Books by Jeremy P Haggar
This guidebook presents a selection of technologies for climate change adaptation in the agricult... more This guidebook presents a selection of technologies for climate change adaptation in the agriculture
sector. A set of 22 adaptation technologies are showcased. These are based primarily on the principles of
agroecology, but also include scientific technologies of climate and biological sciences complemented by
important sociological and institutional capacity building processes that are required for climate change to
function. The technologies cover:
• Planning for climate change and variability
• Sustainable water use and management
• Soil management
• Sustainable crop management
• Sustainable livestock management
• Sustainable farming systems
• Capacity building and stakeholder organisation.
Technologies that tend to homogenise the natural environment and agricultural production have low
possibilities of success in environmental stress conditions that are likely to result from climate change.
On the other hand, technologies that allow for, and promote diversity are more likely to provide a strategy
which strengthens agricultural production in the face of uncertain future climate change scenarios. The 22
technologies showcased in this guidebook have been selected because they facilitate the conservation
and restoration of diversity while also providing opportunities for increasing agricultural productivity. Many
of these technologies are not new to agricultural production practices, but they are implemented based
on the assessment of current and possible future impacts of climate change in a particular location.
agroecology is an approach that encompasses concepts of sustainable production and biodiversity
promotion and therefore provides a useful framework for identifying and selecting appropriate adaptation
technologies for the agriculture sector.
The guidebook provides a systematic analysis of the most relevant information available on climate change
adaptation technologies in the agriculture sector. It has been compiled based on a literature review of key
publications, journal articles, and e-platforms, and by drawing on documented experiences sourced from
a range of organisations working on projects and programmes concerned with climate change adaptation
technologies in the agriculture sector. Its geographic scope focuses on developing countries where high
levels of poverty, agricultural production, climate variability and biological diversity intersect.
Key concepts around climate change adaptation are not universally agreed on. It is therefore important to
understand local contexts – especially social and cultural norms – when working with national and subnational
stakeholders to make informed decisions about appropriate technology options. Thus, decisionmaking
processes should be participative, facilitated, and consensus-building oriented and should be
based on the following key guiding principles:
xvi
• Increasing awareness and knowledge
• Strengthening institutions
• Protecting natural resources
• Providing financial assistance
• Developing context-specific strategies.
To assist with decision-making, the Community–based Adaptation (CBA) framework is proposed for
creating inclusive governance. The CBA framework engages a range of stakeholders directly with local
or district government and national coordinating bodies, and facilitates participatory planning, monitoring
and implementation of adaptation activities. Seven criteria are suggested for the prioritisation of adaptation
technologies: (i) the extent to which the technology maintains or strengthens biological diversity and
is environmentally sustainable; (ii) the extent to which the technology facilitates access to information
systems and awareness of climate change information; (iii) whether the technology supports water, carbon
and nutrient cycles and enables stable and/or increased productivity; (iv) income-generating potential,
cost-benefit analysis and contribution to improved equity; (v) respect for cultural diversity and facilitation of
inter-cultural exchange; (vi) potential for integration into regional and national policies and upscaling; and
(vii) the extent to which the technology builds formal and informal institutions and social networks.
Finally, this guidebook makes the following recommendations for practitioners and policy makers:
• There is an urgent need for improved climate modelling and forecasting that can provide a basis
for informed decision-making and the implementation of adaptation strategies. This should include
traditional knowledge
• Information is also required to better understand the behaviour of plants, animals, pests and diseases
as they react to climate change
• Potential changes in economic and social systems in the future under different climate scenarios
should also be investigated so that the implications of adaptation strategy and planning choices are
better understood
• It is important to secure effective flows of information through appropriate dissemination channels.
This is vital for building adaptive capacity and decision-making processes
• Improved analysis of adaptation technologies is required to show how they can contribute to building
adaptive capacity and resilience in the agriculture sector. This information needs to be compiled and
disseminated for a range of stakeholders from local to national levels
• Relationships between policy makers, researchers and communities should be built so that
technologies and planning processes are developed in partnership, responding to producers’ needs
and integrating their knowledge.
