Christopher M. Layne
Associate Professor of Psychology, Department of Clinical and School Psychology, and Director, Child and Adolescent Traumatic Stress Program (CATSP) Specialty Clinic, Nova Southeastern University;
Research Psychologist and Principal Investigator, SAHMSA NCTSN Category II National Child Trauma Workforce Institute, UCCS Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience
Supervisors: James F. Alexander, Ph.D. (University of Utah undergraduate_Functional Family Therapy Research Lab), Howard Adelman, Ph.D. (UCLA doctoral program_School-Based Mental Health), David W. Foy, Ph.D. (UCLA doctoral program_Community Violence Research Lab), Andrew Christensen, Ph.D. (UCLA masters program_Marital Conflict Research Lab), Robert S. Pynoos, M.D., M.P.H. (UCLA doctoral program to present_Trauma and Bereavement), and Cynthia A. Berg, Ph.D. (University of Utah undergraduate_Cognitive Psychology Research Lab)
Phone: (954) 262-5718
Address: Associate Professor of Psychology, Department of Clinical and School Psychology, and Director, Child and Adolescent Traumatic Stress Program (CATSP) Specialty Clinic, Nova Southeastern University
1062 Maltz Bldg., 3301 College Ave, Davie, FL, 33314; office phone (954) 262-5718, email: [email protected]
NSU Faculty webpage: https://psychology.nova.edu/faculty/profile/layne-christopher.html
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/christopher-m-layne-1395474/
Google Scholar: http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=UEMkZZgAAAAJ&hl=en
Academia.edu: http://ucla.academia.edu/ChristopherLayne
ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christopher_Layne
Research Psychologist and Principal Investigator, SAHMSA NCTSN Category II National Child Trauma Workforce Institute, UCCS Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience
Supervisors: James F. Alexander, Ph.D. (University of Utah undergraduate_Functional Family Therapy Research Lab), Howard Adelman, Ph.D. (UCLA doctoral program_School-Based Mental Health), David W. Foy, Ph.D. (UCLA doctoral program_Community Violence Research Lab), Andrew Christensen, Ph.D. (UCLA masters program_Marital Conflict Research Lab), Robert S. Pynoos, M.D., M.P.H. (UCLA doctoral program to present_Trauma and Bereavement), and Cynthia A. Berg, Ph.D. (University of Utah undergraduate_Cognitive Psychology Research Lab)
Phone: (954) 262-5718
Address: Associate Professor of Psychology, Department of Clinical and School Psychology, and Director, Child and Adolescent Traumatic Stress Program (CATSP) Specialty Clinic, Nova Southeastern University
1062 Maltz Bldg., 3301 College Ave, Davie, FL, 33314; office phone (954) 262-5718, email: [email protected]
NSU Faculty webpage: https://psychology.nova.edu/faculty/profile/layne-christopher.html
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/christopher-m-layne-1395474/
Google Scholar: http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=UEMkZZgAAAAJ&hl=en
Academia.edu: http://ucla.academia.edu/ChristopherLayne
ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christopher_Layne
less
InterestsView All (44)
Uploads
Papers: Conceptualizing, Measuring/Assessing Grief by Christopher M. Layne
Keywords: bereavement; adolescence; academic performance; school-based mental health
This handbook presents the current evidence-based psychological treatments for trauma related disorders in childhood and adolescence and in addition provides clearly structured, up-to-date information on the basic principles of traumatic stress research and practice in that age group, covering epidemiology, developmental issues, pathogenetic models, diagnostics, and assessment. Each of the chapters on treatment, which form the core of the book, begins with a summary of the theoretical underpinnings of the approach, followed by a case presentation illustrating the treatment protocol session by session, an analysis of special challenges typically encountered in implementing this treatment, and an overview of the current evidence base for the treatment approach. A special section considers modern treatments in particular settings, such as schools, hospitals, and juvenile justice systems, and the concluding chapters provide an integrative discussion on how to treat traumatized children and adolescents and an outlook. The book will be invaluable for clinical child and adolescent psychologists, child and adolescent psychiatrists, psychotherapists, and other mental health professionals working with traumatized children and adolescents.
