271.1255. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 11082085. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 13.0 13.1 (November 2013) "Birth spacing and child mortality: an analysis of prospective data from the Nairobi urban health and demographic surveillance system". Journal of Biosocial Science 45 (6): 779–98. DOI:10.1017/S0021932012000570. PMID 22958417. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Katherine A. Ahrens. "Short interpregnancy intervals and adverse perinatal outcomes in high-resource settings: An updated systematic review". Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 33 (1). DOI:10.1111/ppe.12503.
- ↑ Jennifer A. Hutcheon. "Short interpregnancy intervals and adverse maternal outcomes in high-resource settings: An updated systematic review". Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 33 (1). DOI:10.1111/ppe.12518.
- ↑ (November 2007) "Short interpregnancy interval: risk of uterine rupture and complications of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery". Obstetrics and Gynecology 110 (5): 1075–82. DOI:10.1097/01.AOG.0000286759.49895.46. PMID 17978122.
- ↑ (April 2005) "Effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant and under-five years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: evidence from the demographic and health surveys". International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 89 Suppl 1: S7–24. DOI:10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.11.012. PMID 15820369.
- ↑ Rutstein, Shea O. 2011. Trends in Birth Spacing. DHS Comparative Reports No. 28. Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF Macro.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Galdikas (1990). "Birth spacing patterns in humans and apes" (in en). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 83 (2): 185–191. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330830207. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 2248378. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Konner (April 1978). "Nursing frequency and birth spacing in Kung hunter-gatherers". IPPF Medical Bulletin 15 (2): 1–3. ISSN 0019-0357. PMID 12278620.