Books by Ahlam Alharbi
Learnable Linguistics for Business Leaders offers an in-depth examination of the significant infl... more Learnable Linguistics for Business Leaders offers an in-depth examination of the significant influence language exerts on decision-making and behaviour within the business sphere. The book delves into the intricate interplay between linguistic structures and human cognitive processes, presenting a novel perspective on how language shapes our perceptions and actions. Structured into five chapters, the book analyses various aspects of language function within a business environment. Chapter 1, What it is in Language that Engages Listeners, investigates the attention-based mechanisms inherent in grammatical classes that captivate audiences. Chapter 2, How Language Enchains Speakers, discusses the empowering effect of language on speakers and their ability to influence audiences effectively. Chapter 3, Why More is Less and Why Less is More, explores the impact of verbosity and conciseness in communication, advocating the effectiveness of a minimalist approach. Chapter 4, Where the Talking Paves the Way to New Walking, examines the use of paradoxical adjectives and grammatical discrepancies in shaping public opinion and forging new realities. Chapter 5, When the Walking Paves the Way to New Talking, utilises Moravia's experiences in the Sahara as a case study to illustrate how language aids in understanding and articulating new concepts by relating them to our pre-existing knowledge. The concluding remarks, "Learnable linguistics in a nutshell," encapsulate the book's core themes, emphasising the strategic use of language for business leaders to communicate in an inclusive and adaptable manner. Throughout the book, the authors introduce a series of analytical tools and concepts, such as the Umbra Cone and Linguistic Exorcisms, to aid readers in comprehending and applying the principles of Learnable Linguistics in managerial contexts. The book concludes with a call to action for business leaders to embrace linguistic precision, embrace paradoxes, develop narratives, and engage in continuous learning to effectively navigate the complexities of business communication and negotiation.
Learnable Theory & Analysis, 2023
This introduction to Learnable Theory and Analysis leverages several contributions that Italian r... more This introduction to Learnable Theory and Analysis leverages several contributions that Italian researchers and research centers have provided in Philosophy, Linguistics and Neurosciences. Contributions which appear particularly relevant in the construction of a solid link between Philosophy and Business Studies. A link which has the ambition to guide both Academics and Practitioners of Management across the tumultuous waters of Philosophy, Linguistics and Neurosciences, whose investigations the authors here present and develop in view of new opportunities of deeper understanding and broader interventions. Contributions of scholars such as Giacomo Rizzolatti and Silvio Ceccato, as well as the work of others who have been following their tracks and, in some cases, even drastically reconsidered their propositions, are here highly leveraged and celebrated together with Roy Bhaskar’s revolutionary ontological framework and George Lakoff’s and Mark Johnson’s enlightening studies on metaphors.
Edited books by Ahlam Alharbi
Book Chapters by Ahlam Alharbi
Nova: NY, 2015
This chapter employs Talmy’s (2000) theory of attentional windowing and critical discourse analys... more This chapter employs Talmy’s (2000) theory of attentional windowing and critical discourse analysis (CDA) to analyze 83 news reports of the death of Neda Agha-Soltan during the 2009 Iranian election protest. The study examines how systemic structures and properties of language play a role in the portrayal of the event. It utilizes the following cognitive tools: figure-ground organization, types of event-frames, and types of windowing. The discursive analysis showed that news reports of death primarily employed causal chain event-frame to report Neda’s death, whereas (open) path event-frame was utilized within the causal chain event-frame to describe (and window) the details of her death and to report her death indirectly. In addition, figure-ground reversal was among the employed strategies to shift and direct attention through foregrounding, on one hand, and backgrounding, on the other hand. Furthermore, Neda’s death as an ‘agent (or author)-causation’ was reduced to ‘event-causation’ for ideological purposes. In short, (cognitively) news reports of death can be a complicated discourse. The findings have wide application to the field of cognitive semantics and, in particular, to news discourse analysis. Theoretically speaking, foregrounding, gapping, windowing and backgrounding can form the cognitive ideological square.
