Appendix D
Appendix D
Appendix D
Utilitas meliputi sekumpulan alat-alat proses di dalam suatu industri kiamia khususnya yang
mempunyai fungsi untuk menunjang proses utama pabrik. Fasilitas unit ini meliputi
penyediaan :
1. Unit Penyediaan Steam
2. Unit Penyediaan Air
3. Unit Penyediaan Udara Tekan
4. Unit Penyediaan Listrik
5. Unit Penyediaan Bahan Bakar
- Data
Jenis Steam = Saturated Steam
T = 200 o
C
P = 15.346 atm
Hv = 2790.9 kj/kg
= 1199.872 Btu/lb
Asumsi :
- Over design 20%, steam yg dibutuhkan :
Over Design = (1+20%) x 1219,155
= 1462.986 kg/jam
= 3225.328 lb/jam
Make-up 10%
T1 = 29 oC TIn = ?
Boiler
Steam
TOut = 150 oC
P = 476 kPa
T1 = 29 o
C
= 84.2 o
F
Tout = 200 o
C
= 392 o
F
Sehingga
Hp = (3225,328) x (1200,9-1045,5)
49,98 x 34,5
= 290.676 Btu/jam
= 2.856 hp
Jumlah perpindahan panas boiler dan jumlah tube dapat dihitung sebagai berikut
Heating value surface = 10 ft2 / Hp boiler
Direncanakan panjang pipa = 10 ft
Ukuran pipa yang digunakan = 0.5 in
Luas permukaan linear feed = 0.22 ft2 (Kern, 1950 : 844)
Heating surface boiler = HV surface x Hp Boiler
= 10 ft2 x 2,856 Hp
= 28.56 ft2
Karena digunakan sistem sirkulasi, maka make-up air yang digunakan sebagai berikut :
Air pendingin hilang 20% (sebagai blowdown dan karena penguapan)
Make-up Air = 20% x 30247,461
= 6049.492 kg/jam
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
Laju Alir Massa (F) = 39970.693 kg/jam
Laju Alir Volume (Q) = (39970,693 kg/jam x 1 jam / 3600 s)
(996,05 kg/m3)
= 0.0111 m3/s
- Ukuran Bar
Lebar = 5 mm
Tebal = 20 mm
Bar Clear Spacing = 20 mm
Slope = 30o
= 0.000124
2(9,8) x (0,6)2 x (3,08)2
= 0.0000019 m dari air
= 0.00186 mm dari air
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Viskositas Air (µ) = 0.8007 cp
= 0.000538 lbm/ft jam
Laju Alir Massa (F) = 39970.693 kg/jam
= 24.478 lbm/s
Laju Alir Volume (Q) = 24,478 lbm/s
(62,181 lb/ft3)
= 0.394 ft3/s
- Desain Pompa
Diopt = 0,363 x Q0,45 x ρ0,13 (Geankoplis, 2003)
= 0,363 x (0,394 ft3/s)0,45 x (62,181 lbm/ft3)0,13
= 0.408 ft
= 4.899 in
Bilangan Reynold = ρ x v x ID
(NRe) µ
= (62,181 lbm/ft3) x 2,832 ft/s x 0,421 ft
0,000538 lbm/ft jam
= 137667.353
- Friction Loss
1 Sharp edge entrance, hc
hc = 0,55 x {1 - (A2/A1)} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 0,55 x (1-0) x {2,8322 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.069 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 elbow 90 , hf
o
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 0,75 x {2,8322 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.093 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 check valve, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 2 x {2,8322 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.249 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Pipa lurus 70 ft, Ff
Ff = 4f x {(∆L x v2) / (D x 2 x gc)}
= 4 x 0,005 x {(70 x 2,8322) / (0,421 x 2 x 32,174)}
= 0.415 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 Sharp edge exit, hex
hex = n x {1 - (A2/A1)2} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 1 x (1-0)2 x {2,8322 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.125 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Total Friction Loss, ΣF = 0.951 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
dimana : v1 = v2
P1 = P2
∆Z = 50 ft
maka:
0+(32,174 ft/s^2 )/(32,174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s^2 ) ) (50 ft)+0+0,951 (ft)(lbf)/lbm+W_s=0
WS = -50.951 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
= 2.834 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 3 hp
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Laju Alir Massa (F) = 39970.693 kg/jam
Laju Alir Volume (Q) = (39970,693 kg/jam x 1 jam / 3600 s)
(996,05 kg/m3)
= 0.011 m3/s
= 23.619 ft3/min
= 1417.153 ft3/jam
A = 1417.153
66.84
= 21.202 ft2
= 1.970 m2
Ax = wxd
= 66.813 ft2
Sehingga, v = 0.354 ft/min
0,354 ft/min < 0,5 ft/min, menandakan lumpur tidak terbawa oleh aliran air keluar
bak sedimentasi
Turbidity = 190 NTU
= 570 ppm
x (suspended solid) = 21% (Powell, 1954)
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Viskositas Air (µ) = 0.8007 cp
= 0.000538 lbm/ft jam
- Desain Pompa
Diopt = 0,363 x Q0,45 x ρ0,13 (Geankoplis, 2003)
= 0,363 x (0,394 ft /s) x (62,181 lbm/ft3)0,13
3 0,45
= 0.408 ft
= 4.898 in
Dari Tabel A.5-1 (Geankoplis, 2003), dipilih pipa dengan spesifikasi
Ukuran Nominal = 5 in
Schedule Number = 40
Diameter Dalam (ID) = 5.047 in
= 0.421 ft
= 0.128 m
Diameter Luar (OD) = 5.563 in
= 0.464 ft
= 0.141 m
Inside Sectional Area = 0.139 ft2
Bilangan Reynold = ρ x v x ID
(NRe) µ
= (62,181 lbm/ft3) x 2,832 ft/s x 0,421 ft
0,000538 lbm/ft jam
= 137662.335
- Friction Loss
1 Sharp edge entrance, hc
hc = 0,55 x {1 - (A2/A1)} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 0,55 x (1-0) x {2,8322 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.069 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 elbow 90o, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 0,75 x {2,8322 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.093 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 check valve, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 2 x {2,8322 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.249 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Pipa lurus 70 ft, Ff
