Summary This experiment was conducted in the screenhouse of the Department of Nematology, CCS Har... more Summary This experiment was conducted in the screenhouse of the Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India, in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 during the Rabi (winter) season to evaluated organic amendments with and without nematicide for the management of the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, in wheat. Organic amendments – castor cake, neem cake, vermi compost and farmyard manure (FYM), individually or with Carbofuran 3G (25 mg pot−1) – were applied in pots 10 days before sowing. All organic amendments significantly reduced the nematode population compared to the inoculated control in both years. The higher doses of the amendments were better at controlling H. avenae than the lower dose. Among the organic amendments, neem cake significantly reduced nematode reproduction compared to other amendments. Significantly fewer cysts, 75 (kg soil)−1, were found in treatment with neem cake at 20 g (kg soil)−1 combined with nematicide. The greatest plant growth...
Development of selective properties insecticides that act on biochemical sites present in particu... more Development of selective properties insecticides that act on biochemical sites present in particular insect groups, but their properties are different from other insecticides. Aim of this study is the discovery of compounds that affect the hormonal regulation of molting and developmental processes in insects viz., ecdysone agonists (tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide), juvenile hormone mimics (pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb), and chitin synthesis inhibitors (benzoylphenyl ureas and buprofezin). Insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor such as imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam has been introduced for the control of aphids, whiteflies, and other insect species. Novel compound pyradalyl (S-1812) has found to act selectively on lepidopterans and thrips. Neuroactive chemicals have played major role in management of insect pests in crops, their judicious uses led to several problems like insect resistance, secondary pest outbreaks, destruction of natural enemies', residue and resurgence. Now days the focus is laid down on development of new green chemistries insecticides having novel biochemical target for controlling pest, understand mode of action and resistance management. The mechanism of these insecticides targeting of a molecular target site present in pest on an enzyme form that is different from other organism. In recent years, several new insecticide groups having new chemistries viz., neonicotinoids, oxadiazines, diamides etc. are developed and commercialized for controlling pest. Novel insecticides will play a greater role in controlling pest because they are target specific in pest having no toxicity on non-target pest (environment friendly and toxicologically safer), high efficiency in pest control, and resistance management.
A pot experiment under screen house conditions was carried out to manage the root-knot nematode, ... more A pot experiment under screen house conditions was carried out to manage the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in tomato by using different neem leaves @ 5, 10, 20 and 30 g/kg soil along with chemical as well as untreated checks. Soil was autoclaved and inoculated with root-knot nematode (1000 J2/kg soil). Neem leaves were incorporated to the soil in pot as treatment wise and a waiting period of ten days was given for decomposition of neem leaves before transplanting of tomato seedling. The results revealed that all plant growth parameters of tomato improved while the nematode reproduction factors were suppressed significantly in case of neem leaves and chemical checks as compare to untreated inoculated check. Among the doses neem leaves 30 g/ kg soil were found to be effective in suppressing galling (38) and final population in soil (170) followed by 20 g/ kg soil in improving plant growth of tomato and reducing reproduction of root knot nematode.
Effect of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum on cucumber grown in th... more Effect of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum on cucumber grown in the polyhouse under protected conditions. The experiment was conducted in pots to evaluate the effect of nematode and fungus individually as well as in various sequential combinations i.e. simultaneous inoculation of nematode and fungus (SIS), nematode one week prior to fungus (1WBF) and nematode one week after fungus (1WAF). The results revealed that nematode inoculation caused significantly more reduction in plant growth parameter, viz., shoot length (SL), root length (RL), fresh shoot weight (FSW), fresh root weight (FRW), dry shoot weight (DSW) and dry root weight (DRW) of cucumber as a comparison to fungus alone, however, combined inoculation of the nematode and fungus was statistically significant with respect to reduction in plant growth parameter over their individual effect. Maximum and significantly more reduction in plant growth parameters viz., SL (125.5cm), RL (32.0cm), FSW (44.0g), FRW (24.3g), SDW (8.5g) and DRW (4.1g) was observed in the treatment where nematode was inoculated one week before fungus as compares to an untreated check having SL (138.2), RL (47.5), FSW (58.5), FRW (37.5), SDW (21.5), and DRW (9.4). Nematode reproduction in terms of formation of galls and egg masses and final nematode population in soil was also significantly suppressed in the treatment where nematode was inoculated one week prior to fungus. Keywords: Meloidogyne incognita, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum, shoot length, root length, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, shoot weight, dry root weight. Introduction In India, growing of horticultural crops in polyhouses under protected cultivation is becoming very popular among the farmers throughout the country. Large numbers of polyhouses are being erected in Haryana under the ages of the National Horticulture Mission to grow short duration crops. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is grown all over the world due to a good source of vitamins, minerals, fiber and roughages. Though in the polyhouses, crops are grown under protected conditions, yet the crops are not protected even under protected conditions. Polyhouse cultivation involves intensive cultivation of crops, optimum use of fertilizers and frequent use of irrigation, but continuous growing of the same crop with high day temperature and relative humidity within the greenhouse, polyhouse and low tunnel along with poor plant hygienic conditions inside and outside the greenhouse increase problem of soil borne pests and diseases including plant parasitic nematodes (Minuto et al. 2006) [6] which results in the availability of ideal conditions for the growth and multiplication of these pests. Plant-parasitic nematodes are recognized as major agricultural pathogens and are known to attack plants and cause crop losses throughout the world. Root-knot nematode is the most damaging plant-parasitic nematode (Barker, 1985) [1]. Under polyhouse cultivation crops, are attacked by a number of pests and diseases including nematodes which interfere with the successful cultivation under protected conditions. Among the nematodes, root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is the most damaging under polyhouse conditions, parasitizing almost all the polyhouses crops. The damage becomes very severe in association with fungi. Though, yield loss due to this nematode is difficult to predict, approximate yield loss due to this nematode has been predicted by many authors in various crops. Another important biotic stress to which the crop exposed is the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Among the vegetable crops grown in the polyhouses in Haryana, cultivation of cucumber is preferred over capsicum and tomato because the farmer gets a good price even in the local market throughout the year. Goel et al. (2013) [4] reported the incidence of root-knot nematode
A polyhouse study was conducted to determine the potential of biocontrol agents viz. Trichoderma ... more A polyhouse study was conducted to determine the potential of biocontrol agents viz. Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Paecilomyces lilacinus) @ 0.3 and 0.5 g/kg soil and liquid formulation of bioagents, (T. viride + P. fluorescence + P. lilacinus) @ 0.5 and 1 ml/ kg soil, against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum disease complex on cucumber. Three main treatments, viz., nematode alone, fungus alone and both inoculated simultaneously were taken. Chemical checks with Bavistin @ 2 g/ l water and carbofuran @ 0.1 mg/ kg soil as well as untreated check were also maintained. Fungus was grown on sand maize meal medium. Soil was autoclaved and infested with root-knot nematode (1000 J 2 / kg soil) and fungus (50 g/ kg soil). The bio-agents were mixed with the potted soil treatment wise. A waiting period of three days was given for multiplication of bioagents on the organic matter before sowing. All the treatments significantly improved the plant growth parameter, viz., shoot length (SL), root length (RL), fresh shoot weight (FSW), fresh root weight (FRW), dry shoot weight (DSW) and dry root weight (DRW) as compared to untreated check. However, maximum improvement in plant growth parameter was recorded in case of carbofuran @ 0.1 mg /kg soil followed by higher dose liquid formulation of bioagents. Bavistin was least effective among all the treatments against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum disease complex.
A pot experiment under polyhouse conditions was carried out to manage the root knot nematode, Mel... more A pot experiment under polyhouse conditions was carried out to manage the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita by using different botanicals, viz., neem, aak, castor leaves and neem seed kernel powder @ 20 and 30 g/kg soil along with chemical as well as untreated checks. Soil was autoclaved and infested with root-knot nematode (1000J2/ kg soil). Chopped leaves of these phytotherapeutic substances were incorporated to the potted soil treatment wise and a waiting period of ten days was given before sowing of cucumber seeds. The results revealed that all plant growth parameters of cucumber improved while the nematode reproduction factors were suppressed significantly in case of all phytotherapeutic substances and chemical checks as compare to untreated inoculated check. However, higher dose (30 g/ kg) was significantly more effective as compared to the lower dose (20 g/ kg soil). Among phytotherapeutic substances, A. indica seed kernel powder were found to be most effective in suppressing galling (44) and final population in soil (143) followed by neem, castor and aak leaves as compare to untreated inoculated check.