How can the capacity of smallholder coffee farmers and their organizations be strengthened so tha... more How can the capacity of smallholder coffee farmers and their organizations be strengthened so that they can meet the challenges of climate change? Smallholder coffee farmers all over the world have always had to manage good and bad coffee harvest years, as well as deal with a high dependency on climatic conditions and consequently, volatile coffee prices. Now, they face a new challenge: climate change and its negative impacts on agricultural production. In several coffee growing regions we can now observe that rising temperatures are affecting smallholder farmers. Coffee production areas decrease moving to higher altitudes, coffee quality decreases and changes in pest and disease patterns. In addition, rainfall is already becoming more unpredictable and is causing a loss of soil and soil fertility and even landslides. Unpredictable and erratic rains as now often seen in especially Kenya are also affecting coffee berry quality, impeding their maturity or the shade drying process. With all of these uncertainties, poor smallholder farmers in rural areas are going to be more susceptible to climate change.
Due to a lack of information, a lack of training in adaptation and limited access to technical and financial assistance, smallholder farmers are going to be affected most by climate change. To meet these challenges and to help coffee farmers, the British Fair Trade coffee com- pany, Cafédirect, and the German International Cooperation, GIZ, implemented a pilot project from April 2007 to February 2010 to create examples of how the Latin American coffee sector can adapt to climate change. Through a participatory process, small pro- ducer organizations together with this project, AdapCC (Adaptation to Climate Change) developed and implemented strategies to adapt to climate change. One of the principle aims of this project was to respond to the tremendous demand for training in climate change by farmers, extension agents and their producer organizations. Consequentially, cooperation between CATIE (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Center), CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) and AdapCC began with the aim of creating a training program with smallholder farmers about coffee and the organizations that represent them.
This manual contains all of the technical information as well as the didactic material that was used in these training events, and, thus, serves as a guide for learning step-by-step how to identify climate change risks for smallholder coffee farmers and their organizations and how to seek and implement the most appropriate solutions in response. In order to take the experience and lessons learned within AdapCC further GIZ, on behalf of the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, and Sangana Commodities Ltd., ECOM’s Kenyan coffee exporter, decided to look further into climate change affecting Kenyan coffee. The "Sangana PPP" is carried out between October 2008 and September 2011 focusing on one pilot group in Kenya. The aim of the project is to develop an additional component to the existing 4C (Common Code for the Coffee Community) standard taking into account climate change adaptation and mitigation. In this ambitious approach the World Bank as well as the 4C Association are important partners. Within this framework the training manual for Latin American coffee producers developed by AdapCC has been translated, adapted to the African coffee context (it may also serve as a guide for other English speaking coffee countries) and further elaborated. The Sangana PPP has also developed further trainings such as a training module for on-farm carbon monitoring which shall be available with the 4C Association at the end of the project. For now we are happy to share our gained know- ledge, findings and instruments with you and invite you to use this manual for tackling climate change in your particular coffee region. Kerstin Linne, Sangana Project Manager / GIZ, September 2010
How can the exercises in this training manual be used? This manual has been written to train extension services of coffee organizations, who then train coffee farmers and who become promoters or extension agents in their com- munities and cooperatives. We want to emphasize that farmers do not have to apply all of the techniques offered in this manual. Rather, we recommend selecting those tech- niques that are most appropriate for meeting each farmer’s specific objectives. Thus, the first chapter explains important basic facts about climate change and how it will affect coffee production and the well-being of farming families. The main messages should be presented in a way that people who depend on coffee for their livelihoods understand the risks of climate change. The second chapter shows ways to develop farmers’ capacities so that they can adapt to climate change by applying soil, shade and pest management techniques as well as more efficient water use in their coffee plantations. Chapter three offers participatory analysis tools when working with farmers including the seven steps in identifying risks, possible damage and basic causes and solutions to minimize these risks in order to address climate change. As a final product of this participatory analysis, a medium and long-term adaptation strategy for producer organizations is presented. Chapter four serves as a guide to implementing options for climate change mitigation in coffee plantations as well as in processing coffee. It also helps explain the opportunities and limitations that carbon markets and certification systems offer smallholder farmers. Adaptation to climate change is a complex process that requires continual learning. Even today, there are uncertainties and managing them is a huge challenge. Thus, this guide is not the final word on this important topic. Rather it is a useful companion along your personal and specific road to a successful future. By reading the following pages, we hope to motivate you to take action and build on your experiences to discover workable solutions to these new challenges. Don‘t forget: the biggest winners over climate change will be those who are best prepared.