Discourse Analysis Papers by Ahlam Alharbi
Psychology of Language and Communication, 2024
Mitigating acceptance and resistance in the fatwas on the ruling of learning English The current ... more Mitigating acceptance and resistance in the fatwas on the ruling of learning English The current study investigated fatwa discourse to reveal the attitudes and rulings of scholars towards English. In doing so, English and Arabic fatwas were analyzed employing modality. It was found that deontic auxiliary modals and similarly functioning markers were utilized to represent acceptance through median value modals to express obligation, for example, "should," often followed by a justification, and low value modals to express permissibility, for example, "may." Modality is also used to show resistance through a median value modal, such as "should" and "can." The manipulation and power of such discourse are evident in the use of modality markers, including auxiliary, semi-auxiliary, and conditional modals. They function on the opposite poles of rulings, permissible and impermissible, to hedge permission and cast hesitation or uncertainty; yet, they show a lack of commitment on the part of the scholars to their fatwa, thus mitigating acceptance and resistance.
Language Sciences, 2023
Available free of charge for a limited time. Editors' Choice Articles - Language Sciences https:/... more Available free of charge for a limited time. Editors' Choice Articles - Language Sciences https://www.journals.elsevier.com/language-sciences/editor-s-choice/editors-choice-articles-language-sciences.
This exploratory study examined the discursive practices of solidarity discourse, contributing to the performative theory of solidarity discourse. Five discursive practices were identified. It was noted that plurality and assimilation practice, complete assimilation, and partial assimilation were the most frequently employed practices. Assimilation is accomplished using three strategies: inclusive first plural pronouns, collective nouns, and spatialization. The second discursive practice was appraisal. There are three strategies that are utilized by speakers: to appraise and praise the ‘self’ or one's support, to appraise or bash and attack the ‘other,’ and to appraise and praise the ‘us/we.’ The third practice is representation and positioning, which is realized by intertwined representations of the ‘us,’ the common enemy/challenge representation, and self-positioning/representation. Endorsement is the fourth discursive practice to achieve solidarity through which the speaker endorses policies or ideologies to show solidarity. Finally, storytelling is a practice employed to build solidarity, manage knowledge, achieve performative acts, and shape the future through past events. The current paper contributed to our understanding of solidarity and expanded our perspective on discourse in general, and solidarity discourse in particular. In addition, the application of this study can bridge the gap between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’ by addressing the ‘us/we.
Sage Open, 2021
Controversial topics make discourse complicated and hard to construct. However, through selected ... more Controversial topics make discourse complicated and hard to construct. However, through selected linguistic tools, the negativity of controversies can be subdued and reconstructed successfully. In this study, Halliday’s Transitivity System and van
Leeuwen’s role allocation were utilized to show how speakers construct social actors in such a discourse to experientially reconstruct controversial topics without evoking negative feelings or creating conflicts. This study examined Jared Kushner’s
interview on the peace deal to show how such a controversial topic was constructed. It was noted that Kushner utilized three tools. He (1) foregrounded noncontroversial participants and backgrounded controversial ones, (2) identified actions of noncontroversial participants and suppressed the actions of those who are controversial, and (3) activated positive aspects and passivated negative aspects. In doing so, Kushner evaded controversial arguments by selectively representing participants and their social roles to achieve strategic goals, for example, obtaining a positive response, subduing negativity, and eventually may succeed in encouraging his audience to listen or consider his view.
Asian EFL Journal, 2020
Educational psychology research suggests that learning is an affective experience. Thus, this stu... more Educational psychology research suggests that learning is an affective experience. Thus, this study is interested in exploring the holistic affective aspect of adult learners’ educational/learning experience. In doing so, a triangulated method was employed, three tools were utilized, namely, (1) the Achievement Goal Questionnaire-Revised (AGQ-R; Elliot & Murayama, 2008), (2) the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, and (3) the Martínez-Sierra’s (2015) semi-structured interview. Quantitative analysis was utilized to examine the two surveys. Qualitative content analysis, on the other hand, was employed to examine the responses of the interview, employing the Russell’s (1980, 2003) circumplex model of affect, to uncover the different ranges of emotions experienced by students. The participants were level eight students of the Department of English at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University. The wellbeing scale showed that there is a positive correlation between the number of years students spent at the department and their wellbeing. However, there is a negative correlation between students' GPAs and their wellbeing. In addition, the achievement goal scale showed that the majority of the students adopted the performance-avoidance goal approach, which might increase the level of stress. With reference to the content analysis results, students' most frequently expressed negative emotions are anxiety, tension, fear, pressure, fatigue, boredom. On the other hand, the positive emotions students experienced are confidence, interest, and satisfaction. Some of the negative activated emotions were partly a result of the faculty members' high expectations and high competition.
