The discrepancy that Kant sought to rectify with the Critique of Pure Reason was that between sci... more The discrepancy that Kant sought to rectify with the Critique of Pure Reason was that between science and metaphysics: "If it [metaphysics] be a science, how comes it that it cannot, like other sciences, obtain universal and permanent recognition? If not, how can it maintain its pretensions, and keep the human mind in suspense with hopes, never ceasing, yet never fulfilled?" 1 To this end, Kant pointed towards the similarity in the form of judgments pertaining to metaphysics, mathematics, and pure natural science as synthetic a priori. By 1789, Eberhard had publicly contended this characterization in "On the Distinction of Judgments into Analytic and Synthetic." For Eberhard, Kant's claim to novelty was unfounded: synthetic a priori judgments had been known to philosophers and logicians prior to Kant as a class of judgments where the predicate is an attribute of the subject concept: predicates are necessarily, rather than essentially, related to the subject's essence. In contrast, judgments where the predicates do pertain to the subject's essence are equivalent to Kant's analytic judgments.
With the publication of Faktizität und Gelrung, Jürgen Habermas reunites two principle concerns f... more With the publication of Faktizität und Gelrung, Jürgen Habermas reunites two principle concerns from his earlier writings into a comprehensive theoretical discourse on law. First, the democratic thrust behind Habermas' considerations place this work within the tradition inaugurated by the critique of contemporary political life found in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Second, an original reconstruction of the philosophy of language drawn from the author's earlier Theory of Communicative Actions addresses the proposed tension between facticity and validity through the claims of communicative reason. From these preliminary considerations the complex basis from which Between Facts and Norms originates becomes apparent: in reconsidering the relation between the philosophy of law and political theory, we must discern what grants validity to law. The justifications Habermas provides for a system of rights bring together the central intentions behind the proposed theory of law. On the one hand, these justifications develop the underlying tension between facticity and validity as the basic structure of law: Habermas' argument develops from the extreme aspect of law as a guarantor of liberty through coercion. On the other, the theoretical reconstruction of rights elucidates the grounds for reestablishing a connection between legal and social theories.
Meno's question does not relate to a circumstantial setting in which a sincere concern may emerge... more Meno's question does not relate to a circumstantial setting in which a sincere concern may emerge. Rather, it is asked in the abstract. In contrast to the practical engagement with which the friendly Hippocrates approaches Socrates in the Protagoras, Meno's intension develops from an academic, that is, sophistic, motive. As he reveals later in the discussion, Meno has multiply lectured on virtue and before large audiences (80b). His inquiry does not stem from authentic epistemic desire, or an affirmation of personal ignorance. Rather, it serves Meno as an opportunity to engage in eristic rhetoric -one possibly rehearsed and predetermined to produce a particular answer.
Undoubtedly, in Henri Cartier-Bresson's work we find, superimposed upon a direct photographic doc... more Undoubtedly, in Henri Cartier-Bresson's work we find, superimposed upon a direct photographic document, a sophisticated visual program dictated by subtle formal considerations. Yet, critics are divided on the question of which of these two elements takes precedence-or should define-the French photographer's approach. Many outline the distinction between Cartier-Bresson's photojournalistic and formalist predispositions largely by chronological terms, with the 1955 publication of The People of Moscow signaling the photographer's definitive shift towards reportage and photo-story. Others favor one dimension and reject the other. They either overestimate the visual and theoretical influences of Surrealism towards which Cartier-Bresson directed himself in his early career, or emphasize a partiality towards reportage-photography that brought him to found the Magnum cooperative in 1947. Evaluating these contrasting understandings of Cartier-Bresson's ouvre does illuminate interesting dialogues regarding the nature of photography and photojournalism. Yet, if we return to thoughts expressed by the Cartier-Bresson himself, such a critical disjunction between documentation, narrative, and artistic formalism is dissolved. Through an analysis of the photographer's formation and early work-unhindered by his later commitments to photojournalismrealism and aestheticism appear in equal force; a compromise between the two must be found.
Within the fine grain of Edmund Husserl and Gottlob Frege's writings lie numerous contrasts that ... more Within the fine grain of Edmund Husserl and Gottlob Frege's writings lie numerous contrasts that provoke the elucidation of the subtleties inherent in two philosophers' departure from psychologism. Their resultant movement towards phenomenological and analytic disciplines, respectively, necessitates for its basic understanding mention of Brentano's ambiguous approach to philosophy and logic. On the one hand, Brentano identifies in psychologism certain subjectivist and anthropocentric fallacies; yet, he defends psychology as a theoretical science upon which the practical disciplines of logic, ethics, and aesthetics are based.