Ff = 4f x {(∆L x v2) / (D x 2 x gc)}
= 4 x 0,005 x {(70 x 2,8322) / (0,421 x 2 x 32,174)}
= 0.415 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 Sharp edge exit, hex
hex = n x {1 - (A2/A1)2} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 1 x (1-0)2 x {2,8322 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.125 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Total Friction Loss, ΣF = 0.951 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
dimana : v1 = v2
P1 = P2
∆Z = 30 ft
maka:
0+(32,174 ft/s^2 )/(32,174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s^2 ) ) (30 ft)+0+0,951 (ft)(lbf)/lbm+W_s=0
WS = -30.951 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
= 1.722 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 2 hp
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Laju Alir Massa (F) = 39969.236 kg/jam
Laju Alir Volume (Q) = (39969,236 kg/jam x 1 jam / 3600 s)
(996,05 kg/m3)
= 0.011 m3/s
= 23.618 ft3/min
= 1417.101 ft3/jam
24.077 = (π/4) x D2 x D
24.077 = (π/4) x D3
D = 3.130 m
= 10.270 ft
H = 3.130 m
= 10.270 ft
Soda Ash
Jumlah soda ash yang diinjeksikan sebanyak 0,05% dari air umpan
Kebutuhan Soda Ash = 0,05% x 39969,236 kg/jam
= 19.985 kg/jam
Densitas Soda Ash = 1044.4 kg/m3
Laju Alir Soda Ash = 0.02 m3/jam
Volume Soda Ash = 0.010 m3
Klorin
Jumlah klorin yang diinjeksikan sebanyak 1,2% dari air umpan
Kebutuhan Klorin = 1,2% x 39969,236 kg/jam
= 479.631 kg/jam
Densitas Klorin = 1043.25 kg/m3
Laju Alir Klorin = 0.46 m3/jam
Volume Klorin = 0.230 m3
- Perancangan Pengaduk
Tinggi Cairan (Zi) = 4 x VL
π x D2
= 4 x 20,064
3,14 x 3,130
= 2.609 m
= 8.558 ft
sg = 1.002
WELH = Zi x sg
= 2,609 x 1,002
= 2.614 m
= 8.575 ft
= 21.776 rpm
= 0.363 rps
Nre = N x Di2 x ρ
µ
= 9529.480
Plotting Nre pada Figure 3.4-4 diperoleh :
Np = 2
Menentukan Daya
Komponen F (kg/jam) % Berat ρ (kg/m3)
Air 39969.236 0.9871 996.05
Alum 23.982 0.0006 1307
Klorin 479.631 0.0118 1043.25
Soda Ash 19.985 0.0005 1044.4
Total 40492.833 1 996.815
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Laju Massa Air (F1) = 39969.236 kg/jam
Laju Alir Volume (Q) = (39969,236 kg/jam x 1 jam / 3600 s)
(996,05 kg/m3)
= 0.011 m3/s
= 23.618 ft3/min
= 1417.101 ft3/jam
Tinggi (H) = 10 ft
= 3.048 m
Diambil D2 = 0.61 D1
D2/D1 = (y / y + H)
0.61 = (y / y + 3,048)
y = 4.77 m
Volume Clarifier = {(π/4)(D12)(y+H)/3} - {(π/4)(D22)(y+H)/3}
24.077 = {(π/4)(D12)(2,606)} - {(π/4)(0,61D12)(2,606)}
Diperoleh : D1 = 4.399 m
D2 = 2.684 m
Massa Air Keluar Clarifier = Massa Air Masuk Clarifier - Sludge Discharge
= 39967.969 kg/jam
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 o
C
Tekanan = 70 kPa
Laju Massa Air = 39967.969 kg/jam
Densitas Air = 996.05 kg/m3
Over Design = 20%
Maka,
V/(A x tc) = {(2 x f x ∆P) / (tc x µ x α x cs)}1/2
0,0111/(A x 250) = {(2 x 0,33 x 70000) / (250 x 0,0008184 x
1,2417 x 1011 x 307,84)}1/2
4,44 x 10-5 / A = 0.0000769
A = 0.580 m2
Media Filter
Antrachite = 0,35 x HShell
= 5.6 ft
= 1.707 m
Fine Sand = 0,35 x HShell
= 5.6 ft
= 1.707 m
Coarse = 0,15 x HShell
= 2.4 ft
= 0.732 m
Karbon Aktif = 0,15 x HShell
= 2.4 ft
= 0.732 m
Tinggi Total Media Filter = 16 ft
= 4.877 m
(Smith, 1985)
Dimana : PB = Tekanan Vertikal pada dasar tangki (psi)
ρB = Densitas Material (lb/ft3)
= 59.3066 lb/ft3
µ = Koefisien friksi : 0,35 - 0,55
= 0.4
K = Rasio tekanan, 0,3 - 0,6
= 0.5
ZT = Tinggi total bahan dalam tangki
= 16 ft
R = Jari-jari Tangki
= 1/2 D
= 1.212 ft
e = Natural Number
= 2.7183
Diperoleh : PB = 349.612 lb/ft2
= 2.428 lb/in2
Tekanan Lateral yang dialami dinding tangki
PL = K x PB
= 0,5 x 2,428
= 1.214 lb/in2
Tekanan Total (PT) = 3.642 lb/in2
= 3.642 psi
(Brownell, 1959)
Material yang direkomendasikan adalah Carbon Steel SA-283 Grade C
(Perry, 1984), dengan data sebagai berikut :
f = 12650 psi
E = 80%
c = 0.125 in
ri = 14.55 in
Poperasi = 14.7 psi
Pdesain = 1,2 x (14,7 + 3,642)
= 22.010 psi
Tebal Shell = 0.157 in
Tebal Standar = 0.1875 in
(Brownell, 1959)
w = 1.750 in
(Brownell, 1959)
th = 0.1821 in
Tebal Standar = 0.1875 in
(Brownell, 1959)
b = 5.13 in
- Backwashing
Kisaran internal backwashing : 8 - 24 jam (Powell, 1954)
Diambil = 10 jam
Kisaran kecepatan backwash : 15 - 30 gpm/ft2 (Powell, 1954)
Diambil = 15 gpm/ft2
Luas Penampang = 0.580 m2
= 6.244 ft2
flowrate backwash = Kecepatan backwash x Luas Penampang
= 93.66 gpm
Kisaran air untuk backwash sebesar : 0,5 - 5% air disaring
Diambil = 4% (Powell, 1954)
Air untuk backwash = 0,04 x 40,127 m3/jam x 10 jam
= 16.051 m3
= 4240.125 gal
Waktu backwash = 4240.125 gal
93.66 gpm
= 45.27 menit
Air yang tertinggal = 0,015% x Air Masuk
= 0,015% x 39967,969 kg/jam
= 5.995 kg/jam
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Laju Massa Air = 39961.974 kg/jam
Densitas Air = 996.05 kg/m3
Kebutuhan Perancangan = 3 jam
Over Design = 20%
- Desain Tangki
Volume Air (VL) = 39961,974 kg/jam x 3 jam
996,05 kg/m3
= 120.362 m3