Papers by Jeremy P Haggar
International Conference on Erythrina in the New and Old Worlds, Turrialba, CR, 19-23 Oct. 1992, 1992-10-19., 1992
Resumen: Nitrogen availability was compared under alley cropping with Erythrina poeppigiana, alle... more Resumen: Nitrogen availability was compared under alley cropping with Erythrina poeppigiana, alley cropping with Gliricidia sepium and sole cropping in La Montaña alley-cropping experiment at CATIE in Turrialba, Costa Rica. Nitrogen uptake of one-month-old maize plants was substantially higher under alley cropping than under sole cropping. This was due to higher rates of soil nitrogen mineralization under alley cropping plus nitrogen made available from the decomposition of the tree prunings
Scientific Reports
Agroforestry systems can potentially increase tree diversity within agricultural landscapes, but ... more Agroforestry systems can potentially increase tree diversity within agricultural landscapes, but to date, there is little understanding of the patterns of shade plant diversity within different agroforestry systems (AFS) at large spatial scales. Using compiled plant inventory data (from 23 sources, 2517 plots, and 148,255 individuals) encompassing four AFS (shaded coffee; shaded cocoa; dispersed trees on pastures; and live fences) across six countries in Central America we estimated different metrics of diversity to assess the conservation value of different AFS for shade plants. 458 shade plant species were recorded across the four agroforestry systems. Primary forest species accounted for 28% of the shade species recorded, but only 6% of the recorded individuals. No single AFS was consistently the most diverse across countries when considering rarefied species richness. Trees on pastures can potentially reach a similar species richness as cocoa and coffee systems but require sampl...
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Apr 1, 2012
Coffee plays a key role in sustaining millions of livelihoods around the world. Understanding GHG... more Coffee plays a key role in sustaining millions of livelihoods around the world. Understanding GHG emissions from coffee supply chains is important in evaluating options for climate change mitigation within the sector. We use data from two long-term coffee agroforestry experiments in Costa Rica and Nicaragua to calculate carbon footprints (CF) for coffee and identify emission hotspots within different management systems, levels of inputs and shade types. Management system and input level were the main cause of variation in CFs. Carbon footprints for 1 kg of fresh coffee cherries were between 0.26 and 0.67 kgCO 2 e for conventional and 0.12 and 0.52 kgCO 2 e for organic management systems. The main contributor to GHG emissions for all management systems was the inputs of organic and inorganic nitrogen. Nitrous oxide emissions from pruning inputs contributed between 7% and 42 % of CFs. However, these estimates were strongly influenced by the choice of emission
• Crop diversity plays a major role in underpinning food security. It is especially important to ... more • Crop diversity plays a major role in underpinning food security. It is especially important to smallholder and subsistence farmers, who often rely on crop diversity for stable and resilient production. Despite this, global expansion of a small pool of major crops and the associated homogenisation of global agricultural systems may decrease on-farm crop diversity. • We surveyed 1,369 subsistence farms stratified across climate gradients in the Ethiopian Highlands, to characterise the richness and cultivated area of the 83 edible crops they contained. We further categorise these crops by their period of introduction to Ethiopia. We apply non-metric multidimensional scaling and mixed effects modelling to characterise agrisystem composition and test the impact of crop introductions. • We find a significant positive relationship between introduced and indigenous crop richness, suggesting that crop introductions have tended to supplement rather than replace or reduce indigenous crop diversity. Geographically matched farms with higher proportions of introduced crops, had significantly higher overall crop richness. Analysis of socioeconomic drivers indicates that both poverty and low accessibility are associated with reduced cultivation of modern introductions. • We conclude that global patterns of major crop expansion do not necessarily result in agrobiodiversity loss for subsistence farmers, in our Ethiopian case study. Importantly, socioeconomic factors may strongly influence the farmers propensity to adopt novel species, suggesting targets for agricultural extension policies. Given the rapid climatic, economic and demographic changes impacting global food systems and the threats to food security these entail, robust indigenous agricultural systems supplemented with diverse introduced crops may enhance resilience.