The life cycle and pathogenicity of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) studied on Capsicu... more The life cycle and pathogenicity of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) studied on Capsicum under polyhouse as well as screen house conditions for comparision. Nematode development was observed faster under polyhouse condition (35 days) as compared to screenhouse (40 days). The pathogenicity of root-knot nematode at the different inoculum levels viz., 0, 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 J 2 of Meloidogyne incognita /pot resulted into significant reduction in plant growth parameters at pathogenic level of nematode at and above 1,000 J 2 inoculum level under both the conditions but plant growth parameters like shoot length (37.7 cm), fresh shoot weight (10 g), dry shoot weight(3 g), fresh root weight(9.3 g), dry root weight (2.9 g) and nematode reproduction parameters viz. number of galls per root system, no. of egg masses per root system and final nematodes population was recorded higher under polyhouse conditions due to optimum condition for both, plant and nematode.
Tobacco caterpillar; Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has been recognised as mo... more Tobacco caterpillar; Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has been recognised as most devastating pest of several cultivated crops, including vegetables throughout the world. Several bio-pesticides have been tested for the management of tobacco caterpillar in different parts of the country, but only few have shown promising results. Among different bio-agents, entomopathogenic nematodes were found comparatively better over others in suppressing the population of tobacco caterpillar. Laboratory studies was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of an indigenous population of Steinernema carpocapsae against fourth instar larvae of tobacco caterpillar. Mass multiplication of S. carpocapsae on different artificial media i.e., Nutrient broth, Wheat flour, Maize flour, Lipid and Modified Wout's media. Different population of S. carpocapsae recovered from different artificial media of different dosage i.e., 100, 200, 300 and 400 IJs/Petri plate tested against S. litura. The per cent mortality of S. litura larvae after 96 hours was recorded, maximum 100 per cent mortality of S. litura was recorded at an inoculum level of 400 IJs/Petri plate recovered from Nutrient broth media. While, minimum 55 per cent mortality of S. litura was observed after 96 hrs at 100 IJs of S. carpocapsae produced on Wheat flour and Maize flour media respectively.
Experiment were study to exposed egg-masses and juveniles of Rotylenchulus reniformis to aqueous ... more Experiment were study to exposed egg-masses and juveniles of Rotylenchulus reniformis to aqueous extracts from fresh leaves of Withania somnifera, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Mentha arvensis, Lantana camara, Calotropis gigantea plants leaves and Margozyme neem based product were used as hatching and mortality effect on eggs and juvenile of R. reniformis in vitro. Plant extracts viz., Lantana camara, Calotropis gigantea and Withania somnifera 20 and 30 per cent concentration were suppress the hatching eggs and increase juvenile mortality percentage of reniform nematode, R. reniformis in vitro.
A screen house study was undertaken for evaluating different plant extracts of ashwagantha (Witha... more A screen house study was undertaken for evaluating different plant extracts of ashwagantha (Withania somnifera), lantana (Lantana camara) and aak (Calotropis gigantea)as seed soaking treatment against reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis infesting cowpea extracts 20 and 30 per cent concentrations. The aqueous extracted soaked seeds were sown in Reniform nematode infested soil having 3J /g soil. The growth parameters cowpea plants were better and reniform nematode, (R. reniformis) reproduction and populations 2 were reduced in all the treatments compared to inoculated control. Manuscript Number: 2461 NAAS Rating: 4.47 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is one of the important Kharif pulse crop grown in India. It is a warm season crop, well adapted to any areas of the humid tropics and subtropical zones. In Rajasthan, crop is cultivated on 1.22 lakh ha with production of 64.36 thousand tonnes and-1 average productivity being 529 kg ha (Anonymous, 2010-11). The demand for cowpea in Indian and world market is increasing day by day. But the production is threatened by several biotic and abiotic stresses. Among biotic stresses nematodes are one of the major and conspicuous limiting factors for spices production. The reniform nematode is one of the major nematode responsible for severe losses in cowpea production. It attacks over 140 species of more than 115 plant genera with losses in yield of cotton, maize, finger millet, cowpea, and black gramvary from 8.1. to 14.9 per cent (Jonathan, 2001) Hence, in order to manage R.reniformis infesting cowpea, studies were conducted to evaluated the efficacy of different plant extracts viz., ashwagantha (W. somnifera), lantana (L. camara) and aak (C. gigantea) and carbosulfan as seed soaking treatment The experiment was conducted under screen house condition in earthen pots (15 cm diam.) containing one kg R.reniformis infested soil with 3 larvae/g of soil. The required quantity of plant extracts formulation measured separately for each seed treatment. The