Volume Tangki (VT) = (1 + 20%) x 120,362 m3
= 144.434 m3
- Tekanan Desain
Tekanan Awal (PA) = 1 atm
= 101 kPa
Tekanan Hidrostatik (Phid) = ρxgxh
= 996,05 x 9,8 x 6,211
= 60625.086 Pa
= 60.625 kPa
Tekanan Operasi (Po) = PA + Phidrostatik
= 101,325 kPa + 60,625 kPa
= 161.950 kPa
Faktor Keamanan = 20%
= 1.487 in
Dipilih tebal shell standar = 1.5 in
(Brownell, 1959)
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Viskositas Air (µ) = 0.8007 cp
= 0.000538 lbm/ft jam
- Desain Pompa
Diopt = 0,363 x Q0,45 x ρ0,13 (Geankoplis, 2003)
= 0,363 x (0,005 ft3/s)0,45 x (62,181 lbm/ft3)0,13
= 0.056 ft
= 0.670 in
Bilangan Reynold = ρ x v x ID
(NRe) µ
= (62,181 lbm/ft3) x 1,274 ft/s x 0,665 ft
0,000538 lbm/ft jam
= 10112.658
- Friction Loss
1 Sharp edge entrance, hc
hc = 0,55 x {1 - (A2/A1)} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 0,55 x (1-0) x {1,2742 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.014 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 elbow 90o, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 0,75 x {1,2742 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.019 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 check valve, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 2 x {1,2742 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.050 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Pipa lurus 70 ft, Ff
Ff = 4f x {(∆L x v2) / (D x 2 x gc)}
= 4 x 0,005 x {(70 x 1,2742) / (0,069 x 2 x 32,174)}
= 0.514 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 Sharp edge exit, hex
hex = n x {1 - (A2/A1)2} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 1 x (1-0)2 x {1,2742 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.025 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Total Friction Loss, ΣF = 0.623 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
dimana : v1 = v2
P1 = P2
∆Z = 30 ft
maka:
0+(32,174 ft/s^2 )/(32,174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s^2 ) ) (30 ft)+0+0,623 (ft)(lbf)/lbm+W_s=0
WS = -30.623 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
= 0.020 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/20 hp
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Laju Massa Air = 480 kg/jam
Densitas Air = 996.05 kg/m3
Kebutuhan Perancangan = 24 jam
Over Design = 20%
- Desain Tangki
Volume Air (VL) = 480 kg/jam x 24 jam
996,05 kg/m3
= 11.566 m3
Volume Tangki (VT) = (1 + 20%) x 11,566 m3
= 13.879 m3
- Tekanan Desain
Tekanan Awal (PA) = 1 atm
= 101 kPa
Tekanan Hidrostatik (Phid) = ρxgxh
= 996,05 x 9,8 x 2,845
= 27768.162 Pa
= 27.768 kPa
Tekanan Operasi (Po) = PA + Phidrostatik
= 101,325 kPa + 27,768 kPa
= 129.093 kPa
Faktor Keamanan = 20%
= 1.337 in
Dipilih tebal shell standar = 1.375 in
(Brownell, 1959)
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Viskositas Air (µ) = 0.8007 cp
= 0.000538 lbm/ft jam
- Desain Pompa
Diopt = 0,363 x Q0,45 x ρ0,13 (Geankoplis, 2003)
= 0,363 x (0,005 ft3/s)0,45 x (62,181 lbm/ft3)0,13
= 0.056 ft
= 0.670 in
Bilangan Reynold = ρ x v x ID
(NRe) µ
= (62,181 lbm/ft3) x 1,274 ft/s x 0,069 ft
0,000538 lbm/ft jam
= 10112.658
- Friction Loss
1 Sharp edge entrance, hc
hc = 0,55 x {1 - (A2/A1)} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 0,55 x (1-0) x {1,2742 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.014 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 elbow 90o, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 0,75 x {1,2742 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.019 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 check valve, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 2 x {1,2742 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.050 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Pipa lurus 70 ft, Ff
Ff = 4f x {(∆L x v2) / (D x 2 x gc)}
= 4 x 0,005 x {(70 x 1,2742) / (0,069 x 2 x 32,174)}
= 0.514 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 Sharp edge exit, hex
hex = n x {1 - (A2/A1)2} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 1 x (1-0)2 x {1,2742 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.025 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Total Friction Loss, ΣF = 0.623 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
dimana : v1 = v2
P1 = P2
∆Z = 30 ft
maka:
0+(32,174 ft/s^2 )/(32,174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s^2 ) ) (30 ft)+0+0,623 (ft)(lbf)/lbm+W_s=0
WS = -30.623 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
= 0.020 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/20 hp
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Viskositas Air (µ) = 0.8007 cp
= 0.000538 lbm/ft jam
- Desain Pompa
Diopt = 0,363 x Q0,45 x ρ0,13 (Geankoplis, 2003)
= 0,363 x (0,060 ft /s) x (62,181 lbm/ft3)0,13
3 0,45
= 0.175 ft
= 2.094 in
Bilangan Reynold = ρ x v x ID
(NRe) µ
= (62,181 lbm/ft3) x 1,793 ft/s x 0,206 ft
0,000538 lbm/ft jam
= 42649.227
dimana : v1 = v2
P1 = P2
∆Z = 30 ft
maka:
0+(32,174 ft/s^2 )/(32,174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s^2 ) ) (30 ft)+0+0,555 (ft)(lbf)/lbm+W_s=0