collaboration with Jessica Frank from Twin, supported under the Environmental Sustainability Know... more collaboration with Jessica Frank from Twin, supported under the Environmental Sustainability Knowledge Transfer
s of the 3rd World Congress on Agroforestry: Trees for life: accelerating the impact of agrofores... more s of the 3rd World Congress on Agroforestry: Trees for life: accelerating the impact of agroforestry Compiled by: Christine Magaju Edited by: MaryAnne Wachira, Betty Rabar, Christine Magaju laboratory bioassay, seed germination of test plants were significantly reduced in response to the concentrations of leaf oil. Maximum inhibition was observed with C. argentea followed by C. iria and E. colona, whereas, t he least effect was seen on rice. Dose response curve was generated and least concentration for 50% reduction (LC50) was maximum for E. colona, whereas, minimum for C. argentea. Further, seedling growth of test plants in the treated seedling was significantly reduced at concentrations from control to 5.0 ppm volatile oil. Another greenhouse experiment was conducted to establish the herbicidal activity of E. citriodora against 4-week-old rice and weed species (C. iria, E. colona and C. argentea) and to explore their possible mechanism of action. Spray treatment of volatile oil on...
La produccion cafetalera centroamericana afectada por una crisis grave durante varios anos seguid... more La produccion cafetalera centroamericana afectada por una crisis grave durante varios anos seguidos incentivo a los dirigentes y autoridades nacionales asi como a representantes de diversas instancias financieras internacionales a buscar en conjunto soluciones a los problemas planteados. En base a un analisis de Ia situacion del sector, direccionaron sus recomendaciones segun las dos grandes categorias de caficultores: i) los que presentan capacidades para mejorar la calidad del cafe y la eficiencia de su produccion (especificamente, las zonas con altitud adecuada); y ii) aquellos cuyas condiciones agroecologicas no presentan esta ventaja comparativa. Para esta segunda categoria, recomendaron una puesta en marcha de una diversificacion a otras alternativas agricolas y no-agricolas con actividades que permitan desarrollar un valor agregado a los productos y el diseno y la implementacion de estrategias efectivas de promocion y comercializacion. Con esta perspectiva de estructurar un a...
Nature Plants, 2021
There are numerous factors to consider when developing climate resilient coffee crops, including ... more There are numerous factors to consider when developing climate resilient coffee crops, including the ability to tolerate altered climatic conditions, meet agronomic and value chain criteria, and satisfy consumer preferences for flavour (aroma and taste). We evaluated the sensory characteristics and key environmental requirements for the enigmatic narrow-leaved coffee (Coffea stenophylla), a wild species from Upper West Africa 1. We confirm historical reports of a superior flavour 1-3 , and uniquely and remarkably, reveal a sensory profile analogous to high quality Arabica coffee. We demonstrate that this species grows and crops under the same range of key climatic conditions as (sensorially inferior) robusta and Liberica coffee 4-9 , and has a mean annual temperature 6.2-6.8⁰C higher than Arabica coffee, even under equivalent rainfall conditions. This species substantially broadens the climate envelope
CATIE ; Pacific Rim Research Program. Universidad de California ; Inter American Institute for Gl... more CATIE ; Pacific Rim Research Program. Universidad de California ; Inter American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI)
Biological Conservation, 1988
The physiognomy, composition and size structure of the cloud forests of Pico h7 the Azores were a... more The physiognomy, composition and size structure of the cloud forests of Pico h7 the Azores were assessed to investigate the variation in the montaneJorests and their requirements J~gr eonservation. A series <+['point centre quarter transeets were made through the forest J)'agments reeording composition, densiO', size structure and abundance of seedlings and saplings at d(ff'erent sites. The population structure O['the trees suggested that some areas of the forest may he successional communities from Juniperus brevifolia forest to a mixed broa~fleavedJbrest. The classO%ation of forest types, in relation to altitude, was./ound to correlate most closely with that described by Grubb & Tanner (1976) J. Arnold Arb., 52, 313-68,Jbr tropicalmontaneJorests. Together the successional, altitudinal and geological variation in the Jorests produces a mosaic <?/vegetation types from which a representative selection needs to be protected in the faee o[" the eurrent Jorest clearance.
SIDALC - Alianza de Servicios de Información Agropecuaria.
Serie Cuadernos de Campo (CATIE)., 2001
SIDALC - Servicio de Informacion y Documentacion Agropecuaria de las Americas.
Serie Cuadernos de Campo (CATIE)., 2001
SIDALC - Alianza de Servicios de Información Agropecuaria.