Objective. Internalizing and externalizing problems commonly co-occur with adolescent posttraumatic stress and grief reactions. However, little is known about whether these co-occurring symptoms moderate adolescents’ response to sequenced components of trauma- and grief-focused interventions. Method: Forty-four middle school students (aged 12 to 14) rated their self-identified Top Problem during a 17-week flexibly-tailored course of Trauma and Grief Component Therapy for Adolescents (TGCTA), a group-based treatment for traumatized and bereaved youth. Baseline internalizing and externalizing symptoms were examined as potential moderators of adolescents’ response to skills-building (Module I), narrative sharing (Modules II and III), and developmental progression (Module IV) phases of intervention. Results: Piecewise analyses of change during the three treatment phases indicated that adolescents with more internalizing symptoms showed significantly less improvement during the skills-building phase, and significantly more improvement during the narrative construction phase. Conclusions: Findings provide preliminary evidence that: (a) traumatized and bereaved adolescents show different trajectories of response to different TGCTA components as a function of internalizing versus externalizing baseline symptoms; and (b) assessing self-nominated problems and broad-spectrum internalizing and externalizing symptoms can guide trauma- and bereavement-informed treatment planning and monitoring.
Keywords: posttraumatic stress disorder, grief, adolescent group treatment, externalizing symptoms, internalizing symptoms
Keywords: Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder, Grief, Bereavement, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, Adolescent, war trauma
cancer exhibited lower levels of PTSS than children who had experienced the death of a parent, but both groups exhibited similar levels of anxiety and depression. Expressive coping was associated with lower levels of PTSS, anxiety, and depression across both groups. An interaction effect revealed that for the bereaved group only, positive parental reinforcement and supportive caregiver communication were inversely associated with PTSS. These findings provide a foundation for future work designed to identify factors associated with distinct mental
health outcomes among children facing parental cancer and/or parental death.
Nader, K. O., & Layne, C. M. (2009, September). Maladaptive Grieving in Children and Adolescents: Discovering Developmentally-linked Differences in the Manifestation of Grief. Traumatic Stress Points, 23(5), 12-16.
improve future research. This article is derived from an invited report submitted to the DSM-V Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Trauma, and Dissociative Disorders Sub-Work Group, and suggested modifications have received preliminary approval to be incorporated into the DSM-V at the time of this writing. Adoption of these proposals will have far-reaching consequences, given that DSM-V criteria will influence both critical treatment choices for bereaved youth and the next generation of research studies."
Keywords: Grief - Theory - Military - Family - Bereavement - Child - Adolescent - Parent - Combat
Kaplow, J.B., Layne, C.M., & Pynoos, R.S. (2014). Parental grief facilitation: How parents can help their bereaved children during the holidays. Traumatic StressPoints, December 2014 (available online: http://sherwood-istss.informz.net/admin31/content/template.asp?sid=40989&brandid=4463&uid=1019024255&mi=4449102&mfqid=17980717&ptid=0&ps=40989)
Bereavement Assessment Toolkit (copyrighted tests) by Christopher M. Layne
Versions of the PCBD Checklist are currently available in both English (test and administration manual) and Spanish (test only).
For fee schedule and licensing agreement (available for online purchase) see https://www.reactionindex.com. The primary author can be contacted at [email protected].
For a press release, see http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/new-ucla-university-of-texas-checklist-helps-identify-children-teens-with-bereavement-disorder
ABSTRACT: The Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) Checklist—Youth Version is a psychological test for bereaved children and adolescents aged 8-18. It is designed to assess content domains corresponding to DSM-5 proposed Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder symptom criteria, including Separation Distress, Reactive Distress, Existential/Identity Related Distress, and Distress over Circumstances of the Death. The PCBD Checklist replaces the (now-retired) early prototype measure, the UCLA Extended Grief Inventory (Layne, Savjak, Saltzman, & Pynoos, 2001) as a more rigorously constructed, developmentally attuned, psychometrically sound, and clinically useful instrument. The 39 PCBD Checklist items were written specifically to correspond with DSM-5 proposed PCBD diagnostic criteria. Consistent with best practice test construction procedures (Haynes, Richard, & Kubany, 1995), each PCBD test item has been extensively field-tested by a team of ten masters-level clinicians and clinical child psychologists under the clinical supervision of one of the test developers (Dr. Julie Kaplow). Iterative field-testing was conducted with 237 bereaved children and adolescents aged 8-18 in various field settings including bereavement camps, grief support facilities, community clinics, and school-based health clinics. The PCBD Checklist can be used for a range of clinical applications including risk screening, treatment triage, case conceptualization and treatment planning (including assessment-driven treatment tailoring), and treatment outcome evaluation. Because Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) is a proposed research diagnosis located in the appendix of DSM-5, the PCBD Checklist can only be used to assign a provisional (unofficial) discrete (present/absent) PCBD diagnosis as well as yield continuous Criterion B and C subscale scores. Administration time for the PCBD Checklist is approximately 5-8 minutes, and scoring and interpretation take between 5-10 minutes. The PCBD Checklist is typically clinician-administered but can be adapted for self-report with older children and adolescents. Training in the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the PCBD Checklist can be provided in person or online by authorized trainers. Publication Date: Nov 2014.