WS = -30.555 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
= 0.257 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/2 hp
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Massa Air = Make up air pendingin
Laju Massa Air = 6049.492 kg/jam
Densitas Air = 996.05 kg/m3
Kebutuhan Perancangan = 1 jam
Over Design = 20%
= 318.15 K
T3 in = 40 C
o
= 313.15 K
∆Hi
∫25_298,15^323,15▒ 〖 cp_H2O dt+ N_H2O ∫25_298,15^318,15▒ 〖 cp_H2O dt+ N_H2O ∫25_298,15^313,15▒ 〖 cp_
323.15 1878.910
318.15 1502.108
313.15 1125.791
Trial T = 318.611 K
= 45.461 o
C
∆Ho = 516511.881 J/jam
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Viskositas Air (µ) = 0.8007 cp
= 0.000538 lbm/ft jam
- Desain Pompa
Diopt = 0,363 x Q0,45 x ρ0,13 (Geankoplis, 2003)
= 0,363 x (0,060 ft3/s)0,45 x (62,181 lbm/ft3)0,13
= 0.175 ft
= 2.094 in
Bilangan Reynold = ρ x v x ID
(NRe) µ
= (62,181 lbm/ft3) x 1,793 ft/s x 0,206 ft
0,000538 lbm/ft jam
= 42649.227
- Friction Loss
1 Sharp edge entrance, hc
hc = 0,55 x {1 - (A2/A1)} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 0,55 x (1-0) x {1,7932 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.027 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 elbow 90o, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 0,75 x {1,7932 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.037 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 check valve, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 2 x {1,7932 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.100 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Pipa lurus 70 ft, Ff
Ff = 4f x {(∆L x v2) / (D x 2 x gc)}
= 4 x 0,005 x {(70 x 1,7932) / (0,206 x 2 x 32,174)}
= 0.340 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 Sharp edge exit, hex
hex = n x {1 - (A2/A1)2} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 1 x (1-0)2 x {1,7932 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.050 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Total Friction Loss, ΣF = 0.555 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
dimana : v1 = v2
P1 = P2
∆Z = 30 ft
maka:
0+(32,174 ft/s^2 )/(32,174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s^2 ) ) (30 ft)+0+0,555 (ft)(lbf)/lbm+W_s=0
WS = -30.555 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
= 0.257 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/2 hp
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur
Tin = 45.461 o
C
= 113.83 o
F
Tout = 25 o
C
= 77 o
F
Densitas = 989.967 kg/m3
= 0.989967 kg/L
Laju Alir Massa (F) = 6049.492 kg/jam
= 13336.832 lb/jam
Laju Alir Volumetrik (Q) = (6049,492 kg/jam)/(0,989967 kg/L)
= 6110.802 L/jam
= 26.906 gpm
Kebutuhan Perancangan = 1 jam
Dimensi Menara
Luas Menara (A) = Q
Cw
= 26.906 gpm
2.5 gal/(min)(ft2)
= 10.762 ft2
= 1.000 m2
Dimensi, P/W = 2
Sehingga diperoleh :
Lebar (W) = (A/2)0,5
= 0.707 m
= 2.320 ft
Panjang (P) = Lx2
= 1.414 m
Berdasarkan Perry's Handbook, 1997, jika temperatur approach 3 - 10 oC, maka
tinggi menara 4,6 - 6,1 m.
Diambil Tinggi Menara = 6.1 m
= 20.013 ft
P1 = 14.7 psi
Cp udara = 0.25 Btu/(lbm)(oF)
= 7.21 kkal/(kmol)(K)
R = 1545.3 (lbf)(ft)/(lbmol)(oR)
= 1.987 kkal/(kmol)(K)
BM Udara = 28.97 lb/lbmol
RT/BM = 29124.398 ft
γ = Cp = Cp
Cv Cp - R
γ = 7.21
7,21 - 1,987
= 1.380
γ-1 = 0.276
γ
T1/T2 = (P2/P1)0,276
1.068 = (P2 / 14,7)0,276
P2 = 18.671 psi
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 989.97 kg/m3
= 61.802 lbm/ft3
Viskositas Air (µ) = 0.5941 cp
= 0.000246 lbm/ft jam
- Desain Pompa
Diopt = 0,363 x Q0,45 x ρ0,13 (Geankoplis, 2003)
= 0,363 x (0,060 ft /s) x (61,802 lbm/ft3)0,13
3 0,45
= 0.175 ft
= 2.1 in
Bilangan Reynold = ρ x v x ID
(NRe) µ
= (61,802 lbm/ft3) x 1,804 ft/s x 0,206 ft
0,000246 lbm/ft jam
= 93429.842
- Friction Loss
1 Sharp edge entrance, hc
hc = 0,55 x {1 - (A2/A1)} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 0,55 x (1-0) x {1,8042 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.028 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 elbow 90o, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 0,75 x {1,8042 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.038 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 check valve, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 2 x {1,8042 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.101 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Pipa lurus 70 ft, Ff
Ff = 4f x {(∆L x v2) / (D x 2 x gc)}
= 4 x 0,005 x {(70 x 1,8042) / (0,206 x 2 x 32,174)}
= 0.344 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 Sharp edge exit, hex
hex = n x {1 - (A2/A1)2} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 1 x (1-0)2 x {1,8042 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.051 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Total Friction Loss, ΣF = 0.562 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
dimana : v1 = v2
P1 = P2
∆Z = 50 ft
maka:
0+(32,174 ft/s^2 )/(32,174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s^2 ) ) (50 ft)+0+0,562 (ft)(lbf)/lbm+W_s=0
WS = -50.562 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