Second International Symposium. Multistrata Agroforestry Systems with Perennial Crops: Making ecosystems count for farmers, consumers and environment. September, 2007
Summary: There is an increasing interest for alternative farming systems in coffee production, in... more Summary: There is an increasing interest for alternative farming systems in coffee production, in response to price fluctuations, consumer demand and decreased biodiversity in coffee farms. Little long term experimentation to compare organic and conventional systems under tropical conditions has been established. In 2000 two experiments were set up in Masatepe, Nicaragua (1400 mm, 400 masl, Humic Durustand and Humic Haplustand), and in Turrialba, Costa Rica (2600mm, 650 mosl, Typic Endoaquult) comparing 5 farming ...
Environmental Conservation, 2019
SummaryUnderstanding drivers of deforestation is essential for developing any successful interven... more SummaryUnderstanding drivers of deforestation is essential for developing any successful intervention to reduce forest degradation or loss, yet there remains relatively little consensus or clarity on how drivers should be identified and classified. To capture the full range of values and mediating factors that may contribute to land-use behaviours, an approach derived from a shared values perspective that includes a range of values associated with whole landscapes and ecosystems is required. We developed a model that combines behavioural theory with the Capability Approach as a conceptual framework through which to investigate the value–action gap. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of Likert-scale responses to belief statements in order to identify land users’ shared values in the Sarstún Motagua region of Guatemala. We then qualify and quantify the role of capabilities in mediating between the shared values of different cultural groups of land users (Q’eqchi Maya and Ladino...
Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2021
Despite many years of research, there is still a lack of consensus as to the nature of the relati... more Despite many years of research, there is still a lack of consensus as to the nature of the relationship between shade trees and agronomic intensification in coffee agroforestry systems. While some studies find unshaded intensively managed coffee is the most productive, other studies find no trade-off between shade characteristics and productivity. Our study of 179 farms from the main coffee growing regions of Costa Rica and Guatemala analyzed how shade affected the productive response of coffee to intensification of agronomic management. Four levels of coffee productivity were differentiated for each country associated with three levels of shade development in Costa Rica and two levels in Guatemala. The highest coffee productivity group was associated with medium shade development in both countries. High shade groups had low productivity, but very low productivity groups were associated with low (Costa Rica) or medium (Guatemala) shade. Medium and high productivity farms were associ...
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Books by Jeremy P Haggar
sector. A set of 22 adaptation technologies are showcased. These are based primarily on the principles of
agroecology, but also include scientific technologies of climate and biological sciences complemented by
important sociological and institutional capacity building processes that are required for climate change to
function. The technologies cover:
• Planning for climate change and variability
• Sustainable water use and management
• Soil management
• Sustainable crop management
• Sustainable livestock management
• Sustainable farming systems
• Capacity building and stakeholder organisation.
Technologies that tend to homogenise the natural environment and agricultural production have low
possibilities of success in environmental stress conditions that are likely to result from climate change.
On the other hand, technologies that allow for, and promote diversity are more likely to provide a strategy
which strengthens agricultural production in the face of uncertain future climate change scenarios. The 22
technologies showcased in this guidebook have been selected because they facilitate the conservation
and restoration of diversity while also providing opportunities for increasing agricultural productivity. Many
of these technologies are not new to agricultural production practices, but they are implemented based
on the assessment of current and possible future impacts of climate change in a particular location.
agroecology is an approach that encompasses concepts of sustainable production and biodiversity
promotion and therefore provides a useful framework for identifying and selecting appropriate adaptation
technologies for the agriculture sector.
The guidebook provides a systematic analysis of the most relevant information available on climate change
adaptation technologies in the agriculture sector. It has been compiled based on a literature review of key
publications, journal articles, and e-platforms, and by drawing on documented experiences sourced from
a range of organisations working on projects and programmes concerned with climate change adaptation
technologies in the agriculture sector. Its geographic scope focuses on developing countries where high
levels of poverty, agricultural production, climate variability and biological diversity intersect.
Key concepts around climate change adaptation are not universally agreed on. It is therefore important to
understand local contexts – especially social and cultural norms – when working with national and subnational
stakeholders to make informed decisions about appropriate technology options. Thus, decisionmaking
processes should be participative, facilitated, and consensus-building oriented and should be
based on the following key guiding principles:
xvi
• Increasing awareness and knowledge
• Strengthening institutions
• Protecting natural resources
• Providing financial assistance
• Developing context-specific strategies.