Asiatic Journal, 2020
Fatwa discourse is an effective and powerful instrumental in Muslim communities, as it is a sourc... more Fatwa discourse is an effective and powerful instrumental in Muslim communities, as it is a source of knowledge, guidance, adaption, and change. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the discourse of fatwas on English as a foreign language (EFL) to reveal how English, accordingly the Muslims' attitudes, was shaped. In doing so, the data, which comprised English and Arabic fatwas, were analyzed utilizing frame analysis. It has been revealed that there were two main ideological overarching frames, (1) an anti-English frame and (2) a pro-English frame. The anti-English frame shaped English through the following sub-frames: 'prerequisite,' 'unArabic,' 'unIslamic,' 'anti-imitation,' and 'consequence/ramification.' On the other hand, the pro-English frame framed English through: ' prerequisite' and 'admissibility.'
https://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/AJELL/article/view/1838/981
Cogent Arts & Humanities , 2018
Available online, free of charge at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311983.2018.14... more Available online, free of charge at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311983.2018.1495044
The present study attempts to sketches a theoretical model entitled ‘a Performative Theory of Solidarity Discourse’ to analyze solidarity as a discourse. The data of this study is selected speeches that were delivered in the 2016 AIPAC Conference by seven influential American politicians. This theory puts forward eight assumptions and six hypotheses. These assumptions along with the hypotheses of this theory viewed solidarity discourse (SD) as performing a number of acts, namely identifying, assertive, regrouping, and commissive.
Pragmatics and Society, Sep 2018
International Journal of Human Science, Apr 26, 2014
As a cross-disciplinary field, the risk communication (RC) discourse is complex. Thereof, media c... more As a cross-disciplinary field, the risk communication (RC) discourse is complex. Thereof, media coverage of disasters as a fundamental resource of RC should be examined to guarantee successful delivery of risk information. Thus, this study investigated the content of risk information of cyclone-related news of the Brisbane Times and The Australian newspapers. It scrutinized the different types of risk-related messages by means of a quantitative content analysis based on the Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM) proposed by Witte (1980). The media coverage of the 2011 Queensland cyclones was examined with respect to the main question: what type of risk information the public was provided with? It was shown that the coverage of the Brisbane Times and The Australian might be enhanced by covering main components equally, focusing more on the component of efficacy, specifically ‘the outcomes of preventive actions’.
International Journal of Human Sciences, 2012
The paper explores the crisis communicative strategies (CCs) that the former Tunisian president, ... more The paper explores the crisis communicative strategies (CCs) that the former Tunisian president, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, and the former Egyptian president, Hosni Mubarak, used in response to the protests, which are considered as one of the most critical crises in their reigns. A content analysis was conducted to examine the three speeches each president delivered during the crisis event in order not only to protect their image but also to restore peace and order. The study aimed to address the following questions: What are the crisis response strategies they used to restore their (distorted) image? did these strategies change over the demonstration period? and are they appropriate to the crises? In so doing, the analysis probes the length as well as the number of words and sentences; the framing patterns that have been applied (logical vs. emotional), and the crisis communicative strategies applying Coombs' (1999) communicative strategies model.
Language Discourse &Society, 2012
Among the most controversial groups, in particular after 9/11, which are frequently represented i... more Among the most controversial groups, in particular after 9/11, which are frequently represented in news and which has attracted growing political and academic attention, are Arabs and Muslims. Different news discourses have been examined and numerous frameworks in different fields of study have been employed to study and understand the representations of Arabs and Muslims in the media. This study examines the existence of three terms, namely 'Islam', 'Arab', and 'Muslim' (collectively, 'IAM') in two Australian newspapers, The Australian and The Age, during two periods of time (i.e., a year before and a year after 9/11) in terms of the selected corpus linguistic and lexical semantic features, namely the frequency of the selected lexical terms, collocations, collocation patterns, semantic fields, and lexical priming. The analysis was conducted using Wordsmith tools. It was noted that the frequency of 'Islam' and 'Muslim' in both newspapers increased after 9/11. In addition, it has been found that there were some ideologically significant collocations that increased, and some appeared, after 9/11. The results of this study revealed that there were some significant changes, which indicate that the context of 'IAM' has changed. This study also found that after 9/11, 'IAM' in both newspapers were mainly primed in terms of excessive level, for example, fundamentalists, extremists, radicals, etc. The growing interest in 'Islam' and 'Muslim' was not confined to Australian newspapers.