= 0.426 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/2 hp
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Viskositas Air (µ) = 0.000538 lbm/ft jam
Laju Alir Massa (F) = 33441.201 kg/jam
= 20.479 lbm/s
Laju Alir Volume (Q) = 20,479 lbm/s
62,181 lb/ft3
= 0.329 ft3/s
- Desain Pompa
Diopt = 0,363 x Q0,45 x ρ0,13 (Geankoplis, 2003)
= 0,363 x (0,329 ft /s) x (62,181 lbm/ft3)0,13
3 0,45
= 0.377 ft
= 4.521 in
Dari Tabel A.5-1 (Geankoplis, 2003), dipilih pipa dengan spesifikasi
Ukuran Nominal = 5 in
Schedule Number = 40
Diameter Dalam (ID) = 5.047 in
= 0.421 ft
= 0.128 m
Diameter Luar (OD) = 5.563 in
= 0.464 ft
= 0.141 m
Inside Sectional Area = 0.139 ft2
Bilangan Reynold = ρ x v x ID
(NRe) µ
= (62,181 lbm/ft3) x 2,369 ft/s x 0,421 ft
0,000538 lbm/ft jam
= 115178.428
- Friction Loss
1 Sharp edge entrance, hc
hc = 0,55 x {1 - (A2/A1)} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 0,55 x (1-0) x {2,3692 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.048 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
3 elbow 90o, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 3 x 0,75 x {2,3692 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.196 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 check valve, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 2 x {2,3692 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.174 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Pipa lurus 70 ft, Ff
Ff = 4f x {(∆L x v2) / (D x 2 x gc)}
= 4 x 0,003 x {(70 x 2,3692) / (0,421 x 2 x 32,174)}
= 0.17 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 Sharp edge exit, hex
hex = n x {1 - (A2/A1)2} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 1 x (1-0)2 x {2,3692 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.087 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Total Friction Loss, ΣF = 0.680 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
dimana : v1 = v2
P1 = 23.489 psia
P2 = 28.187 psia
∆Z = 50 ft
maka:
0+(32,174 ft/s^2 )/(32,174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s^2 ) ) (30 ft)+(4,698 𝑥 144)/62,18+0,680 (ft)(lbf)/lbm+W_s=0
WS = -61.559 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
= 2.865 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 3 hp
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Kapasitas produk yang akan diolah untuk air proses dan air umpan boiler
Laju Alir Massa = 33441.201 kg/jam
Densitas Air = 996.05 kg/m3
= 0.996 kg/L
Kecepatan Volumetrik (Q) = Laju Alir Massa / ρ Air
= 33441,201 kg/jam / 996,05
= 33573.893 L/jam
= 147.826 gpm
- Dimensi Tangki
Total Kation Inlet
Komponen Jumlah (ppm)
Fe2+ 0.221
Mn2+ 0.053
Kesadahan 150
Zn2+ 0.022
Cu2+ 0.02
Ni2+ 0.001
Cd 2+
0.01
Total 150.327
(Smith, 1985)
Dimana : PB = Tekanan Vertikal pada dasar tangki (psi)
ρB = Densitas Material (lb/ft3)
= 59.3066 lb/ft3
µ = Koefisien friksi : 0,35 - 0,55
= 0.4
K = Rasio tekanan, 0,3 - 0,6
= 0.5
ZT = Tinggi total bahan dalam tangki
= 2.2773 ft
R = Jari-jari Tangki
= 1/2 D
= 2.426 ft
e = Natural Number
= 2.7183
Diperoleh : PB = 35.6725 lb/ft2
= 0.2477 lb/in2
= 0.2477 psi
Tekanan Lateral yang dialami dinding tangki
PL = K x PB
= 0,5 x 0,2477
= 0.124 lb/in2
(Brownell, 1959)
Material yang direkomendasikan adalah Carbon Steel SA-283 Grade C
(Perry, 1984), dengan data sebagai berikut :
f = 12650 psi
E = 80%
c = 0.125 in
ri = 29.11 in
(Brownell, 1959)
w = 1.77 in
(Brownell, 1959)
th = 0.2198 in
Tebal Standar = 0.25 in
(Brownell, 1959)
b = 9.71 in
Volume Total
Vt = V cairan + (2 x V head)
= 1.700 m3
- Regenerasi Resin
Kebutuhan Regenerant
Regenerant yang digunakan adalah asam sulfat konsentrasi 4% vol.
(Perry's, 1997)
Kapasitas regenrant = 6.875 lb regenerant
ft3 resin
Kebutuhan teoritis = Kapasitas regenerant x Kebutuhan Resin
= 6,875 x 15,734
= 108.173 lb regenerant
Kebutuhan teknis = 110% x Kebutuhan teoritis
= 118.991 lb
= 53.973 kg regenerant
Waktu Regenerasi
Densitas regenerant = 1021.6 kg/m3
= 8.526 lb/gallon
Flowrate regenerasi = 5 gpm/ft2 (Powell, 1954)
Waktu pencucian = 15 menit
Flowrate air pencuci = 5 gpm/ft2 (Powell, 1954)
- Dimensi Tangki
Total Anion Inlet
Komponen Jumlah (ppm)
Cl- 19.6355
SO42- 2.064
CO32- 150
PO4 3-
0.1055
NO 3
-
0.121
NO2- 0.001
CN- 0.002
Total 171.929
(Smith, 1985)
Dimana : PB = Tekanan Vertikal pada dasar tangki (psi)
ρB = Densitas Material (lb/ft3)
= 59.3066 lb/ft3
µ = Koefisien friksi : 0,35 - 0,55
= 0.4
K = Rasio tekanan, 0,3 - 0,6
= 0.5
ZT = Tinggi total bahan dalam tangki
= 2.211 ft
R = Jari-jari Tangki
= 1/2 D
= 8.508 ft
e = Natural Number
= 2.7183
Diperoleh : PB = 36.134 lb/ft2
= 0.251 lb/in2
= 0.251 psi
(Brownell, 1959)
Material yang direkomendasikan adalah Carbon Steel SA-283 Grade C
(Perry, 1984), dengan data sebagai berikut :
f = 12650 psi
E = 80%
c = 0.125 in
ri = 31.12 in
Tebal Shell = 0.181 in
Tebal Standar = 0.25 in
(Brownell, 1959)
w = 1.77 in
(Brownell, 1959)
th = 0.229 in
Tebal Standar = 0.25 in
(Brownell, 1959)
b = 10.25 in
Volume Total
Vt = V cairan + (2 x V head)
= 1.884 m3
- Regenerasi Resin
Kebutuhan Regenerant
Regenerant yang digunakan adalah asam sulfat konsentrasi 4% vol.