cowpea seeds (cv. VU-89) were soaked with aqueous extract of ashwagantha (W. somnifera), lLantana (L. camara) and aak (C. gigantea) at @ 20 and 30 per cent concentrations. The seeds were sown in pots filled with nematode infested soil with four replications. After 10 days of germination one plant ineach pot was maintained with two control one with nematode alone (control) and other with chemical check (carbosulfan 25 EC @1 per cent). Plants were harvested 45 days after sowing. The observation on shoot length, shoot weight, root length and root weight were taken at harvest. Then the root was washed carefully and stained with 0.1 per cent acid fuchsin (Mc Beth et al., 1941) and after wash kept in clear lacto phenol for 24 hrs. The roots were examined thoroughly under a stereoscopic binocular microscope for counting number of female / plant, number of egg mass / plant, number of eggs and larvae / egg mass, population / 200cc soil and total population. After removing the plant from the pot, soil was thoroughly mixed and 200cc soil from each pot were taken and processed by Cobb´s sieving and decanting technique followed by Baermann´s funnel technique for estimation of nematode population in soil (Cobb, 1918). All the plant extracts were found significantly effective in reducing reproduction of R. reniformis as compare to untreated check. The minimum hatching was with L. camara (1.67 per cent) followed by C. gigantea (2.78 th per cent) and W. somnifera (3.89 per cent) at 7 day Among the tasted concentrations, 30 per cent concentration of all the plant extracts was found effective while extract of lantana (L. camara) leaves was found most effective in comparison to aak (C. gigantea) leaves and ashwagantha (W. somnifera) leaves extract in improving plant growth. Further observations on plant extract and their concentrations indicated that extract of lantana leaves followed by aak leaves and ashwagantha leaves at 30 per cent concentration were found most effective in improving plant growth and reducing the nematode reproduction over other treatments. This investigation is in adjustable conformity with
A survey of polyhouses in different districts of Haryana was conducted during 2015-16 to determin... more A survey of polyhouses in different districts of Haryana was conducted during 2015-16 to determine the incidence of important plant parasitic nematodes on vegetable crops mainly, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), chili and bell peppers (Capsicum frutescens) grown in polyhouses under protected conditions. Soil and root samples were collected from each polyhouse and analyzed mainly for the presence of plant parasitic nematodes. During the survey, nine important plant-parasitic nematodes genera viz. Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus spp. Rotylenchulus spp. Hoplolaimus spp. Helicotylenchus spp. Tylenchorhynchus spp. Ditylenchus spp. were detected from soil samples. The infestation of each species was highly variable from polyhouse to polyhouse and within the polyhouse. However, root-knot nematode, Meloidogune incognita was found to be the major plant parasitic nematode under protected conditions. Frequency of occurrence of root knot nematode was recorded to be 63.15% and population dessity range was 30-10000j2/200cc soil.Visual observations showed that foliage growth was not uniform in the polyhouse and stunted growth, chlorotic leaves and wilted plants with fewer fruits were in patches.
A pot experiment was carried out under cage house condition for management of R. reniformis infec... more A pot experiment was carried out under cage house condition for management of R. reniformis infecting Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) by using bio-agents T. viride, Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens (@ 2 g/kg soil) as soil application and plant extracts viz., Lantana (Lantana camara), Aak (Calotropis gigantea) and Ashwaganthan (Withania somnifera) as seed soaking treatment along with chemical (carbofuran 3G @ 1kg a.i/ha) and untreated control. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design block (CRD). Stastical analysis showed that combined effect of T. harzianum @ 2 g/kg soil as soil application and 30 per cent concentration of Lantana (L. camara) as seed soaking proved better over other treatments in enhancing growth parameters of cowpea and minimizing infection of R. reniformis.
A pot experiment under screen house conditions was carried out to manage the root-knot nematode, ... more A pot experiment under screen house conditions was carried out to manage the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in tomato by using different neem leaves @ 5, 10, 20 and 30 g/kg soil along with chemical as well as untreated checks. Soil was autoclaved and inoculated with root-knot nematode (1000 J2/kg soil). Neem leaves were incorporated to the soil in pot as treatment wise and a waiting period of ten days was given for decomposition of neem leaves before transplanting of tomato seedling. The results revealed that all plant growth parameters of tomato improved while the nematode reproduction factors were suppressed significantly in case of neem leaves and chemical checks as compare to untreated inoculated check. Among the doses neem leaves 30 g/ kg soil were found to be effective in suppressing galling (38) and final population in soil (170) followed by 20 g/ kg soil in improving plant growth of tomato and reducing reproduction of root knot nematode.