Linguistics journal, 2009
The study explores the use, the effect, and the role of jargon and abstraction as being types of ... more The study explores the use, the effect, and the role of jargon and abstraction as being types of the pragma-semantic X-phemism in English political discourses during the “War on Terror” to contribute to the field of Critical Discourse Analysis and show how such linguistic tools may embody and reveal the ideology and the attitude of the speaker. The proposed study examines the applicability of Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle and its maxims to explore jargonizing and abstracting strategies. Toward the ultimate objectives of the study, the analysis also investigates the salient implicatures, as well as the major presuppositions in the data, following Levinson (1983), besides the semantic aspects: connotation and denotation. This study adopts quantitative and qualitative methods to determine the presence of the examined linguistic tools and the prevalence of one type over the other.
Sociolinguistics by Ahlam Alharbi
Cogent Arts & Humanities, 2022
In Classical Arabic (CA), qad, a discourse particle has been extensively studied. However, the li... more In Classical Arabic (CA), qad, a discourse particle has been extensively studied. However, the linguistic behavior of the different reflexes of the particle qad in Saudi varieties (SVs), namely gid, gīd, jid, and dzid, has not been studied. Due to this lack, the current study, as primary exploratory, aimed to describe the syntactic uses of qad reflexes in SVs. In doing so, interviews were conducted in which a structured questionnaire was used with several CA scenarios describing different situations and asking participants to express them in their dialect varieties. For this study, 150 speakers from five SVs participated. The results revealed that qad reflexes are used in verbal sentences in SVs. However, unlike qad in CA, in SVs qad reflexes also occur in interrogative and negative sentences, and nominal phrases (i.e., immediately preceding the nouns). With reference to frequency, they are more often used in Southwestern and Hijazi and to a lesser extent in Najdi variety. However, they are less frequently in Eastern and Northern varieties. Although it is not possible to confirm with full reliability and certainty that this change is a divergence or convergence, yet it seems that qad, as many other Arabic linguistic features, is a case of divergence. Alternatively, the rich presence of qad reflexes in the Saudi Arabian spoken varieties suggests that the syntax of qad in CA might not have been documented completely. If this argument is to be understood better, further sociolinguistic studies are needed.
TEFL Papers by Ahlam Alharbi
Available online, free of charge at https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/q4Nc3izAeHAPYMdJRJtF/full#... more Available online, free of charge at https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/q4Nc3izAeHAPYMdJRJtF/full#.Ve-ZuBGqqko
This study employs checklists from Williams (1983) and Keban et al. (2012) to evaluate the Flying High for Saudi Arabia series, which is currently being taught in high schools in Taif City in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study is to ensure that this textbook series is suitable and capable of assisting teachers in achieving their pedagogical goals. Additionally, this evaluation provides a better understanding of how teachers may vary in terms of their understanding of textbook quality. The recommendations are intended for the Ministry of Education, the curriculum developers, researchers, schoolteachers, and Taif University.
Arab World English Journal, Dec 2013
A foreign language (FL) translation class should be invested in teaching translation as well as p... more A foreign language (FL) translation class should be invested in teaching translation as well as pragmatic competence including culture. The current study has suggested a multilayered method of teaching idioms and culture in FL translation class to provide learners with the required background to communicate successfully. Idioms are one of the important aspects to achieve a successful communication in L2, because it is cultural-oriented, need different methods of translation, and enrich the pragmatic competence of L2 learners. This study has suggested a comparative method in FL translation class to achieve the previous aims. The comparison between the idiomatic expression of L1 (Arabic) and L2 (English) has revealed interesting subclasses of comparison based on cultures, which also indicate the different translation tactics in translating English idioms into Arabic. The subclasses are cultural-identical idioms, cultural-semi-identical idioms, cultural-equivalent idioms, and cultural-specific idioms.
