Papers by Juan Carlos Sierra
The journal of sexual medicine, 2018
The Orgasm Rating Scale (ORS) is one of the few self-reported measures that evaluates the multidi... more The Orgasm Rating Scale (ORS) is one of the few self-reported measures that evaluates the multidimensional subjective experience of orgasm. The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the ORS in context of sex-with-partner in a Spanish sample. We examined a sample of 842 adults from the general Spanish population (310 men, 532 women; mean age = 27.12 years, SD = 9.8). The sample was randomly divided into two, with a balanced proportion of men and women between each sub-sample. Sub-sample 1 consisted of 100 men and 200 women (33.3% and 66.6%) with a mean age of 27.77 years (SD = 10.05). Sub-sample 2 consisted of 210 men and 332 women (38.7% and 61.3%) with a mean age of 26.77 years (SD = 9.65). The ORS, together with the Sexual Opinion Survey-6 and the Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire, was administered online. The survey included a consent form, in which confidentiality and anonymity were guaranteed. Based on exploratory fa...
Archives of Sexual Behavior, Dec 29, 2015
This study examined the relationship between various subtypes of positive and negative sexual cog... more This study examined the relationship between various subtypes of positive and negative sexual cognitions (NSC) based on their content (intimate, exploratory, sadomasochistic, impersonal) and sexual functioning, including aspects of sexual response (desire), sexual motivation (sexual excitation and sexual inhibition), and cognitive-affective domains (satisfaction). Participants were 789 Spanish adults (322 men and 467 women) who were in a heterosexual relationship of at least 6 months duration. Overall, the men reported more frequent exploratory and impersonal positive sexual cognitions than did the women. The men and women did not differ in the frequency of their positive intimate and sadomasochistic cognitions or in any of their NSC. Using canonical correlation, the results revealed that, after controlling for the overall frequency of NSC, the men and women who reported a higher frequency of all subtypes of positive sexual cognitions reported more dyadic and solitary sexual desire, more propensity to get sexually excited, and less sexual inhibition. A second canonical variate was identified for both the men and the women that revealed different patterns of association between the subtypes of cognitions and specific areas of sexual functioning, highlighting the role of positive, intimate cognitions for dyadic aspects of sexual functioning. The subtypes of NSC were not associated with poorer sexual functioning for either men or women, perhaps because they, on average, occurred infrequently. The findings were discussed in terms of the relationship between the specific content of sexual cognitions and the sexual functioning of men and women.
Cuadernos de medicina psicosomática y psiquiatria de enlace, 2005
Resumen El deseo sexual humano se explica a partir de modelos multicomponentes que incluyen facto... more Resumen El deseo sexual humano se explica a partir de modelos multicomponentes que incluyen factores neuroendocrinos, psicológicos y sociales. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer el grado en que algunas de estas variables (afectividad, estrés diario y ansiedad heterosocial) se relacionan con el deseo sexual. La muestra, compuesta por 201 adultos jóvenes (100 hombres y 101 mujeres), cumplimentó la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo (PANAS), el Cuestionario de Estrés Diario (CED-44), el Test de Autoafirmaciones de ...
