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Cohong

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[1]Cohong, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụpe kehang ma ọ bụ gonghang, otu ndị na-ere aha China ma ọ bụ hongs, na-arụ ọrụ mbubata-mbupu na Canton ( Guangzhou ugbu a) n'oge usoro ndị eze Qing ( – )  .  N'ime mgbochi awụ tupu Agha Opium Mbụ nke 1839-1842,Ịzụ ahịa dị n'etiti China na Europe mere naanị site na Cohong usoro nke eze ukwu nke Qianlong Emperor akwụkwọ na 1738. A na-akpọ ndị China ndị mebere Cohong  dị ka hangshang (行商) na ndị otu ha si mba ọzọ dị ka yanghang (n'ụzọ dị ka "ndị ikom si mba ọzọ")

Ntọala na nhazi

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Na 1738, e guzobere usoro Baoshang . Usoro a nyere ọtụtụ ndị na-ere ahịa China ikike ka ha na ndị na-ere ahịa n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-azụ ahịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na ha nyere aka na-anakọta ọrụ n'aka ndị Westerners, na-eme ka mmasị azụmaahịa na nchịkọta ego gọọmentị na-enweta nke ọma. Nke a bụ onye bu ụzọ maka sistemụ Cohong mechara. [2]

Ka oge na-aga, ndị otu Cohong gbanwere n'etiti ndị ahịa ise na 26 [5] nke gọọmentị etiti China nyere ikike ijikwa azụmaahịa, ọkachasị ikike ịzụ ahịa tii na silk, na West. [1] Ha bụ nanị otu e nyere ikike ime nke a n'oge ahụ, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ndị isi na-achịkwa azụmahịa niile nke mba ọzọ na mba ahụ.

Azụmahịa na West

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[6]N'ime obodo Canton ( Guangzhou, 广州) ma ndị Cohong ikike ikike nke echiche Qing na iche mba ofesi.  1] Cohong ndị ọrụ nchekwa na-anya njikọ bụ isi.  n'etiti iche nke usoro ndị eze Qing na ndị ọzọ nke ụwa.  [1] Dị ka Guangzhou nọchitere anya ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ịzụ ahịa dị n'etiti netwọ aha Qing na ike Europe, Cohong nwere ngwaọrụ na-egosi ya na-egosi, wee nweta uru nke egwuregwu agbaghara nke ndị Westerners maka poselin, silk.  , na silk.  nke nchegbu, tii .  N'okpuru akwụkwọ nke onye ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego na-enweta ego ndị Britain mara dị ka "Hoppo" (a mispronunciation nke okwu hubu, 户部), ndị Cohong, si n' ikike ha a maara dị ka hangs, nwere  ikike nkata na ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke Western.  na dị oke mkpa ha nọchiri anya akụ na ọnọdụ Qing [7]

Ka o sina dị, n'ihi azụmahịa na-enye nnukwu ego nke ha na-achịkwa, ndị òtù Cohong ghọrọ ndị bara ọgaranya nke ukwuu, na akụ nke onwe ha dị n'etiti ndị kasị elu na usoro ndị eze Qing, na ọbụna n'ụwa. Iji nọgide na-enwe mmetụta ha, ha hụrụ na ndị bi na mpaghara na ndị isi ruo n'ọkwa kachasị elu nke ọchịchị obodo mere ka gọọmentị Qing kwado ọkwa Canton ka ọ bụrụ naanị ebe azụmahịa gọọmentị na mba ọdịda anyanwụ. [8] Site n'oge ruo n'oge, ikike azụmahịa nke ime obodo na-achịkwa ọchịchị Britain, bụ́ ndị na-achọ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji nweta ngwongwo ndị Alaeze Ukwu ha na-achọsi ike.

Consoo ego

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[9]The Cohong gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-achịkwa Consoo Fund (公所, gōngsuǒ ) (n'ezie aha nke ụlọ ọrụ nke Cohong na Thirteen Factory Street), usoro e mere na 1781 nke na-eji otu ɔdɔ  mmiri nke a na-etinye (公所费, gōngsuǒfèi) .  ) na enyo nke ndị na-ahụ maka n'otu n'otu iji tinye nke hong ọ alụlụ na- paying na njedebe afọ na-enye echiche dị iche iche nke ejima na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ Hoppo Poly.  Na ọrịa, nsogbu a na-ana maka ego ahụ bụ 3% nke uru.  ọtụtụ a na mbụ ụmụaka na tii mana ka ọ na-erule ndị na-eso awụ nke iri na agbasawanyela iji chọpụta 69 dị iche iche. [10]