To assist with decision-making, the Community–based Adaptation (CBA) framework is proposed for
creating inclusive governance. The CBA framework engages a range of stakeholders directly with local
or district government and national coordinating bodies, and facilitates participatory planning, monitoring
and implementation of adaptation activities. Seven criteria are suggested for the prioritisation of adaptation
technologies: (i) the extent to which the technology maintains or strengthens biological diversity and
is environmentally sustainable; (ii) the extent to which the technology facilitates access to information
systems and awareness of climate change information; (iii) whether the technology supports water, carbon
and nutrient cycles and enables stable and/or increased productivity; (iv) income-generating potential,
cost-benefit analysis and contribution to improved equity; (v) respect for cultural diversity and facilitation of
inter-cultural exchange; (vi) potential for integration into regional and national policies and upscaling; and
(vii) the extent to which the technology builds formal and informal institutions and social networks.
Finally, this guidebook makes the following recommendations for practitioners and policy makers:
• There is an urgent need for improved climate modelling and forecasting that can provide a basis
for informed decision-making and the implementation of adaptation strategies. This should include
traditional knowledge
• Information is also required to better understand the behaviour of plants, animals, pests and diseases
as they react to climate change
• Potential changes in economic and social systems in the future under different climate scenarios
should also be investigated so that the implications of adaptation strategy and planning choices are
better understood
• It is important to secure effective flows of information through appropriate dissemination channels.
This is vital for building adaptive capacity and decision-making processes
• Improved analysis of adaptation technologies is required to show how they can contribute to building
adaptive capacity and resilience in the agriculture sector. This information needs to be compiled and
disseminated for a range of stakeholders from local to national levels
• Relationships between policy makers, researchers and communities should be built so that
technologies and planning processes are developed in partnership, responding to producers’ needs
and integrating their knowledge.
Due to a lack of information, a lack of training in adaptation and limited access to technical and financial assistance, smallholder farmers are going to be affected most by climate change. To meet these challenges and to help coffee farmers, the British Fair Trade coffee com- pany, Cafédirect, and the German International Cooperation, GIZ, implemented a pilot project from April 2007 to February 2010 to create examples of how the Latin American coffee sector can adapt to climate change. Through a participatory process, small pro- ducer organizations together with this project, AdapCC (Adaptation to Climate Change) developed and implemented strategies to adapt to climate change. One of the principle aims of this project was to respond to the tremendous demand for training in climate change by farmers, extension agents and their producer organizations. Consequentially, cooperation between CATIE (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Center), CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) and AdapCC began with the aim of creating a training program with smallholder farmers about coffee and the organizations that represent them.
This manual contains all of the technical information as well as the didactic material that was used in these training events, and, thus, serves as a guide for learning step-by-step how to identify climate change risks for smallholder coffee farmers and their organizations and how to seek and implement the most appropriate solutions in response. In order to take the experience and lessons learned within AdapCC further GIZ, on behalf of the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, and Sangana Commodities Ltd., ECOM’s Kenyan coffee exporter, decided to look further into climate change affecting Kenyan coffee. The "Sangana PPP" is carried out between October 2008 and September 2011 focusing on one pilot group in Kenya. The aim of the project is to develop an additional component to the existing 4C (Common Code for the Coffee Community) standard taking into account climate change adaptation and mitigation. In this ambitious approach the World Bank as well as the 4C Association are important partners. Within this framework the training manual for Latin American coffee producers developed by AdapCC has been translated, adapted to the African coffee context (it may also serve as a guide for other English speaking coffee countries) and further elaborated. The Sangana PPP has also developed further trainings such as a training module for on-farm carbon monitoring which shall be available with the 4C Association at the end of the project. For now we are happy to share our gained know- ledge, findings and instruments with you and invite you to use this manual for tackling climate change in your particular coffee region. Kerstin Linne, Sangana Project Manager / GIZ, September 2010
How can the exercises in this training manual be used? This manual has been written to train extension services of coffee organizations, who then train coffee farmers and who become promoters or extension agents in their com- munities and cooperatives. We want to emphasize that farmers do not have to apply all of the techniques offered in this manual. Rather, we recommend selecting those tech- niques that are most appropriate for meeting each farmer’s specific objectives. Thus, the first chapter explains important basic facts about climate change and how it will affect coffee production and the well-being of farming families. The main messages should be presented in a way that people who depend on coffee for their livelihoods understand the risks of climate change. The second chapter shows ways to develop farmers’ capacities so that they can adapt to climate change by applying soil, shade and pest management techniques as well as more efficient water use in their coffee plantations. Chapter three offers participatory analysis tools when working with farmers including the seven steps in identifying risks, possible damage and basic causes and solutions to minimize these risks in order to address climate change. As a final product of this participatory analysis, a medium and long-term adaptation strategy for producer organizations is presented. Chapter four serves as a guide to implementing options for climate change mitigation in coffee plantations as well as in processing coffee. It also helps explain the opportunities and limitations that carbon markets and certification systems offer smallholder farmers. Adaptation to climate change is a complex process that requires continual learning. Even today, there are uncertainties and managing them is a huge challenge. Thus, this guide is not the final word on this important topic. Rather it is a useful companion along your personal and specific road to a successful future. By reading the following pages, we hope to motivate you to take action and build on your experiences to discover workable solutions to these new challenges. Don‘t forget: the biggest winners over climate change will be those who are best prepared.
