Modeling Endapan Mineral

5.
Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral
MODEL GEOLOGI CEBAKAN

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan
Pemodelan Endapan Mineral
Asep HP Kesumajana
Rian Andriansyah
Theopilus Matasak
Model:
Suatu konsep pemersatu yang menjelaskan
suatu gejala rumit dengan maksud
mengkomunikasikan informasi mengenai gejala
tersebut.
Cox dan Singer (1986):
Model cebakan mineral adalah informasi yang
disusun secara sistematis yang
mendeskripsikan sifat-sifat dari suatu kelompok
cebakan mineral
5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral
MODEL GEOLOGI CEBAKAN
PENYUSUNAN MODEL GEOLOGI CEBAKAN
Masa lalu (para prospektor)
Secara empiris memiliki bayangan dan petunjuk

kondisi daerah yang prospek
untuk dicari cebakan mineralnya, jenis batuannya,
jenis mineralisasinya, dan bahkan keadaan
geomorfologinya.
Empirical Model (statistical Models)
Grade-tonnage Model
Genetic Model (deterministic Models)
Masa kini (para geologist explorationist)
Melanjutkan bayangan empiris tersebut dengan

pengetahuan dan menjelaskan petunjuk gejala
geologi secara genetik
Empirical Models
Empirical Models
Merekam penyebaran populasi cebakan yang

diketahui
Gejala geologi dinilai atas reabilitasnya menurut
frekuensi relatif dari asosiasinya dengan
cebakan
Gejala yang diperoleh dengan frekuensi tinggi
(9-10) lebih berarti meski jarang didapat, begitu
pula sebaliknya
Ketidak hadiran dalam suatu gejala harus
direkam dalam suatu contoh
KELEMAHAN:
Sebagian kecil data dari populasi tidak dapat
digunakan untuk memformulasikan model
Ada data yang diketahui dari satu cebakan
secara genetik tapi tidak dapat digunakan
karena secara statistik tidak berlaku
Tidak dapat meramalkan gejala-gejala yang
tidak tercantum dalam data aslinya
Empirical Models
Grade Tonnage Models
(Cox dan Singer, 1986)

Menyajikan Model Tonase-Kadar yang
memperlihatkan dalam format grafis dan
membandingkan jenis cebakan dengan
besarnya cadangan
Schematic cross-sections through

destructive plate margins.
(After Mitchell and Garson)
Grade Tonnage Models
Genetic Models
(Hodgson, 1989)
Model Genetik merupakan kompilasi sifatsifat yang saling berhubungan dari suatu
kelompok cebakan.
KELEMAHAN:
Mengabaikan gejala-gejala yang tidak dapat
dijelaskan oleh teori-teori geologi.
Genetic Models
Penyusunan Model Geologi Cebakan

(Hodgson, 1989)
Pendekatan terbaik dalam penyusunan
model geologi cebakan:
Model empiris kasar yang menggunakan teori
dan data geologi sehingga menjadi suatu
model genetik
Schematic diagram
illustrating the genesis of
sulphide ores in mafic /
ultramafic intrusions
Penyusunan Model Geologi Cebakan
Global Geological Models
Model Geologi Global
Model Geologi Regional
Model Geologi Detail
Bedasarkan:
hubungan antara gejala tektonik lempeng
dengan berbagai jenis cebakan yang
Mengandung unsur atau bijih tertentu
Model Tektonik Lempeng

Model Paleogeografi
Model Tektonik Lempeng
Model tektonik lempeng di Indonesia serta

hubungannya dengan mineralisasi Charlyle
and Mitchell, 1994) divisualisasikan dalam
bentuk peta dan penampang
Tectonic model for the Devono-Mississipian margin of western North America, showing a complex
history of ocean plate subduction, back-arc rifting and the for mation of VMS, SEDEX and MVT
deposits in the northern Canadian Cordillera (Nelson et al., 2002).