TESOL Journal, 2010
Language Class should invest in teaching not only the grammar of a second language but it should ... more Language Class should invest in teaching not only the grammar of a second language but it should be concerned with preserving and refining the grammar of the mother tongue as well. Focusing on the different aspects of the second language may result in the students" losing interest in the mother tongue, having difficulty translating the meanings of L2 words into the mother tongue, and ignorance of the fact that similar language rules and aspects to accelerate the acquisition of the second language. This paper suggests a method to teach explicit grammar through mother tongue grammar transformation (MTGT). This study has outlined the basic method and assumptions underlying MTGT from the point of view of a practitioner and from that of a language learner. By means of comparison, a second language learner might be able to learn the grammar of the second language and continue to develop that of the mother tongue simultaneously. The idea for this research project stems from the researcher"s observations that many times L2 learners do not seem to adequately learn the grammar taught in the second language class without comparing it to the grammar of their own mother tongue.
Analytical frameworks by Ahlam Alharbi
It may be recalled that one of the social functions and practices of discourse is to pilot and at... more It may be recalled that one of the social functions and practices of discourse is to pilot and attract attention . Accordingly, the present study views discourse as an attentional tool and it sees this function as being manifested on different levels. In addition, this heterogeneous model is cognitive in nature due to the employment of attentional semantics, and lexical priming, which are considered cognitive tools. This study focuses on the attentional aspect of the smallest unit of language, namely lexis, an aspect that has received relatively little attention in discourse analysis studies. Thus, semantic theories are most suitable for examining lexical choices in discourse. The three subtypes of semantics examined in the previous chapter; namely attentional semantics, interpersonal semantics (evaluative register), and lexical semantics (descriptive register), are integrated into a 'tri-semantic framework' or the pie of the meaning of discourse. In other words, the trisemantic meaning of discourse, from a lexis perspective, is viewed as a pie that is divided into three essential parts, i.e., the three subtypes of semantics. It is important to note that the proposed model is metahierarchical as well as meta-dimensional. In other words, the study differentiates between levels and dimensions, i.e., this pie or model has hierarchical (interconnected) levels, namely micro, meso, and macro or global levels of the discourse. On the other hand, the dimensions of discourse examined in the present study are cognitive, rhetorical, and lexical, which are results of the employment of three subtypes of semantics. This approach enables a researcher to view discourse from
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Books by Ahlam Alharbi
Edited books by Ahlam Alharbi
Book Chapters by Ahlam Alharbi
Discourse Analysis Papers by Ahlam Alharbi
This exploratory study examined the discursive practices of solidarity discourse, contributing to the performative theory of solidarity discourse. Five discursive practices were identified. It was noted that plurality and assimilation practice, complete assimilation, and partial assimilation were the most frequently employed practices. Assimilation is accomplished using three strategies: inclusive first plural pronouns, collective nouns, and spatialization. The second discursive practice was appraisal. There are three strategies that are utilized by speakers: to appraise and praise the ‘self’ or one's support, to appraise or bash and attack the ‘other,’ and to appraise and praise the ‘us/we.’ The third practice is representation and positioning, which is realized by intertwined representations of the ‘us,’ the common enemy/challenge representation, and self-positioning/representation. Endorsement is the fourth discursive practice to achieve solidarity through which the speaker endorses policies or ideologies to show solidarity. Finally, storytelling is a practice employed to build solidarity, manage knowledge, achieve performative acts, and shape the future through past events. The current paper contributed to our understanding of solidarity and expanded our perspective on discourse in general, and solidarity discourse in particular. In addition, the application of this study can bridge the gap between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’ by addressing the ‘us/we.