Papers by Jeremy P Haggar
sector. A set of 22 adaptation technologies are showcased. These are based primarily on the principles of
agroecology, but also include scientific technologies of climate and biological sciences complemented by
important sociological and institutional capacity building processes that are required for climate change to
function. The technologies cover:
• Planning for climate change and variability
• Sustainable water use and management
• Soil management
• Sustainable crop management
• Sustainable livestock management
• Sustainable farming systems
• Capacity building and stakeholder organisation.
Technologies that tend to homogenise the natural environment and agricultural production have low
possibilities of success in environmental stress conditions that are likely to result from climate change.
On the other hand, technologies that allow for, and promote diversity are more likely to provide a strategy
which strengthens agricultural production in the face of uncertain future climate change scenarios. The 22
technologies showcased in this guidebook have been selected because they facilitate the conservation
and restoration of diversity while also providing opportunities for increasing agricultural productivity. Many
of these technologies are not new to agricultural production practices, but they are implemented based
on the assessment of current and possible future impacts of climate change in a particular location.
agroecology is an approach that encompasses concepts of sustainable production and biodiversity
promotion and therefore provides a useful framework for identifying and selecting appropriate adaptation
technologies for the agriculture sector.
The guidebook provides a systematic analysis of the most relevant information available on climate change
adaptation technologies in the agriculture sector. It has been compiled based on a literature review of key
publications, journal articles, and e-platforms, and by drawing on documented experiences sourced from
a range of organisations working on projects and programmes concerned with climate change adaptation
technologies in the agriculture sector. Its geographic scope focuses on developing countries where high
levels of poverty, agricultural production, climate variability and biological diversity intersect.
Key concepts around climate change adaptation are not universally agreed on. It is therefore important to
understand local contexts – especially social and cultural norms – when working with national and subnational
stakeholders to make informed decisions about appropriate technology options. Thus, decisionmaking
processes should be participative, facilitated, and consensus-building oriented and should be
based on the following key guiding principles:
xvi
• Increasing awareness and knowledge
• Strengthening institutions
• Protecting natural resources
• Providing financial assistance
• Developing context-specific strategies.
To assist with decision-making, the Community–based Adaptation (CBA) framework is proposed for
creating inclusive governance. The CBA framework engages a range of stakeholders directly with local
or district government and national coordinating bodies, and facilitates participatory planning, monitoring
and implementation of adaptation activities. Seven criteria are suggested for the prioritisation of adaptation
technologies: (i) the extent to which the technology maintains or strengthens biological diversity and
is environmentally sustainable; (ii) the extent to which the technology facilitates access to information
systems and awareness of climate change information; (iii) whether the technology supports water, carbon
and nutrient cycles and enables stable and/or increased productivity; (iv) income-generating potential,
cost-benefit analysis and contribution to improved equity; (v) respect for cultural diversity and facilitation of
inter-cultural exchange; (vi) potential for integration into regional and national policies and upscaling; and
(vii) the extent to which the technology builds formal and informal institutions and social networks.