Model Paleogeografi
Model Paleogeografi
Regional Geological Models
Regional Geological Models
Berdasarkan:
Genesa endapan mineral
Model lingkungan geologi

yang bersifat regional,
dengan menggunakan
cebakan G. Pongkor
sebagai model cebakan
epithermal dalam
lingkungan kaldera (Milesi,
dkk., 1999)
1. Batuan sekutu (associated rocks)

2. Proses-proses geologi
3. Waktu pembentukan
Source Rock (Asal / Sumber batuan)
1. Batuan sekutu (associated rocks)

Batuan yang berasosiasi dengan cebakan
Source Rock (Asal / Sumber batuan)
a. Sumber magmatik (Fe, Ni, Co, Pt, W, Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, etc.)
b. Sumber dari lingkungan (Batubara, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, oxides)
c. Sumber dari batuan beku / sedimen yang mengalami
metamorfisme / pelapukan (minyak dan gasbumi, Sn, Ni, Al)
Host Rock (Batuan penerima / pendamping)
- sebagai replacement
- sebagai vein (urat kuarsa)
- sebagai stockwork
- sebagai disseminated ore

2. Proses Proses Geologi
Proses yang mengkonsentrasikan logam dalam
endapan mineral
1. Proses ortomagmatik
The separation of the

native copper from its host
rock was based on a
difference in tenacity.
Copper is malleable and
the host rock is brittle.
(membentuk batuan beku dan bijih)
2. Proses pasca magmatik
a. Pirometasomatik
b. Pegmatitik
c. Hidrotermal hipogen (epitermal, mesotermal, hipotermal)
Proses ortomagmatik
3. Proses pelapukan
4. Proses sedimentasi
(oksidasi, pelarutan / leaching, pengayaan supergen / supergen

enrichment, endapan supergen hidrotermal
Iron-titanium-chromium
oxides in ultramafic
rocks
(pengendapan sedimen mekanis / klastik, pengendapan sedimen

kimiawi, pengendapan sedimen koloid, proses diagenesa
5. Proses metamorfisme regional, termal, dan dinamik

6. Kombinasi dari proses-proses diatas
A number of mineral deposits have

formed by magmatic, segregation
processes; they are often called
orthomagmatic deposits. These deposits
are important sources of chromium,
titanium, vanadium, the platinum group
metals, copper, nickel (and diamonds).
Much titanium, diamond and significant
amounts of the platinum group metals are
mined from sedimentary placer deposits,
formed by the weathering of these
primary deposits. (Wilson (ed.), 1969)
Proses pasca magmatik
submarine volcano with an active hydrothermal system
Metasomatism:
Fuids rich in dissolved ions may

migrate into adjacent rocks,
causing reactions that change the
rock's bulk composition. Common
examples of this are seen in
metamorphic rocks that are criscrossed by veins of quartz. This
quartz originated as silica
dissolved in pore fluid precipitated
inside fractures. The silica
originated in the surrounding rock
but migrated out with pore fluid
during metamorphism. Note:
metasomitism is an important
process by which deposits of
metals and metal ores are formed.
Cross-section of a typical submarine volcano with an active hydrothermal system.

As magma ascends, water and gases contained in magma exsolve and enter the deep
hydrothermal system as pressure is released. Cold seawater (blue arrows) permeates the volcano
and becomes heated by the hot rock near the magma body. Hybrid hydrothermal fluids (red
arrows), derived from seawater and magmatic gas and fluid, buoyantly rise to the summit while
altering the volcanic rock (white=alteration). Fluids discharged at the seafloor rise 10s to 100s of
meters before they spread laterally in the hydrothermal plume by the local currents carrying
plume. The plume is dispersed currents, various dissolved and particulate chemical species
derived from the magma and the volcanic rock. Image courtesy of Institute of Geological and
Nuclear Sciences.
Proses pelapukan
Oxide Pit
Colors caused by supergene
enrichment in the oxidized zone of
the deposit.
This allowed surface ground water to attack the granite in these areas. More
recently in the ice age, mechanical erosion has removed the material, leaving
the core stones or tors surrounded by clitter.
Supergene Enrichment *veins

undergo a secondary enrichment
become more concentrated in ores
Proses Sedimentasi
Proses Sedimentasi
In coastal waterways, sedimentation rates refer to the amount of material (organic and
mineral) deposited by the action of water over a given interval of time.
Sedimentation is measured in terms of vertical accumulation over time or sediment
density per unit area over time.
Sedimentation in Bayview Lake from the Birmingham Airport Expansion
Proses Sedimentasi
Proses metamorfisme
Metamorphic rocks are the result of the application of heat, pressure and directed
stress, or some combination of these effects applied to pre-existing rock of any type.
The process by which metamorphic rocks are produced is called metamorphism.
There are three types metamorphism the nature of of metamorphism, which are
characterized by the conditions that cause them. They are; Regional, Contact, and
Dynamic metamorphism
Contact Metamorphism
Dynamic Metamorphism
Contact metamorphism is confined to