Se examinó la validez de la versión española de las Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales–Sh... more Se examinó la validez de la versión española de las Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales–Short Form (SIS/SES-SF), relacionándo las con excitación subjetiva y respuesta genital ante estímulos sexuales. Una muestra de 164 jóvenes heterosexuales completó el SIS/SES-SF y el MGH-SFQ. Después realizaron una tarea experimental consistente en la visualización de un vídeo de contenido neutro y un video con contenido sexual explícito, mientras se evaluaba la respuesta genital y la excitación subjetiva. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre el vídeo neutro y el erótico en la excitación objetiva y subjetiva en ambos sexos. Se obtuvieron correlaciones significativas entre SES y excitación subjetiva en mujeres. La propensión a excitarse explicó el 18% de la varianza de la excitación subjetiva y el 6% de las sensaciones genitales femeninas. La inhibición sexual relacionada con el miedo a la ejecución sexual tuvo capacidad para discriminar dificultades en el funcionamiento...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021
Psychological-psychiatric factors have a different effect on sexual functioning in men and women.... more Psychological-psychiatric factors have a different effect on sexual functioning in men and women. This research aimed to examine the association between psychopathological dimensions and dimensions of sexual functioning in Spanish young adults in two studies. Study 1 examined sexual functioning and psychopathological dimensions in 700 women and 516 men. Study 2 conducted an experimental laboratory task to evaluate subjective sexual arousal and genital sensations when watching visual sexual stimuli in a subsample of participants from Study 1 (143 women and 123 men). As a result, the first study showed that depression and anxiety-related symptoms had a negative effect, both in men and women, and having a partner had a positive influence on the dimensions of sexual functioning. The second study showed that anxiety symptoms were positively associated with subjective sexual arousal in both men and women, and anxiety was associated with the assessment of genital sensations in men. The dif...
The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 2020
Sexual double standard (SDS) involves evaluating the same sexual behaviors in men and women using... more Sexual double standard (SDS) involves evaluating the same sexual behaviors in men and women using different criteria. The support for man-favorable SDS is related to sexual aggression and sexual victimization. Yet to date, studies have not examined the prevalence of SDS adherence. This study aims to identify the prevalence per gender and age of the Spanish population who adheres to the SDS typologies (man-favorable, woman-favorable, egalitarian, ambivalent) by considering sexual freedom and sexual shyness areas. A sample of 2,002 Spanish heterosexual adults (50% men, 50% women), distributed into four age groups (18-25, 26-35, 36-55 and over 55 years old), answered the Sexual Double Standard Scale. The results showed differences in the prevalence of SDS typologies by gender and age. By gender, a higher prevalence of the man-favorable typology was observed in men and a higher prevalence of the egalitarian typology and the woman-favorable typology was observed in women. By age groups, significant differences in man-favorable and womanfavorable typologies were found in both men and women. Based on the evidence of four adherence to SDS typologies, it is recommended studying the relation of these typologies with sexual aggression/victimization to design more efficient programs for prevention and intervention of sexual violence.
Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica, 2020
El apego incluye dos dimensiones (ansiedad por abandono y evitación de la intimidad). Para su eva... more El apego incluye dos dimensiones (ansiedad por abandono y evitación de la intimidad). Para su evaluación se llevó a cabo la validación de la versión breve de la escala Experiences in Close Relationship (ECR-S) en adultos con pareja del mismo sexo. Se examinó la validez de constructo, la invarianza factorial, el funcionamiento diferencia del ítem, la fiabilidad de consistencia interna y la validez concurrente. Se empleó una muestra de 815 homosexuales y 815 heterosexuales (mitad hombres y mitad mujeres), todos ellos en una relación de pareja. Se confirma la estructura bifactorial de la ECR-S, siendo invariante por orientación sexual y sexo. Sus dos dimensiones presentan una consistencia interna adecuada y sus medidas manifiestan evidencias de validez. La ECR-S constituye una excelente herramienta para evaluar el apego en adultos homosexuales con pareja del mismo sexo.
Children, 2022
The aim of this study was to explain the masturbation frequency and sexual relationships in adole... more The aim of this study was to explain the masturbation frequency and sexual relationships in adolescents based on age, religious adherence, erotophilia, attitudes toward sexual fantasies and masturbation, and the traditional sexual double standard. A sample of 1120 Peruvian adolescents aged 13–17 years responded to a socio-demographic questionnaire and different scales about sexuality. The frequency of masturbation and sexual relationships, as well as in the sexual attitudes evaluated differed by sex, with boys scoring higher. The masturbation frequency was explained by erotophilia in boys, and by positive attitudes toward sexual fantasies in both sexes. The frequency of sexual relationships was explained by age and positive attitudes toward sexual fantasies in boys and only by the latter in girls. Positive attitudes toward sexual fantasies stand out as a variable for understanding sexual activity in adolescents.
RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos a largo plazo de una dosis de 10 mili... more RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos a largo plazo de una dosis de 10 miligramos de diazepam sobre los niveles de depresión y ansiedad (ansiedad-estado, ansiedad-rasgo y ansiedad social) en una muestra de 42 sujetos jóvenes sanos, que pasó de forma contrabalanceada por tres condiciones experimentales. En cada una de estas condiciones los sujetos llenaron diversas pruebas. Los resultados muestran que el diazepam solamente reduce los niveles de ansiedad-estado en las mujeres, no encontrándose ningún efecto ansiolítico ni antidepresivo en la muestra de los hom-bres, lo que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de adaptar las dosis de benzodiazepinas en función del género al momento de prescribir estos psicofármacos. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se discuten los efectos ansiolíticos y antidepresivos del diazepam y se plantean posibles explicacio-nes de las diferencias de género a partir de la relación entre hormonas sexuales y benzodiazepinas. ABSTRACT The goal ...
Sexual fantasies have been generally described as sexual thoughts with erotic content which are e... more Sexual fantasies have been generally described as sexual thoughts with erotic content which are experienced as pleasant. However, the term “sexual cognitions” is a broader term than sexual fantasies, which distinguishes between positive and negative sexual cognitions. In this work, we review the different lines derived from research about both sexual fantasies and sexual cognitions ‐although research about the latter is scarce-. We address the following aspects: 1) the assessment of their frequency and content, 2) the factors that are associated with their production, 3) the similarities and differences between men and women, 4) the role they play on sexual functioning, through their relationship with desire, excitation and sexual satisfaction, 5) their presence in individuals who have perpetrated sexual aggression and 6) in individuals who have been victims of sexual abuse. Finally, we will describe the limitations of previous research and we will propose some aspects that should b...
Psicothema, 2019
BACKGROUND The Sexual Double Standard Scale (SDSS) is one of the most widely-used scales for eval... more BACKGROUND The Sexual Double Standard Scale (SDSS) is one of the most widely-used scales for evaluating the Sexual Double Standard (SDS) and the Spanish version of the scale displays adequate psychometric properties in the adult Spanish population. The aim of this study is to examine the factorial invariance and differential item functioning (DIF) of the Spanish version according to sex, education level, and age, with the objective of describing and comparing SDS based on these variables. METHOD A sample of 3,838 heterosexual participants was used (1,908 men and 1,930 women) between the ages of 18 and 90. RESULTS The results showed that the factorial structure of the SDSS is invariant in terms of sex and education level; with none of these items displaying DIF. Only items 11 and 14 display DIF in terms of age and, therefore, it is recommended that these items be excluded when making comparisons between age ranges. The association of SDSS with sex, education level, and age follows th...
Psicothema, 2020
BACKGROUND Sexual fantasies are described as thoughts or mental images with sexual content. The H... more BACKGROUND Sexual fantasies are described as thoughts or mental images with sexual content. The Hurlbert Index of Sexual Fantasy (HISF) evaluates the positive attitude towards sexual fantasies. The objective of this study was to provide validity evidence of the Spanish version of the HISF and to present its standard scores. METHOD The sample was composed of 3,458 adults from the general Spanish population (1,641 men; 1,817 women), distributed across age groups (18-34, 35-49, and over 50 years old). RESULTS The unifactorial structure of the Spanish version of the HISF showed strict measurement invariance across sex, age range, and education level. Positive attitudes towards sexual fantasies significantly correlated with erotophilia, sexual assertiveness, sexual desire, and sexual functioning. Also, the scale was useful for differentiating between individuals with sexual functioning difficulties and individuals with no difficulties. Finally, the standard scores were obtained based on ...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021