Finally, this guidebook makes the following recommendations for practitioners and policy makers:
• There is an urgent need for improved climate modelling and forecasting that can provide a basis
for informed decision-making and the implementation of adaptation strategies. This should include
traditional knowledge
• Information is also required to better understand the behaviour of plants, animals, pests and diseases
as they react to climate change
• Potential changes in economic and social systems in the future under different climate scenarios
should also be investigated so that the implications of adaptation strategy and planning choices are
better understood
• It is important to secure effective flows of information through appropriate dissemination channels.
This is vital for building adaptive capacity and decision-making processes
• Improved analysis of adaptation technologies is required to show how they can contribute to building
adaptive capacity and resilience in the agriculture sector. This information needs to be compiled and
disseminated for a range of stakeholders from local to national levels
• Relationships between policy makers, researchers and communities should be built so that
technologies and planning processes are developed in partnership, responding to producers’ needs
and integrating their knowledge.
Due to a lack of information, a lack of training in adaptation and limited access to technical and financial assistance, smallholder farmers are going to be affected most by climate change. To meet these challenges and to help coffee farmers, the British Fair Trade coffee com- pany, Cafédirect, and the German International Cooperation, GIZ, implemented a pilot project from April 2007 to February 2010 to create examples of how the Latin American coffee sector can adapt to climate change. Through a participatory process, small pro- ducer organizations together with this project, AdapCC (Adaptation to Climate Change) developed and implemented strategies to adapt to climate change. One of the principle aims of this project was to respond to the tremendous demand for training in climate change by farmers, extension agents and their producer organizations. Consequentially, cooperation between CATIE (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Center), CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) and AdapCC began with the aim of creating a training program with smallholder farmers about coffee and the organizations that represent them.
This manual contains all of the technical information as well as the didactic material that was used in these training events, and, thus, serves as a guide for learning step-by-step how to identify climate change risks for smallholder coffee farmers and their organizations and how to seek and implement the most appropriate solutions in response. In order to take the experience and lessons learned within AdapCC further GIZ, on behalf of the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, and Sangana Commodities Ltd., ECOM’s Kenyan coffee exporter, decided to look further into climate change affecting Kenyan coffee. The "Sangana PPP" is carried out between October 2008 and September 2011 focusing on one pilot group in Kenya. The aim of the project is to develop an additional component to the existing 4C (Common Code for the Coffee Community) standard taking into account climate change adaptation and mitigation. In this ambitious approach the World Bank as well as the 4C Association are important partners. Within this framework the training manual for Latin American coffee producers developed by AdapCC has been translated, adapted to the African coffee context (it may also serve as a guide for other English speaking coffee countries) and further elaborated. The Sangana PPP has also developed further trainings such as a training module for on-farm carbon monitoring which shall be available with the 4C Association at the end of the project. For now we are happy to share our gained know- ledge, findings and instruments with you and invite you to use this manual for tackling climate change in your particular coffee region. Kerstin Linne, Sangana Project Manager / GIZ, September 2010
How can the exercises in this training manual be used? This manual has been written to train extension services of coffee organizations, who then train coffee farmers and who become promoters or extension agents in their com- munities and cooperatives. We want to emphasize that farmers do not have to apply all of the techniques offered in this manual. Rather, we recommend selecting those tech- niques that are most appropriate for meeting each farmer’s specific objectives. Thus, the first chapter explains important basic facts about climate change and how it will affect coffee production and the well-being of farming families. The main messages should be presented in a way that people who depend on coffee for their livelihoods understand the risks of climate change. The second chapter shows ways to develop farmers’ capacities so that they can adapt to climate change by applying soil, shade and pest management techniques as well as more efficient water use in their coffee plantations. Chapter three offers participatory analysis tools when working with farmers including the seven steps in identifying risks, possible damage and basic causes and solutions to minimize these risks in order to address climate change. As a final product of this participatory analysis, a medium and long-term adaptation strategy for producer organizations is presented. Chapter four serves as a guide to implementing options for climate change mitigation in coffee plantations as well as in processing coffee. It also helps explain the opportunities and limitations that carbon markets and certification systems offer smallholder farmers. Adaptation to climate change is a complex process that requires continual learning. Even today, there are uncertainties and managing them is a huge challenge. Thus, this guide is not the final word on this important topic. Rather it is a useful companion along your personal and specific road to a successful future. By reading the following pages, we hope to motivate you to take action and build on your experiences to discover workable solutions to these new challenges. Don‘t forget: the biggest winners over climate change will be those who are best prepared.