Summary This experiment was conducted in the screenhouse of the Department of Nematology, CCS Har... more Summary This experiment was conducted in the screenhouse of the Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India, in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 during the Rabi (winter) season to evaluated organic amendments with and without nematicide for the management of the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, in wheat. Organic amendments – castor cake, neem cake, vermi compost and farmyard manure (FYM), individually or with Carbofuran 3G (25 mg pot−1) – were applied in pots 10 days before sowing. All organic amendments significantly reduced the nematode population compared to the inoculated control in both years. The higher doses of the amendments were better at controlling H. avenae than the lower dose. Among the organic amendments, neem cake significantly reduced nematode reproduction compared to other amendments. Significantly fewer cysts, 75 (kg soil)−1, were found in treatment with neem cake at 20 g (kg soil)−1 combined with nematicide. The greatest plant growth...
Development of selective properties insecticides that act on biochemical sites present in particu... more Development of selective properties insecticides that act on biochemical sites present in particular insect groups, but their properties are different from other insecticides. Aim of this study is the discovery of compounds that affect the hormonal regulation of molting and developmental processes in insects viz., ecdysone agonists (tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide), juvenile hormone mimics (pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb), and chitin synthesis inhibitors (benzoylphenyl ureas and buprofezin). Insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor such as imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam has been introduced for the control of aphids, whiteflies, and other insect species. Novel compound pyradalyl (S-1812) has found to act selectively on lepidopterans and thrips. Neuroactive chemicals have played major role in management of insect pests in crops, their judicious uses led to several problems like insect resistance, secondary pest outbreaks, destruction of natural enemies', residue and resurgence. Now days the focus is laid down on development of new green chemistries insecticides having novel biochemical target for controlling pest, understand mode of action and resistance management. The mechanism of these insecticides targeting of a molecular target site present in pest on an enzyme form that is different from other organism. In recent years, several new insecticide groups having new chemistries viz., neonicotinoids, oxadiazines, diamides etc. are developed and commercialized for controlling pest. Novel insecticides will play a greater role in controlling pest because they are target specific in pest having no toxicity on non-target pest (environment friendly and toxicologically safer), high efficiency in pest control, and resistance management.
A pot experiment under screen house conditions was carried out to manage the root-knot nematode, ... more A pot experiment under screen house conditions was carried out to manage the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in tomato by using different neem leaves @ 5, 10, 20 and 30 g/kg soil along with chemical as well as untreated checks. Soil was autoclaved and inoculated with root-knot nematode (1000 J2/kg soil). Neem leaves were incorporated to the soil in pot as treatment wise and a waiting period of ten days was given for decomposition of neem leaves before transplanting of tomato seedling. The results revealed that all plant growth parameters of tomato improved while the nematode reproduction factors were suppressed significantly in case of neem leaves and chemical checks as compare to untreated inoculated check. Among the doses neem leaves 30 g/ kg soil were found to be effective in suppressing galling (38) and final population in soil (170) followed by 20 g/ kg soil in improving plant growth of tomato and reducing reproduction of root knot nematode.
Effect of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum on cucumber grown in th... more Effect of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum on cucumber grown in the polyhouse under protected conditions. The experiment was conducted in pots to evaluate the effect of nematode and fungus individually as well as in various sequential combinations i.e. simultaneous inoculation of nematode and fungus (SIS), nematode one week prior to fungus (1WBF) and nematode one week after fungus (1WAF). The results revealed that nematode inoculation caused significantly more reduction in plant growth parameter, viz., shoot length (SL), root length (RL), fresh shoot weight (FSW), fresh root weight (FRW), dry shoot weight (DSW) and dry root weight (DRW) of cucumber as a comparison to fungus alone, however, combined inoculation of the nematode and fungus was statistically significant with respect to reduction in plant growth parameter over their individual effect. Maximum and significantly more reduction in plant growth parameters viz., SL (125.5cm), RL (32.0cm), FSW (44.0g), FRW (24.3g), SDW (8.5g) and DRW (4.1g) was observed in the treatment where nematode was inoculated one week before fungus as compares to an untreated check having SL (138.2), RL (47.5), FSW (58.5), FRW (37.5), SDW (21.5), and DRW (9.4). Nematode reproduction in terms of formation of galls and egg masses and final nematode population in soil was also significantly suppressed in the treatment where nematode was inoculated one week prior to fungus. Keywords: Meloidogyne incognita, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum, shoot length, root length, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, shoot weight, dry root weight. Introduction In India, growing of horticultural crops in polyhouses under protected cultivation is becoming very popular among the farmers throughout the country. Large numbers of polyhouses are being erected in Haryana under the ages of the National Horticulture Mission to grow short duration crops. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is grown all over the world due to a good source of vitamins, minerals, fiber and roughages. Though in the polyhouses, crops are grown under protected conditions, yet the crops are not protected even under protected conditions. Polyhouse cultivation involves intensive cultivation of crops, optimum use of fertilizers and frequent use of irrigation, but continuous growing of the same crop with high day temperature and relative humidity within the greenhouse, polyhouse and low tunnel along with poor plant hygienic conditions inside and outside the greenhouse increase problem of soil borne pests and diseases including plant parasitic nematodes (Minuto et al. 2006) [6] which results in the availability of ideal conditions for the growth and multiplication of these pests. Plant-parasitic nematodes are recognized as major agricultural pathogens and are known to attack plants and cause crop losses throughout the world. Root-knot nematode is the most damaging plant-parasitic nematode (Barker, 1985) [1]. Under polyhouse cultivation crops, are attacked by a number of pests and diseases including nematodes which interfere with the successful cultivation under protected conditions. Among the nematodes, root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is the most damaging under polyhouse conditions, parasitizing almost all the polyhouses crops. The damage becomes very severe in association with fungi. Though, yield loss due to this nematode is difficult to predict, approximate yield loss due to this nematode has been predicted by many authors in various crops. Another important biotic stress to which the crop exposed is the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Among the vegetable crops grown in the polyhouses in Haryana, cultivation of cucumber is preferred over capsicum and tomato because the farmer gets a good price even in the local market throughout the year. Goel et al. (2013) [4] reported the incidence of root-knot nematode
A polyhouse study was conducted to determine the potential of biocontrol agents viz. Trichoderma ... more A polyhouse study was conducted to determine the potential of biocontrol agents viz. Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Paecilomyces lilacinus) @ 0.3 and 0.5 g/kg soil and liquid formulation of bioagents, (T. viride + P. fluorescence + P. lilacinus) @ 0.5 and 1 ml/ kg soil, against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum disease complex on cucumber. Three main treatments, viz., nematode alone, fungus alone and both inoculated simultaneously were taken. Chemical checks with Bavistin @ 2 g/ l water and carbofuran @ 0.1 mg/ kg soil as well as untreated check were also maintained. Fungus was grown on sand maize meal medium. Soil was autoclaved and infested with root-knot nematode (1000 J 2 / kg soil) and fungus (50 g/ kg soil). The bio-agents were mixed with the potted soil treatment wise. A waiting period of three days was given for multiplication of bioagents on the organic matter before sowing. All the treatments significantly improved the plant growth parameter, viz., shoot length (SL), root length (RL), fresh shoot weight (FSW), fresh root weight (FRW), dry shoot weight (DSW) and dry root weight (DRW) as compared to untreated check. However, maximum improvement in plant growth parameter was recorded in case of carbofuran @ 0.1 mg /kg soil followed by higher dose liquid formulation of bioagents. Bavistin was least effective among all the treatments against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum disease complex.
A pot experiment under polyhouse conditions was carried out to manage the root knot nematode, Mel... more A pot experiment under polyhouse conditions was carried out to manage the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita by using different botanicals, viz., neem, aak, castor leaves and neem seed kernel powder @ 20 and 30 g/kg soil along with chemical as well as untreated checks. Soil was autoclaved and infested with root-knot nematode (1000J2/ kg soil). Chopped leaves of these phytotherapeutic substances were incorporated to the potted soil treatment wise and a waiting period of ten days was given before sowing of cucumber seeds. The results revealed that all plant growth parameters of cucumber improved while the nematode reproduction factors were suppressed significantly in case of all phytotherapeutic substances and chemical checks as compare to untreated inoculated check. However, higher dose (30 g/ kg) was significantly more effective as compared to the lower dose (20 g/ kg soil). Among phytotherapeutic substances, A. indica seed kernel powder were found to be most effective in suppressing galling (44) and final population in soil (143) followed by neem, castor and aak leaves as compare to untreated inoculated check.