rocks (often referred to as country rocks)
immediately surrounding an igneous
intrusion. The alteration of the
surrounding country rocks is caused by
heat and fluids emanating from the
intruding igneous body. The zone of
alteration (metamorphic aureole) can vary
from only a few centimeters to several
kilometers in width. The size of the
alteration zone depends on the size and
temperature of the intrusion Contact
metamorphism is greater round very
large, hot intrusions
Contact metamorphism:
Cause: Transformation of rocks by heat in
immediate vicinity of igneous intrusions.
Effects: Thin aureoles of metamorphism
adjacent to intrusions.
Dynamic (or deformational) metamorphism:

Cause: Movements of blocks of crust along fault
planes imparts mechanical shear forces.
Effects: At shallow depths, breccias of broken rock
fragments called fault breccias (sometimes called
cataclastics) result. As great depths, rocks are
sheared rather than broken, yielding mylonites.
Often found in association with regional
metamorphism
Regional metamorphism
Kombinasi proses-proses geologi
When large scale movements take place in the Earth's

crust, especially along fault lines, dynamic
metamorphism occurs. Great masses of rock are forced
over other rocks.
Where these rock masses come into contact with each
other, a crushed and Powdered metamorphic rock -called
mylonite-forms.
MYLONITE ALONG A THRUST
Regional metamorphism
Cause: Where high temperature and
pressure are imposed over broad
belts of crust. EG subduction zones,
volcanic arcs, and regions of
continental crust collisions.
Effects: Destroys original textures of
both igneous and sedimentary rocks
through growth of new minerals.
Kombinasi proses-proses geologi

3. Waktu Pembentukan
a. Singenetik
Dibentuk pada waktu yang sama dengan batuan yang
mengelilinginya (batuan sedimen)
b. Epigenetik
Terbetuk setelah konsolidasi batuan yang
mengelilinginya, yang dipengaruhi dari atas (supergen),
dari bawah (hipogen), dan dari sekelilingnya (laterogen)
c. Kombinasi antara singenetik dengan epigenetik

Contoh: Rand-Gold-Uranium di Afrika Selatan
Detail Geological Models
Detail Geological Models
Berdasarkan:
Geometri tubuh geologi
Model geologi
cebakan rinci yang
bersifat lokal yang
memperlihatkan
hubungan cebakan
hidrothermal terhadap
suatu intrusi batuan
asam/intermediate,
bentuk geometris
wujud endapan
mineral dan posisinya
terhadap batuan
samping (dengan
contoh cebakan porfir
Au-Cu Batu hijau,
Sumbawa (Meldrum,
1994)
Hubungan tubuh geologi dengan lingkungan geologi
Hubungan genetik
Hubungan struktural
Sifat-sifat geologi
Sifat-sifat Geokimia
Sifat-sifat Geofisika
Divisualisasikan:
Dalam bentuk geometri euclid:
Example of central lode mineralisation
Elongate (pipa memanjang), bladed (pipih planar),

lapisan, vein (urat), spherical (bola pipih), irregular
(tidak beraturan)
Peristilahan yang disebut type:
Bedded type (jenis berlapis), vein type (jenis urat),

fissure type (jenis rekahan), lode type, massive
type (jenis masif)
Banded adularia-sericite
epithermal gold-silver fissure vein
showing marginal floating clast
breccias, Hishikari
Hubungan genetik
1. Singenetik
Hubungan struktural
1. Konkordan
Bentuk dikendalikan oleh lapisan pembawa yang

mengapitnya (planar, bidang lengkung, lentikular, dll.)
2. Epigenetik
Lokasi dan bentuk dikendalikan oleh gejala geologi

setelahbatuan samping terbentuk, al. struktur, intrusi,
dll.
(urat, pipa / perpotongan dua bidang rekahan, bola /
masif / bentuk tak beraturan mengikuti kontak batuan
intrusi)
(terlapiskan / stratified, terikat-lapisan /

stratabound, terikat-formasi / formationbound)
2. Diskordan
(urat / vein, anyaman urat / stockwork, pipa

cerobong / pipe chimney, tonjolan / stock, masif
tak beraturan / massive irregular
Singenetik
Singenetik
sand dunes (under and above the layer where the bottle is placed)....
mark the cross-bedding of the dunes vs. the planar bedding of the bottle-layer.....
Bedding tabular sets and cosets,

tangential lower boundary, Middendorf
Fm, NC
Singenetik
Epigenetik
A larger vein in outcrop
Lenticular bedding, wave ripple