Background: Sexual attitudes are related to the expression of sexuality and have been associated ... more Background: Sexual attitudes are related to the expression of sexuality and have been associated with indicators for sexual health. The main aim of this study was to determine the explanatory capacity of general (i.e., erotophilia) and specific (i.e., toward sexual fantasies and masturbation) sexual attitudes on different sexual functioning dimensions (sexual desire, sexual arousal, lubrication/erection, ability to have an orgasm and orgasm satisfaction). Methods: The sample consisted of 2000 heterosexual adults (1044 women, 956 men) aged 18–83 years. Results: The explanatory models for women mainly showed that positive attitudes toward sexual fantasies (β range = −0.35, −0.249) and age (β range = −0.111, 0.086) explained sexual function. The models proposed for men revealed a more diverse pattern, although the variable essential for explaining sexual function was a positive attitude toward sexual fantasies (β range = −0.266, −0.097). Conclusions: These results indicate that specifi...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
The Sexual Double Standard (SDS) is an instrument used to judge sexual behavior, in which men are... more The Sexual Double Standard (SDS) is an instrument used to judge sexual behavior, in which men are usually granted greater sexual freedom, while the same sexual behavior is condemned in women. Culture can be a relevant variable for the SDS. Therefore, we have examined the measurement invariance of the Sexual Double Standard Scale (SDSS) across the Spanish and Colombian populations, comparing this phenomenon by country and gender. The scale comprises two factors: sexual freedom and sexual shyness. The sample consisted of 1832 heterosexual adults (46.3% men, 53.7% women), 54.3% of whom were Spanish and 45.7% Colombian. Strong invariance was found. The reliability values were good for country and gender. Men and women from both countries supported greater freedom for themselves compared to the other gender. Furthermore, Spanish women, unlike their Colombian counterparts, supported greater sexual shyness for men. Thus, what some authors have labeled as a "reverse sexual double stand...
Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 2018
La satisfacción sexual ha sido considerada como un factor determinante de la salud sexual (Hender... more La satisfacción sexual ha sido considerada como un factor determinante de la salud sexual (Henderson, Lehavot y Simoni, 2009), un derecho sexual (Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2010), la última fase del ciclo de la respuesta sexual (Basson, 2001; Sierra y Buela-Casal, 2004) y un componente importante de la calidad de la relación de pareja (Sprecher, 2002). Lawrance y Byers (1995) la han definido como "una respuesta afectiva derivada de la propia evaluación subjetiva de los aspectos positivos y negativos asociados a las propias relaciones sexuales" (p. 268). La satisfacción sexual no solo depende de las relaciones sexuales en sí, sino también de otros factores asociados con la relación de pareja, así como de factores socioculturales (Henderson et al.
Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica, 2018
Form (SIS/SES-SF), relacionándo las con excitación subjetiva y respuesta genital ante estímulos s... more Form (SIS/SES-SF), relacionándo las con excitación subjetiva y respuesta genital ante estímulos sexuales. Una muestra de 164 jóvenes heterosexuales completó el SIS/SES-SF y el MGH-SFQ. Después realizaron una tarea experimental consistente en la visualización de un vídeo de contenido neutro y un video con contenido sexual explícito, mientras se evaluaba la respuesta genital y la excitación subjetiva. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre el vídeo neutro y el erótico en la excitación objetiva y subjetiva en ambos sexos. Se obtuvieron correlaciones significativas entre SES y excitación subjetiva en mujeres. La propensión a excitarse explicó el 18% de la varianza de la excitación subjetiva y el 6% de las sensaciones genitales femeninas. La inhibición sexual relacionada con el miedo a la ejecución sexual tuvo capacidad para discriminar dificultades en el funcionamiento sexual en ambos sexos. Finalmente, se avala la necesidad de evaluar conjuntamente la excitación subjetiva y la objetiva.