The life cycle and pathogenicity of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) studied on Capsicu... more The life cycle and pathogenicity of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) studied on Capsicum under polyhouse as well as screen house conditions for comparision. Nematode development was observed faster under polyhouse condition (35 days) as compared to screenhouse (40 days). The pathogenicity of root-knot nematode at the different inoculum levels viz., 0, 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 J 2 of Meloidogyne incognita /pot resulted into significant reduction in plant growth parameters at pathogenic level of nematode at and above 1,000 J 2 inoculum level under both the conditions but plant growth parameters like shoot length (37.7 cm), fresh shoot weight (10 g), dry shoot weight(3 g), fresh root weight(9.3 g), dry root weight (2.9 g) and nematode reproduction parameters viz. number of galls per root system, no. of egg masses per root system and final nematodes population was recorded higher under polyhouse conditions due to optimum condition for both, plant and nematode.
Tobacco caterpillar; Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has been recognised as mo... more Tobacco caterpillar; Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has been recognised as most devastating pest of several cultivated crops, including vegetables throughout the world. Several bio-pesticides have been tested for the management of tobacco caterpillar in different parts of the country, but only few have shown promising results. Among different bio-agents, entomopathogenic nematodes were found comparatively better over others in suppressing the population of tobacco caterpillar. Laboratory studies was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of an indigenous population of Steinernema carpocapsae against fourth instar larvae of tobacco caterpillar. Mass multiplication of S. carpocapsae on different artificial media i.e., Nutrient broth, Wheat flour, Maize flour, Lipid and Modified Wout's media. Different population of S. carpocapsae recovered from different artificial media of different dosage i.e., 100, 200, 300 and 400 IJs/Petri plate tested against S. litura. The per cent mortality of S. litura larvae after 96 hours was recorded, maximum 100 per cent mortality of S. litura was recorded at an inoculum level of 400 IJs/Petri plate recovered from Nutrient broth media. While, minimum 55 per cent mortality of S. litura was observed after 96 hrs at 100 IJs of S. carpocapsae produced on Wheat flour and Maize flour media respectively.
Experiment were study to exposed egg-masses and juveniles of Rotylenchulus reniformis to aqueous ... more Experiment were study to exposed egg-masses and juveniles of Rotylenchulus reniformis to aqueous extracts from fresh leaves of Withania somnifera, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Mentha arvensis, Lantana camara, Calotropis gigantea plants leaves and Margozyme neem based product were used as hatching and mortality effect on eggs and juvenile of R. reniformis in vitro. Plant extracts viz., Lantana camara, Calotropis gigantea and Withania somnifera 20 and 30 per cent concentration were suppress the hatching eggs and increase juvenile mortality percentage of reniform nematode, R. reniformis in vitro.
A screen house study was undertaken for evaluating different plant extracts of ashwagantha (Witha... more A screen house study was undertaken for evaluating different plant extracts of ashwagantha (Withania somnifera), lantana (Lantana camara) and aak (Calotropis gigantea)as seed soaking treatment against reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis infesting cowpea extracts 20 and 30 per cent concentrations. The aqueous extracted soaked seeds were sown in Reniform nematode infested soil having 3J /g soil. The growth parameters cowpea plants were better and reniform nematode, (R. reniformis) reproduction and populations 2 were reduced in all the treatments compared to inoculated control. Manuscript Number: 2461 NAAS Rating: 4.47 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is one of the important Kharif pulse crop grown in India. It is a warm season crop, well adapted to any areas of the humid tropics and subtropical zones. In Rajasthan, crop is cultivated on 1.22 lakh ha with production of 64.36 thousand tonnes and-1 average productivity being 529 kg ha (Anonymous, 2010-11). The demand for cowpea in Indian and world market is increasing day by day. But the production is threatened by several biotic and abiotic stresses. Among biotic stresses nematodes are one of the major and conspicuous limiting factors for spices production. The reniform nematode is one of the major nematode responsible for severe losses in cowpea production. It attacks over 140 species of more than 115 plant genera with losses in yield of cotton, maize, finger millet, cowpea, and black gramvary from 8.1. to 14.9 per cent (Jonathan, 2001) Hence, in order to manage R.reniformis infesting cowpea, studies were conducted to evaluated the efficacy of different plant extracts viz., ashwagantha (W. somnifera), lantana (L. camara) and aak (C. gigantea) and carbosulfan as seed soaking treatment The experiment was conducted under screen house condition in earthen pots (15 cm diam.) containing one kg R.reniformis infested soil with 3 larvae/g of soil. The required quantity of plant extracts formulation measured separately for each seed treatment. The cowpea seeds (cv. VU-89) were