Wedge sets, large scale, Navajo

Sandstone, UT
Konkordan
Konkordan
Stratified Geology near the Hoodoos
Konkordan
Diskonkordan
Type: Carbonate hosted Zn-Pb deposit

Morphology: Stratabound, stratiform, breccias, veins
The Lockatong Formation, a

cyclically deposited mudstone,
is th the host rock for the
trychloroetylene (TCE) plume
at the site.
The formation is characterized
by bedding-controlled
fracturing as well as strata
bound high-angle jointing
Diskonkordan
Sifat-sifat geologi
Chimney Rock, the

largest sand pipe,
sunset, Kodachrome
Basin State Park.
Utah, USA
1. Susunan mineralogi / petrologi
Jenis mineral bijihnya (sulfida, oksida, karbonat)

Jenis mineral ikutan (gangue mineral)
Jenis batuan dimana mineral merupakan
impregnasi, seperti batuan porfir (porphyry
copper, dsb.)
Tekstur mineral, hubungan antara mineral bijih
dan mineral ikutan
Sifat-sifat geologi
Jenis mineral bijih
2. Struktur internal
Zoning dalam komposisi mineral

Veinlet
Sistem rekahan kecil
Perlapisan mineral dengan perbedaan komposisi
Jenis mineral gangue
Jenis batuan porfiri
Two major breccia zones of significance have been

identified in the limestone which are associated with
calcite gypsum-quartz gangue minerals and important
amounts of associated silver
pacmag.com.au
Rock and mineral types are especially important for plant design and mine
planning because porphyry copper systems are typically zoned upwards and
outwards from a central potassic core through sericitic, argillic and propylitic
alteration assemblages. Hypogene copper and copper-iron sulfides are
associated with potassic and sericitic alteration.
Jenis batuan porfiri
Internal structure
desertusa.com
geology.um.maine.edu
All igneous minerals

show some variety of
zoning. This is due to
the interactions
between diffusion of
needed components
and mineral
crystallization
reactions, which is
the supply and
demand of the
crystallizing mineral.
The image above is a
zoned alanite crystal,
but zonation in
plagioclase is a more
simple system.
Sifat-sifat geokimia
(perkiraan kadar logam, senyawa kimia dimana

logam tersebut berada, unsur-unsur penyerta,
unsur-unsur jejak / trace elements, dsb.)
Sifat-sifat geofisika
(refleksi seismik, sifat kemagnetan, gravity, sifat

kelistrikan, resistivitas, dsb.)
rovicky.files.wordpress.com
Trace element geochemistry.

The composition of datable minerals such as zircon, monazite and titanite in different
geological environments as indicator of coexisting paragenesis to relate age and
metamorphism.
shrimp.anu.edu.au

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5.

Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

MODEL GEOLOGI CEBAKAN

Pemodelan Endapan Mineral

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

MODEL GEOLOGI CEBAKAN

PENYUSUNAN MODEL GEOLOGI CEBAKAN

Masa lalu (para prospektor)

Secara empiris memiliki bayangan dan petunjuk

Empirical Model (statistical Models)

Genetic Model (deterministic Models)

Masa kini (para geologist explorationist)

Melanjutkan bayangan empiris tersebut dengan

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

Merekam penyebaran populasi cebakan yang

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

Grade Tonnage Models

(Cox dan Singer, 1986)

Schematic cross-sections through

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

Grade Tonnage Models

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

Penyusunan Model Geologi Cebakan

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

Penyusunan Model Geologi Cebakan

Global Geological Models

Model Geologi Global

Model Geologi Regional

Model Geologi Detail

Model Tektonik Lempeng

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

Global Geological Models

Global Geological Models

Model Tektonik Lempeng

Model tektonik lempeng di Indonesia serta

ET-4105 Pemodelan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

5. Pemodelan Keekonomian Mineral

Global Geological Models

Global Geological Models