International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 2017
Background/Objective: Sexual double standard (SDS) has long been associated to several dimensions... more Background/Objective: Sexual double standard (SDS) has long been associated to several dimensions of sexual health. Therefore the assessment of SDS is relevant and requires selfreported measures with adequate psychometric properties. This study aims to adapt the Sexual Double Standard Scale (SDSS) into heterosexual Spanish population and examine its psychometric properties. Method: Using quota incidental sampling, we recruited a sample of 1,206 individuals (50% women), distributed across three groups based on their age (18-34, 35-49 and 50 years old and older). Results: We performed both, Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. An abridged version was yielded, consisting of 16 items distributed into two factors (Acceptance for sexual freedom and Acceptance for sexual shyness). A second-order factor structure was also adequate, which facilitates the use of a global index for SDS. Reliability, based on internal consistency and temporal stability was good for the factors. Evidence of validity is also shown and reported. Conclusions: This adapted version of the SDSS is reliable and valid. The importance for its use to estimate the prevalence of both traditional and modern forms of this phenomenon is discussed.
The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 2017
This study explored the relationship between sexual double standard and rape supportive attitudes... more This study explored the relationship between sexual double standard and rape supportive attitudes in regard to an individual's likelihood to perpetrate sexual aggression. We examined an adolescent sample of 448 boys from Peru, of whom 148 (33.3%) reported to have committed sexual aggression. Sexual contact with an unwilling partner was perpetrated by 24.8% of the total sample, sexual coercion by 14.3%, attempted rape by 12.5%, and finally, rape was perpetrated by 10.3%. In all these types of aggression, the most frequent victim was a dating partner. Compared to non-aggressors, male aggressors reported more sexual double standard and supportive attitudes towards rape. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the most relevant variable in the prediction of sexual aggression was the subject having been a victim of sexual abuse during adolescence and having rape supportive attitudes. Our findings suggest that violent attitudes are more important than the endorsement of non-egalitarian beliefs (sexual double standard) in the perpetration of sexual violence. These findings provide data from Peru, which contribute to the worldwide data on risk factors for sexual aggression in adolescent males.
Terapia psicológica, 2016
Resumen se plantea una revisión sistemática de las publicaciones que relacionan excitación sexual... more Resumen se plantea una revisión sistemática de las publicaciones que relacionan excitación sexual con conductas sexuales de riesgo. La búsqueda bibliográfica en Scopus, Web of Science PubMed proporcionó 50 estudios. los resultados fueron organizados en: (a) consumo de alcohol-drogas en encuentros sexuales; (b) uso de métodos anticonceptivos-barrera/riesgo de infección de transmisión sexual y embarazo no deseado; (c) sexo casual/número de parejas sexuales/sexo como profesión. el instrumento de evaluación de la excitación sexual más usado fue sexual inhibition/sexual excitation scales. la excitación sexual se relacionó de forma positiva con consumo de alcohol y drogas en una situación sexual, con sexo casual, número de parejas sexuales y trabajar o pagar por sexo y, de forma negativa, con uso métodos anticonceptivos/barrera. se considera la necesidad de incluir la excitación sexual como una variable relevante en los programas de prevención e intervención de conductas sexuales de riesgo y de educación sexual.
RESUMEN. En este artículo se presentan los datos obtenidos en un análisis bibliométrico de los ar... more RESUMEN. En este artículo se presentan los datos obtenidos en un análisis bibliométrico de los artículos publicados durante el periodo 1980-2001 en la revista Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy. Se analizó el número de artículos, los autores y los contenidos a partir de las bases de datos PsycINFO y Journal Citation Reports (Science y Social Sciences). El número de artículos publicados fue de 627, siendo Estados Unidos el país más productivo con un 68,42% de los trabajos publicados. La casi totalidad de los artículos están firmados por uno, dos, tres o cuatro autores; entre estos los más productivos son S.B. Levine con 22 artículos, B.W. McCarthy con 15 y S.E. Althof con 14, y los que más citas reciben en los últimos cuatro años (1998-2000) son H. S. Kaplan con 132 citas y R. Blanchard con 110. En cuanto a los contenidos de los artículos un 19,78% está dedicado a las disfunciones sexuales, el 11,96% a la terapia sexual y el 8,61% a las relaciones de pareja. En la evolución de los contenidos durante estos años se pone de manifiesto la medicalización experimentada en el campo de las disfunciones sexuales y el mayor interés investigador por la sexualidad de la mujer que por la del hombre.
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Papers by Juan Carlos Sierra