(Perry's, 1997)
Kapasitas regenrant = 4.375 lb regenerant
ft3 resin
Kebutuhan teoritis = Kapasitas regenerant x Kebutuhan Resin
= 4,375 x 17,056
= 74.619 lb regenerant
Kebutuhan teknis = 110% x Kebutuhan teoritis
= 82.081 lb
= 37.231 kg regenerant
Waktu Regenerasi
Densitas regenerant = 1044.431 kg/m3
= 8.716 lb/gallon
Flowrate regenerasi = 5 gpm/ft 2
(Powell, 1954)
Waktu pencucian = 15 menit
Flowrate air pencuci = 5 gpm/ft2 (Powell, 1954)
Volume regeneran = Kebutuhan teknis/Densitas regeneran
= 37,231 kg regenerant / 1044,431 kg/m3
= 0.0356 m3
= 9.417 gallon
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Viskositas Air (µ) = 0.000538 lbm/ft jam
Laju Alir Massa (F) = 33165.816 kg/jam
= 20.311 lbm/s
Laju Alir Volume (Q) = 20,311 lbm/s
(62,181 lb/ft3)
= 0.327 ft3/s
- Desain Pompa
Diopt = 0,363 x Q0,45 x ρ0,13 (Geankoplis, 2003)
= 0,363 x (0,327 ft /s) x (62,181 lbm/ft3)0,13
3 0,45
= 0.38 ft
= 4.50 in
Bilangan Reynold = ρ x v x ID
(NRe) µ
= (62,181 lbm/ft3) x 2,350 ft/s x 0,421 ft
0,000538 lbm/ft jam
= 114229.946
- Friction Loss
1 Sharp edge entrance, hc
hc = 0,55 x {1 - (A2/A1)} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 0,55 x (1-0) x {2,3502 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.047 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
3 elbow 90o, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 3 x 0,75 x {2,3502 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.193 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 check valve, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 2 x {2,3502 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.172 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Pipa lurus 20 ft, Ff
Ff = 4f x {(∆L x v2) / (D x 2 x gc)}
= 4 x 0,003 x {(20 x 2,3502) / (0,421 x 2 x 32,174)}
= 0.049 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 Sharp edge exit, hex
hex = n x {1 - (A2/A1)2} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 1 x (1-0)2 x {2,3502 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.086 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Total Friction Loss, ΣF = 0.547 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
dimana : v1 = v2
P1 = P2
∆Z = 30 ft
maka:
0+(32,174 ft/s^2 )/(32,174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s^2 ) ) (30 ft)+0+0,547 (ft)(lbf)/lbm+W_s=0
WS = -30.547 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
= 1.410 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1,5 hp
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Laju Massa Air = 33165.816 kg/jam
Densitas Air = 996.05 kg/m3
Kebutuhan Perancangan = 3 jam
Over Design = 20%
- Desain Tangki
Volume Air (VL) = 33165,816 kg/jam x 3 jam
996,05 kg/m3
= 99.892 m3
Volume Tangki (VT) = (1 + 20%) x 99,892 m3
= 119.871 m3
- Tekanan Desain
Tekanan Awal (PA) = 1 atm
= 101 kPa
Tekanan Hidrostatik (Phid) = ρxgxh
= 996,05 x 9,8 x 5,837
= 56972.720 Pa
= 56.973 kPa
Tekanan Operasi (Po) = PA + Phidrostatik
= 101,325 kPa + 56,973 kPa
= 158.298 kPa
Faktor Keamanan = 20%
= 1.468 in
Dipilih tebal shell standar = 1.5 in
(Brownell, 1959)
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Viskositas Air (µ) = 0.8007 cp
= 0.000538 lbm/ft jam
- Desain Pompa
Diopt = 0,363 x Q0,45 x ρ0,13 (Geankoplis, 2003)
= 0,363 x (0,327 ft3/s)0,45 x (62,181 lbm/ft3)0,13
= 0.375 ft
= 4.504 in
Dari Tabel A.5-1 (Geankoplis, 2003), dipilih pipa dengan spesifikasi
Ukuran Nominal = 5 in
Schedule Number = 40
Diameter Dalam (ID) = 5.047 in
= 0.421 ft
= 0.128 m
Diameter Luar (OD) = 5.563 in
= 0.464 ft
= 0.141 m
Inside Sectional Area = 0.139 ft2
Bilangan Reynold = ρ x v x ID
(NRe) µ
= (62,181 lbm/ft3) x 2,350 ft/s x 0,421 ft
0,000538 lbm/ft jam
= 114229.946
- Friction Loss
1 Sharp edge entrance, hc
hc = 0,55 x {1 - (A2/A1)} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 0,55 x (1-0) x {2,3502 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.047 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
3 elbow 90o, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 3 x 0,75 x {2,3502 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.193 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 check valve, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 2 x {2,3502 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.172 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Pipa lurus 70 ft, Ff
Ff = 4f x {(∆L x v2) / (D x 2 x gc)}
= 4 x 0,005 x {(70 x 2,3502) / (0,421 x 2 x 32,174)}
= 0.286 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 Sharp edge exit, hex
hex = n x {1 - (A2/A1)2} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 1 x (1-0)2 x {2,3502 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.086 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Total Friction Loss, ΣF = 0.783 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
dimana : v1 = v2
P1 = P2
∆Z = 50 ft
maka:
0+(32,174 ft/s^2 )/(32,174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s^2 ) ) (30 ft)+0+0,783 (ft)(lbf)/lbm+W_s=0
WS = -50.783 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
= 2.344 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 2,5 hp
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Viskositas Air (µ) = 0.8007 cp
= 0.000538 lbm/ft jam
= 0.043 ft
= 0.522 in
Bilangan Reynold = ρ x v x ID
(NRe) µ
= (62,181 lbm/ft3) x 0,731 ft/s x 0,069 ft
0,000538 lbm/ft jam
= 5801.811
- Friction Loss
1 Sharp edge entrance, hc