ahia ahia opium

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N'ihi nnukwu mkpa dị n'ahịa n'etiti ndị colonial Europe na Qing na Canton na nsogbu ndị na-enye elele ya n'ihi nnupụisi n'ime ndị America Colonies, ndị Britain mmetụta ka ọ ahụhụ anya metal dị  ọnụ ọgụgụ.  Na nkenke, ndị aha Britain were opium dị ka ezigbo ahaha bara uru iji nweta ngwa ọrụ ha apa.  Dika ahia nke ukwu Qing na odida anyanwu si na ola ocha gaa na opium, ndi Cohong Guilds bughariri onwe ha n'ahia ihe narcotic riri ahụ.  Opium sitere na British India kwagara ngwa ngwa n'ahịa ndị China, na-agafe ola ọcha dị ka ihe ngosi aha n'etiti ndị Britain na usoro ndị eze Qing.  N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ iwu mmachi opium nke Emperor Daoguang na apụ apụ nke iri na ụgbọ, ikike Western nke ndị ọrụ Cohong wuru ihe ha ji ebi ndụ ugbu a gbadoro ụkwụ na ọgwụ ahụ, onye ndị na-ekere òkè nke ukwuu n'  Aha ọgwụ.  [1] N'ime obodo Canton, nke ịzụ ahịa nàchiri anya etiti usoro akụ na-arụ, iwu Qing Emperor misalin dị nta n'ọkwa azụmahịa.

Site na Lintin Island, obere dị iche nso na Guangzhou nke steeti Europe ji ụgbọ mmiri kụọ ụgbọ mmiri ha, ndị ọrụ Cohong mere ka ojiji nke obere ụgbọ mmiri na-ebufe ụgbọ mmiri a mara ka "crabs ngwa ngwa" ma ọ bụ "  dragọn na- agbanwe agbanwe" iji bufee ihe ihe ahụ site na Lintin gaa n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri.  ụlọ nkwakọba ihe n'ime Canton.  [1] nna mmiri ndị a dị mkpa iji zere nsogbu Qing na ejide opium ma hụ na ọ bịarutere Canton, mgbe nke ahụ aabo, Cohong weghaara usoro ahụ, na-ere akara ha maka opium ma opium ma ihe mere ya na Qing Territory.  Ọ bụ ebe na Cohong ,dịghị na ahia opium dị na China (nke a mezuru site n'aka ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ, yana nkesa nke ndị omempụ na ndị agha ngwaọrụ na-elekọta, dị ka ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ),  ha bụ mbụ nke usoro ihe ahụ si bata China[11]

. Mgbe mmeri Briten Mbụ na Agha Opium, Nkwe enyi nke Nanjing, bịanyere aka na 1842, sauran ọtụtụ ihe Britain mgbasa n'aka egwu Qing, njedebe nke usoro Canton na mgbasa nke ndị na-ere akara Cohong .  N'ime azụmahịa nke a, ahia si na usoro ndị aha Confucian na-azụ ndị enyi nke ndị Ukwu Qing gaa na usoro nke ndị isi ụzọ na ndị nke otu Ukwu Britain

Hụkwa

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  • Germania (guild) - Ndị otu ndị ahịa na Valencia, Spain
  • Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Guildhall
  • Guild nke Romanists Club na narị afọ nke 17 Antwerp
  • Njikọ Hanseatic - Guilds ndị ahịa na Europe, ọkachasị mpaghara Baltic
  • Howqua
  • Jāti – guilds (nke sitere na mediaeval) na India
  • Ebe ahịa
  • Old China ahia
  • Onye na-ese ihe na New Spain
  • Ụlọ ahịa
  • Shreni - Association nke ndị ahịa, ndị ahịa na ndị ọrụ aka na India
  • Trade Guilds nke South India
  • Njikọ ndị ahịa
  • Za (guilds) - ndị ahịa 'Guilds na Japan
  • Otu nnukwu ndị ahịa ahịa iri
  • Jiao (Ndị otu azụmahịa)

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Entry on Cohong in the Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on January 31, 2014. 1738 1738 1738 1738 1738
  2. ↑ Ronald C. Po (2018). The Blue Frontier: Maritime Vision and Power in the Qing Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108424615. 
  3. ↑ Liang Jiabin (梁嘉彬) (1999). Survey of the Thirteen Factories (廣東十三行考) (in Chinese). Guangdong People's Publishing (广东人民出版社). 
  4. ↑ Morse (1926). The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China 1635–1834. Harvard University Press. 
  5. ↑ Liao. The Canton Hong System and Commercial Development in Ching Dynasty: a Study (論清代行商制度與貿易發展的關係) (Chinese). Taiwan, Taipei: Chinese Culture University. Archived from the original on 2014-02-19. Retrieved on 2014-01-31.
  6. ↑ Farris (Fall 2007). "Thirteen Factories of Canton: An Architecture of Sino-Western Collaboration and Confrontation". Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum 14: 66–83. DOI:10.1353/bdl.2007.0000. 
  7. ↑ Jonathan (2016). imperial China, 1350-1900. ISBN 9781442222922. OCLC 920818520. 
  8. ↑ T. (2009). China's last empire : the great Qing. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674036123. OCLC 648759723. 
  9. ↑ Phipps (1836). A Practical Treatise on the China and Eastern Trade. London: Wm. H. Allen. 
  10. ↑ Van Dyke (2011). Merchants of Canton and Macao: Politics and Strategies in Eighteenth-Century Chinese Trade. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789888028917. 
  11. ↑ Macauley (2009-06-20). "Small Time Crooks: Opium, Migrants, and the War on Drugs in China, 1819–1860" (in en). Late Imperial China 30 (1): 1–47. DOI:10.1353/late.0.0021. ISSN 1086-3257. 
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