soaked with aqueous extract of ashwagantha (W. somnifera), lLantana (L. camara) and aak (C. gigantea) at @ 20 and 30 per cent concentrations. The seeds were sown in pots filled with nematode infested soil with four replications. After 10 days of germination one plant ineach pot was maintained with two control one with nematode alone (control) and other with chemical check (carbosulfan 25 EC @1 per cent). Plants were harvested 45 days after sowing. The observation on shoot length, shoot weight, root length and root weight were taken at harvest. Then the root was washed carefully and stained with 0.1 per cent acid fuchsin (Mc Beth et al., 1941) and after wash kept in clear lacto phenol for 24 hrs. The roots were examined thoroughly under a stereoscopic binocular microscope for counting number of female / plant, number of egg mass / plant, number of eggs and larvae / egg mass, population / 200cc soil and total population. After removing the plant from the pot, soil was thoroughly mixed and 200cc soil from each pot were taken and processed by Cobb´s sieving and decanting technique followed by Baermann´s funnel technique for estimation of nematode population in soil (Cobb, 1918). All the plant extracts were found significantly effective in reducing reproduction of R. reniformis as compare to untreated check. The minimum hatching was with L. camara (1.67 per cent) followed by C. gigantea (2.78 th per cent) and W. somnifera (3.89 per cent) at 7 day Among the tasted concentrations, 30 per cent concentration of all the plant extracts was found effective while extract of lantana (L. camara) leaves was found most effective in comparison to aak (C. gigantea) leaves and ashwagantha (W. somnifera) leaves extract in improving plant growth. Further observations on plant extract and their concentrations indicated that extract of lantana leaves followed by aak leaves and ashwagantha leaves at 30 per cent concentration were found most effective in improving plant growth and reducing the nematode reproduction over other treatments. This investigation is in adjustable conformity with
A survey of polyhouses in different districts of Haryana was conducted during 2015-16 to determin... more A survey of polyhouses in different districts of Haryana was conducted during 2015-16 to determine the incidence of important plant parasitic nematodes on vegetable crops mainly, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), chili and bell peppers (Capsicum frutescens) grown in polyhouses under protected conditions. Soil and root samples were collected from each polyhouse and analyzed mainly for the presence of plant parasitic nematodes. During the survey, nine important plant-parasitic nematodes genera viz. Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus spp. Rotylenchulus spp. Hoplolaimus spp. Helicotylenchus spp. Tylenchorhynchus spp. Ditylenchus spp. were detected from soil samples. The infestation of each species was highly variable from polyhouse to polyhouse and within the polyhouse. However, root-knot nematode, Meloidogune incognita was found to be the major plant parasitic nematode under protected conditions. Frequency of occurrence of root knot nematode was recorded to be 63.15% and population dessity range was 30-10000j2/200cc soil.Visual observations showed that foliage growth was not uniform in the polyhouse and stunted growth, chlorotic leaves and wilted plants with fewer fruits were in patches.
A pot experiment was carried out under cage house condition for management of R. reniformis infec... more A pot experiment was carried out under cage house condition for management of R. reniformis infecting Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) by using bio-agents T. viride, Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens (@ 2 g/kg soil) as soil application and plant extracts viz., Lantana (Lantana camara), Aak (Calotropis gigantea) and Ashwaganthan (Withania somnifera) as seed soaking treatment along with chemical (carbofuran 3G @ 1kg a.i/ha) and untreated control. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design block (CRD). Stastical analysis showed that combined effect of T. harzianum @ 2 g/kg soil as soil application and 30 per cent concentration of Lantana (L. camara) as seed soaking proved better over other treatments in enhancing growth parameters of cowpea and minimizing infection of R. reniformis.
A pot experiment under screen house conditions was carried out to manage the root-knot nematode, ... more A pot experiment under screen house conditions was carried out to manage the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in tomato by using different neem leaves @ 5, 10, 20 and 30 g/kg soil along with chemical as well as untreated checks. Soil was autoclaved and inoculated with root-knot nematode (1000 J2/kg soil). Neem leaves were incorporated to the soil in pot as treatment wise and a waiting period of ten days was given for decomposition of neem leaves before transplanting of tomato seedling. The results revealed that all plant growth parameters of tomato improved while the nematode reproduction factors were suppressed significantly in case of neem leaves and chemical checks as compare to untreated inoculated check. Among the doses neem leaves 30 g/ kg soil were found to be effective in suppressing galling (38) and final population in soil (170) followed by 20 g/ kg soil in improving plant growth of tomato and reducing reproduction of root knot nematode.
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