hc = 0,55 x {1 - (A2/A1)} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 0,55 x (1-0) x {0,7312 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.005 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
3 elbow 90o, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 3 x 0,75 x {0,7312 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.019 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 check valve, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 2 x {0,7312 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.017 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Pipa lurus 70 ft, Ff
Ff = 4f x {(∆L x v2) / (D x 2 x gc)}
= 4 x 0,005 x {(70 x 0,7312) / (0,069 x 2 x 32,174)}
= 0.169 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 Sharp edge exit, hex
hex = n x {1 - (A2/A1)2} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 1 x (1-0)2 x {0,7312 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.008 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Total Friction Loss, ΣF = 0.217 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
dimana : v1 = v2
P1 = P2
∆Z = 40 ft
maka:
0+(32,174 ft/s^2 )/(32,174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s^2 ) ) (40 ft)+0+0,217 (ft)(lbf)/lbm+W_s=0
WS = -40.217 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
= 0.015 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/20 hp
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Jumlah air umpan boiler = 275.385 kg/jam
Laju Alir Massa (F) = 275.385 kg/jam
= 607.118 lbm/jam
Laju Alir Volume (Q) = 607,118 lbm/jam
(62,181 lb/ft3)
= 9.764 ft3/jam
- Desain Dearator
Waktu Tinggal = 1 jam
= 60 menit
Volume Air = kg/jam x jam
996,05 kg/m3
= 0.276 m3
Over Design = 20%
Volume Desain = (1 + 0,2) x m3
= 0.332 m3
= 11.716 ft3
(Brownell, 1959)
Material yang direkomendasikan adalah Carbon Steel SA-283 Grade C
(Perry, 1984), dengan data sebagai berikut :
f = 12650 psi
E = 80%
c = 0.125 in
ri = 8.64 in
(Brownell, 1959)
w = 1.75 in
(Brownell, 1959)
th = 0.1548 in
Tebal Standar = 0.1875 in
(Brownell, 1959)
b = 2.89 in
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Densitas Air (ρ) = 996.05 kg/m3
= 62.181 lbm/ft3
Viskositas Air (µ) = 0.000538 lbm/ft jam
Laju Alir Massa (F) = 275.385 kg/jam
= 0.169 lbm/s
Laju Alir Volume (Q) = 0,169 lbm/s
(62,181 lb/ft3)
= 0.0027 ft3/s
- Desain Pompa
Diopt = 0,363 x Q0,45 x ρ0,13 (Geankoplis, 2003)
= 0,363 x (0,0027 ft3/s)0,45 x (62,181 lbm/ft3)0,13
= 0.043 ft
= 0.522 in
Bilangan Reynold = ρ x v x ID
(NRe) µ
= (62,181 lbm/ft3) x 0,731 ft/s x 0,069 ft
0,000538 lbm/ft jam
= 5801.811
- Friction Loss
1 Sharp edge entrance, hc
hc = 0,55 x {1 - (A2/A1)} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 0,55 x (1-0) x {0,7312 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.005 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
3 elbow 90o, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 3 x 0,75 x {0,7312 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.019 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 check valve, hf
hf = n x Kf x {v2/(2gc)}
= 1 x 2 x {0,7312 / (2 x 32,174)}
= 0.017 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Pipa lurus 20 ft, Ff
Ff = 4f x {(∆L x v2) / (D x 2 x gc)}
= 4 x 0,003 x {(20 x 0,7312) / (0,069 x 2 x32,174)}
= 0.029 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
1 Sharp edge exit, hex
hex = n x {1 - (A2/A1)2} x {v2/(2αgc)}
= 1 x (1-0)2 x {0,7312 / (2 x 1 x 32,174)}
= 0.008 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
Total Friction Loss, ΣF = 0.077 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
dimana : v1 = v2
P1 = P2
∆Z = 30 ft
maka:
0+(32,174 ft/s^2 )/(32,174 (ft)(lbm)/(lbf)(s^2 ) ) (30 ft)+0+0,077 (ft)(lbf)/lbm+W_s=0
WS = -30.077 (lbf)(ft)/(lbm)
= 0.012 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/20 hp
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Al2(SO4)3 yang digunakan = 50 ppm
Al2(SO4)3 yang digunakan berupa larutan 30% (%berat)
Laju Massa Al2(SO4)3 = 0.906 kg/jam
Densitas Al2(SO4)3 30% = 1363 kg/m3
= 85.092 lbm/ft3
Kebutuhan Perancangan = 30 hari
Faktor Keamanan = 20%
- Ukuran Tangki
Volume Larutan (VL) = 0,906 kg/jam x 24 jam/hari x 30 hari
0,3 x 1363 kg/m3
= 1.596 m3
Volume Tangki (VT) = (1+0,2) x 1,596
= 1.915 m3
- Tekanan Desain
Tekanan Awal (PA) = 1 atm
= 101 kPa
Tekanan Hidrostatik (Phid) = ρxgxh
= 1363 x 9,8 x 1,346
= 17982.552 Pa
= 17.983 kPa
Tekanan Operasi (Po) = PA + Phidrostatik
= 101,325 kPa + 17,983 kPa
= 119.308 kPa
Faktor Keamanan = 20%
Tekanan Desain (Pdesign) = (1 + 0,2) x Po
= (1 + 0,2) x 119,308
= 143.169 kPa
= 1.4 atm
= 20.765 psi
= 1.297 in
Dipilih tebal shell standar = 1.3125 in
(Brownell, 1959)
- Perancangan Pengaduk
Jenis Pengaduk : flat 6 blade turbin impeller
Jumlah Baffle : 4 buah
Untuk turbin standar (Geankoplis, 2003), diperoleh :
Da/DT = 1/3
E/Da = 1
L/Da = 1/4
W/Da = 1/5
J/DT = 1/12
dengan :
DT = Diameter Tangki
Da = Diameter Impeller
E = Tinggi turbin dari dasar tangki
L = Panjang blade pada turbin
W = Lebar blade pada turbin
J = Lebar baffle
maka,
Da = (1/3) x 1,346
= 0.449 m
E = 0.449 m
L = (1/4) x 0,449
= 0.112 m
W = (1/5) x 0,449
= 0.090 m
J = (1/12) x 1,346
= 0.673 m
Bilangan Reynold,
NRe = (ρ x N x Da2) / µ (Geankoplis, 2003)
= (85,092 x 1 x 0,4492) / 0,000672
= 25499.74
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Air yang diolah sebanyak = 39969.236 kg/jam