Leeuwen’s role allocation were utilized to show how speakers construct social actors in such a discourse to experientially reconstruct controversial topics without evoking negative feelings or creating conflicts. This study examined Jared Kushner’s
interview on the peace deal to show how such a controversial topic was constructed. It was noted that Kushner utilized three tools. He (1) foregrounded noncontroversial participants and backgrounded controversial ones, (2) identified actions of noncontroversial participants and suppressed the actions of those who are controversial, and (3) activated positive aspects and passivated negative aspects. In doing so, Kushner evaded controversial arguments by selectively representing participants and their social roles to achieve strategic goals, for example, obtaining a positive response, subduing negativity, and eventually may succeed in encouraging his audience to listen or consider his view.
https://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/AJELL/article/view/1838/981
The present study attempts to sketches a theoretical model entitled ‘a Performative Theory of Solidarity Discourse’ to analyze solidarity as a discourse. The data of this study is selected speeches that were delivered in the 2016 AIPAC Conference by seven influential American politicians. This theory puts forward eight assumptions and six hypotheses. These assumptions along with the hypotheses of this theory viewed solidarity discourse (SD) as performing a number of acts, namely identifying, assertive, regrouping, and commissive.
Sociolinguistics by Ahlam Alharbi
TEFL Papers by Ahlam Alharbi
This study employs checklists from Williams (1983) and Keban et al. (2012) to evaluate the Flying High for Saudi Arabia series, which is currently being taught in high schools in Taif City in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study is to ensure that this textbook series is suitable and capable of assisting teachers in achieving their pedagogical goals. Additionally, this evaluation provides a better understanding of how teachers may vary in terms of their understanding of textbook quality. The recommendations are intended for the Ministry of Education, the curriculum developers, researchers, schoolteachers, and Taif University.
Analytical frameworks by Ahlam Alharbi
This exploratory study examined the discursive practices of solidarity discourse, contributing to the performative theory of solidarity discourse. Five discursive practices were identified. It was noted that plurality and assimilation practice, complete assimilation, and partial assimilation were the most frequently employed practices. Assimilation is accomplished using three strategies: inclusive first plural pronouns, collective nouns, and spatialization. The second discursive practice was appraisal. There are three strategies that are utilized by speakers: to appraise and praise the ‘self’ or one's support, to appraise or bash and attack the ‘other,’ and to appraise and praise the ‘us/we.’ The third practice is representation and positioning, which is realized by intertwined representations of the ‘us,’ the common enemy/challenge representation, and self-positioning/representation. Endorsement is the fourth discursive practice to achieve solidarity through which the speaker endorses policies or ideologies to show solidarity. Finally, storytelling is a practice employed to build solidarity, manage knowledge, achieve performative acts, and shape the future through past events. The current paper contributed to our understanding of solidarity and expanded our perspective on discourse in general, and solidarity discourse in particular. In addition, the application of this study can bridge the gap between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’ by addressing the ‘us/we.
Leeuwen’s role allocation were utilized to show how speakers construct social actors in such a discourse to experientially reconstruct controversial topics without evoking negative feelings or creating conflicts. This study examined Jared Kushner’s
interview on the peace deal to show how such a controversial topic was constructed. It was noted that Kushner utilized three tools. He (1) foregrounded noncontroversial participants and backgrounded controversial ones, (2) identified actions of noncontroversial participants and suppressed the actions of those who are controversial, and (3) activated positive aspects and passivated negative aspects. In doing so, Kushner evaded controversial arguments by selectively representing participants and their social roles to achieve strategic goals, for example, obtaining a positive response, subduing negativity, and eventually may succeed in encouraging his audience to listen or consider his view.
https://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/AJELL/article/view/1838/981
The present study attempts to sketches a theoretical model entitled ‘a Performative Theory of Solidarity Discourse’ to analyze solidarity as a discourse. The data of this study is selected speeches that were delivered in the 2016 AIPAC Conference by seven influential American politicians. This theory puts forward eight assumptions and six hypotheses. These assumptions along with the hypotheses of this theory viewed solidarity discourse (SD) as performing a number of acts, namely identifying, assertive, regrouping, and commissive.
This study employs checklists from Williams (1983) and Keban et al. (2012) to evaluate the Flying High for Saudi Arabia series, which is currently being taught in high schools in Taif City in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study is to ensure that this textbook series is suitable and capable of assisting teachers in achieving their pedagogical goals. Additionally, this evaluation provides a better understanding of how teachers may vary in terms of their understanding of textbook quality. The recommendations are intended for the Ministry of Education, the curriculum developers, researchers, schoolteachers, and Taif University.