The discrepancy that Kant sought to rectify with the Critique of Pure Reason was that between sci... more The discrepancy that Kant sought to rectify with the Critique of Pure Reason was that between science and metaphysics: "If it [metaphysics] be a science, how comes it that it cannot, like other sciences, obtain universal and permanent recognition? If not, how can it maintain its pretensions, and keep the human mind in suspense with hopes, never ceasing, yet never fulfilled?" 1 To this end, Kant pointed towards the similarity in the form of judgments pertaining to metaphysics, mathematics, and pure natural science as synthetic a priori. By 1789, Eberhard had publicly contended this characterization in "On the Distinction of Judgments into Analytic and Synthetic." For Eberhard, Kant's claim to novelty was unfounded: synthetic a priori judgments had been known to philosophers and logicians prior to Kant as a class of judgments where the predicate is an attribute of the subject concept: predicates are necessarily, rather than essentially, related to the subject's essence. In contrast, judgments where the predicates do pertain to the subject's essence are equivalent to Kant's analytic judgments.
With the publication of Faktizität und Gelrung, Jürgen Habermas reunites two principle concerns f... more With the publication of Faktizität und Gelrung, Jürgen Habermas reunites two principle concerns from his earlier writings into a comprehensive theoretical discourse on law. First, the democratic thrust behind Habermas' considerations place this work within the tradition inaugurated by the critique of contemporary political life found in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Second, an original reconstruction of the philosophy of language drawn from the author's earlier Theory of Communicative Actions addresses the proposed tension between facticity and validity through the claims of communicative reason. From these preliminary considerations the complex basis from which Between Facts and Norms originates becomes apparent: in reconsidering the relation between the philosophy of law and political theory, we must discern what grants validity to law. The justifications Habermas provides for a system of rights bring together the central intentions behind the proposed theory of law. On the one hand, these justifications develop the underlying tension between facticity and validity as the basic structure of law: Habermas' argument develops from the extreme aspect of law as a guarantor of liberty through coercion. On the other, the theoretical reconstruction of rights elucidates the grounds for reestablishing a connection between legal and social theories.
Meno's question does not relate to a circumstantial setting in which a sincere concern may emerge... more Meno's question does not relate to a circumstantial setting in which a sincere concern may emerge. Rather, it is asked in the abstract. In contrast to the practical engagement with which the friendly Hippocrates approaches Socrates in the Protagoras, Meno's intension develops from an academic, that is, sophistic, motive. As he reveals later in the discussion, Meno has multiply lectured on virtue and before large audiences (80b). His inquiry does not stem from authentic epistemic desire, or an affirmation of personal ignorance. Rather, it serves Meno as an opportunity to engage in eristic rhetoric -one possibly rehearsed and predetermined to produce a particular answer.
Undoubtedly, in Henri Cartier-Bresson's work we find, superimposed upon a direct photographic doc... more Undoubtedly, in Henri Cartier-Bresson's work we find, superimposed upon a direct photographic document, a sophisticated visual program dictated by subtle formal considerations. Yet, critics are divided on the question of which of these two elements takes precedence-or should define-the French photographer's approach. Many outline the distinction between Cartier-Bresson's photojournalistic and formalist predispositions largely by chronological terms, with the 1955 publication of The People of Moscow signaling the photographer's definitive shift towards reportage and photo-story. Others favor one dimension and reject the other. They either overestimate the visual and theoretical influences of Surrealism towards which Cartier-Bresson directed himself in his early career, or emphasize a partiality towards reportage-photography that brought him to found the Magnum cooperative in 1947. Evaluating these contrasting understandings of Cartier-Bresson's ouvre does illuminate interesting dialogues regarding the nature of photography and photojournalism. Yet, if we return to thoughts expressed by the Cartier-Bresson himself, such a critical disjunction between documentation, narrative, and artistic formalism is dissolved. Through an analysis of the photographer's formation and early work-unhindered by his later commitments to photojournalismrealism and aestheticism appear in equal force; a compromise between the two must be found.
Within the fine grain of Edmund Husserl and Gottlob Frege's writings lie numerous contrasts that ... more Within the fine grain of Edmund Husserl and Gottlob Frege's writings lie numerous contrasts that provoke the elucidation of the subtleties inherent in two philosophers' departure from psychologism. Their resultant movement towards phenomenological and analytic disciplines, respectively, necessitates for its basic understanding mention of Brentano's ambiguous approach to philosophy and logic. On the one hand, Brentano identifies in psychologism certain subjectivist and anthropocentric fallacies; yet, he defends psychology as a theoretical science upon which the practical disciplines of logic, ethics, and aesthetics are based.
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