= 40.128 m3/jam
= 10600.65 gallon/jam
= 445227.279 gal/hari
= 146925002.103262 gallon/tahun
Kebutuhan Klorin = 200 mg/liter air (Peraturan Menkes RI Pasal 2
No.173/MENKES/PER/VIII/77 th 1977
tentang pencemaran air)
Massa Klorin = 892.5 lb/hari
Kaporit yang digunakan = 2 ppm
Kaporit yang digunakan berupa larutan 70% (%berat)
Laju Massa Kaporit = 16.867 kg/jam
Densitas Larutan Kaporit 70% = 1272 kg/m3
= 79.411 lbm/ft3
(Perry, 1999)
Kebutuhan Perancangan = 7 hari
Over Design = 20%
- Ukuran Tangki
Volume Larutan (VL) = 16,867 kg/jam x 24 jam/hari x 7 hari
0,7 x 1272 kg/m3
= 44.554 m3
Volume Tangki (VT) = (1 + 20%) x 44,554
= 53.465 m3
Karena sistem pengadukan menggunakan turbin berdaun enam dengan
rancangan standar, maka tinggi larutan (HL) harus = DT
HL = DT
HS = (VS/VL) x HL
- Tekanan Desain
Tekanan Awal (PA) = 1 atm
= 101 kPa
Tekanan Hidrostatik (Phid) = ρxgxh
= 1272 x 9,8 x 5,124
= 47905.679 Pa
= 47.906 kPa
Tekanan Operasi (Po) = PA + Phidrostatik
= 101,325 kPa + 47,906 kPa
= 149.231 kPa
Faktor Keamanan = 20%
= 1.419 in
Dipilih tebal shell standar = 1.5 in
(Brownell, 1959)
- Perancangan Pengaduk
Jenis Pengaduk : flat 6 blade turbin impeller
Jumlah Baffle : 4 buah
Untuk turbin standar (Geankoplis, 2003), diperoleh :
Da/DT = 1/3
E/Da = 1
L/Da = 1/4
W/Da = 1/5
J/DT = 1/12
dengan :
DT = Diameter Tangki
Da = Diameter Impeller
E = Tinggi turbin dari dasar tangki
L = Panjang blade pada turbin
W = Lebar blade pada turbin
J = Lebar baffle
maka,
Da = (1/3) x 3,843
= 1.281 m
E = 1.281 m
L = (1/4) x 1,281
= 0.32 m
W = (1/5) x 1,281
= 0.256 m
J = (1/12) x 3,843
= 1.922 m
Bilangan Reynold,
NRe = (ρ x N x Da2) / µ (Geankoplis, 2003)
= (79,4112 x 1 x 1,281 ) / 0,0007
2
= 186161.058
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Na2CO3 yang digunakan = 27 ppm
Na2CO3 yang digunakan berupa larutan 30% (%berat)
Laju Massa Na2CO3 = 0.490 kg/jam
Densitas Na2CO3 30% = 1327 kg/m3
= 82.845 lbm/ft3
Kebutuhan Perancangan = 30 hari
Faktor Keamanan = 20%
- Ukuran Tangki
Volume Larutan (VL) = 0,490 kg/jam x 24 jam/hari x 30 hari
0,3 x 1327 kg/m3
= 0.885 m3
- Tekanan Desain
Tekanan Awal (PA) = 1 atm
= 101 kPa
Tekanan Hidrostatik (Phid) = ρxgxh
= 1327 x 9,8 x 1,041
= 13536.474 Pa
= 13.536 kPa
Tekanan Operasi (Po) = PA + Phidrostatik
= 101,325 kPa + 13,536 kPa
= 114.861 kPa
Faktor Keamanan = 20%
= 1.285 in
Dipilih tebal shell standar = 1.3125 in
(Brownell, 1959)
- Perancangan Pengaduk
Jenis Pengaduk : flat 6 blade turbin impeller
Jumlah Baffle : 4 buah
Untuk turbin standar (Geankoplis, 2003), diperoleh :
Da/DT = 1/3
E/Da = 1
L/Da = 1/4
W/Da = 1/5
J/DT = 1/12
dengan :
DT = Diameter Tangki
Da = Diameter Impeller
E = Tinggi turbin dari dasar tangki
L = Panjang blade pada turbin
W = Lebar blade pada turbin
J = Lebar baffle
maka,
Da = (1/3) x 1,041
= 0.347 m
E = 0.347 m
L = (1/4) x 0,347
= 0.087 m
W = (1/5) x 0,347
= 0.069 m
J = (1/12) x 1,041
= 0.520 m
Bilangan Reynold,
NRe = (ρ x N x Da2) / µ (Geankoplis, 2003)
= (82,845 x 1 x 0,3472) / 0,000369
= 27028.04
NRe > 10000, maka perhitungan dengan menggunakan rumus:
P = (KT x n3 x Da5 x ρ) / gc
KT = 6.3
- Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur = 29 oC
Tekanan = 1 atm
Reaksi :
N2 H4 + O2 → H2 O + N 2
Kadar CO2 dan DO pada air sungai = 19.4 ppm
N2H4 yang digunakan = 20% excess x (Total CO2 + DO)
= 23.28 ppm
= 0.02328 kg/m3
Densitas N2H4 = 1020 kg/m3
Volume Air (V) = 1 m3/jam
Laju Alir N2H4 (F) = 0.02328 kg/jam
Kebutuhan Perancangan = 30 hari
Faktor Keamanan = 20%
- Ukuran Tangki
Volume Larutan (VL) = F N2H4 x 24 jam/hari x 30 hari
% N2 H4 x ρ
= 0.706 m3
Volume Tangki (VT) = (1 + 0,2) x VL
= 0.847 m3
Perbandingan D/H = 1 : 1
V = (1/4) x π x DT x HT
0.847 = (1/4) x π x DT3
DT = 1.026 m
HT = 1.026 m
HL = VL x HT
VT
= 0.706 x 1,026
0.847
= 0.855 m
- Tekanan Desain
Tekanan Awal (PA) = 1 atm
= 101 kPa
Tekanan Hidrostatik (Phid) = ρxgxh
= 1020 x 9,8 x 0,855
= 8543.969 Pa
= 8.544 kPa
Tekanan Operasi (Po) = PA + Phidrostatik
= 101,325 kPa + 8,544 kPa
= 109.869 kPa
Faktor Keamanan = 20%
= 1.251 in
Dipilih tebal shell standar = 1.3125 in
(Brownell, 1959)
- Perancangan Pengaduk
Jenis Pengaduk : flat 6 blade turbin impeller
Jumlah Baffle : 4 buah
Untuk turbin standar (Geankoplis, 2003), diperoleh :
Da/DT = 1/3
E/Da = 1
L/Da = 1/4
W/Da = 1/5
J/DT = 1/12
dengan :
DT = Diameter Tangki
Da = Diameter Impeller
E = Tinggi turbin dari dasar tangki
L = Panjang blade pada turbin
W = Lebar blade pada turbin
J = Lebar baffle
maka,
Da = (1/3) x 1,026
= 0.342 m
E = 0.342 m
L = (1/4) x 0,342
= 0.085 m
W = (1/5) x 0,342
= 0.068 m
J = (1/12) x 1,026
= 0.513 m
Bilangan Reynold,
NRe = (ρ x N x Da2) / µ (Geankoplis, 2003)
= (82,845 x 1 x 0,3422) / 0,000523
= 227973.96
)/(550 (ft)(lbf)/(s))
/(550 (ft)(lbf)/(s))
D.4 UNIT PENYEDIAAN BAHAN BAKAR
Unit penyediaan bahan bakar bertujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bahan bakar pada generator
dan boiler. Bahan bakar yang digunakan adalah bahan bakar cair yaitu solar (untuk
generator) dan fuel oil (untuk boiler) yang diperoleh dari Pertamina atau distribusinya.
Untuk Boiler
Bahan Bakar = Fuel Oil 33oAPI
Heating Value = 132000 Btu/lb
= 8583.2358 kkal/kg
Efisiensi Boiler = 85%
Kebutuhan Bahan Bakar = mS x (Hg - Hf)
efisiensi x Hv
= 4249,2373 x (1180,26 - 180,07)
0,85 x (132000)
= #REF! lb/jam
= #REF! kg/jam
Alat untuk penyediaan bahan bakar berupa tangki bahan bakar yang berbentuk
silinder dengan Conical Roof dan Flat Bottomed