Initial inquiries regarding the PCBD Checklist can be directed to Christopher Layne at [email protected].
Technical questions regarding copyright and licensing of the PCBD Checklist can be directed to Dr. Alan Steinberg at [email protected]. Be sure to also CC Christopher Layne at [email protected] .
Papers: PTSD Test Validation & Diagnosis by Christopher M. Layne
Keywords: PTSD, children/adolescents, race, ethnicity, invariance testing
Current citation:
Contractor, A. A., Layne, C. M., Steinberg, A. M., Ostrowski, S. A., Ford, J. D., & Elhai, J. D. (2013). Do gender and age moderate the symptom structure of ptsd? findings from a national clinical sample of children and adolescents. Psychiatry Research, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.012""
Keywords: bereavement; adolescence; academic performance; school-based mental health
This handbook presents the current evidence-based psychological treatments for trauma related disorders in childhood and adolescence and in addition provides clearly structured, up-to-date information on the basic principles of traumatic stress research and practice in that age group, covering epidemiology, developmental issues, pathogenetic models, diagnostics, and assessment. Each of the chapters on treatment, which form the core of the book, begins with a summary of the theoretical underpinnings of the approach, followed by a case presentation illustrating the treatment protocol session by session, an analysis of special challenges typically encountered in implementing this treatment, and an overview of the current evidence base for the treatment approach. A special section considers modern treatments in particular settings, such as schools, hospitals, and juvenile justice systems, and the concluding chapters provide an integrative discussion on how to treat traumatized children and adolescents and an outlook. The book will be invaluable for clinical child and adolescent psychologists, child and adolescent psychiatrists, psychotherapists, and other mental health professionals working with traumatized children and adolescents.
Objective. Internalizing and externalizing problems commonly co-occur with adolescent posttraumatic stress and grief reactions. However, little is known about whether these co-occurring symptoms moderate adolescents’ response to sequenced components of trauma- and grief-focused interventions. Method: Forty-four middle school students (aged 12 to 14) rated their self-identified Top Problem during a 17-week flexibly-tailored course of Trauma and Grief Component Therapy for Adolescents (TGCTA), a group-based treatment for traumatized and bereaved youth. Baseline internalizing and externalizing symptoms were examined as potential moderators of adolescents’ response to skills-building (Module I), narrative sharing (Modules II and III), and developmental progression (Module IV) phases of intervention. Results: Piecewise analyses of change during the three treatment phases indicated that adolescents with more internalizing symptoms showed significantly less improvement during the skills-building phase, and significantly more improvement during the narrative construction phase. Conclusions: Findings provide preliminary evidence that: (a) traumatized and bereaved adolescents show different trajectories of response to different TGCTA components as a function of internalizing versus externalizing baseline symptoms; and (b) assessing self-nominated problems and broad-spectrum internalizing and externalizing symptoms can guide trauma- and bereavement-informed treatment planning and monitoring.
Keywords: posttraumatic stress disorder, grief, adolescent group treatment, externalizing symptoms, internalizing symptoms
Keywords: Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder, Grief, Bereavement, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, Adolescent, war trauma
cancer exhibited lower levels of PTSS than children who had experienced the death of a parent, but both groups exhibited similar levels of anxiety and depression. Expressive coping was associated with lower levels of PTSS, anxiety, and depression across both groups. An interaction effect revealed that for the bereaved group only, positive parental reinforcement and supportive caregiver communication were inversely associated with PTSS. These findings provide a foundation for future work designed to identify factors associated with distinct mental
health outcomes among children facing parental cancer and/or parental death.
Nader, K. O., & Layne, C. M. (2009, September). Maladaptive Grieving in Children and Adolescents: Discovering Developmentally-linked Differences in the Manifestation of Grief. Traumatic Stress Points, 23(5), 12-16.
improve future research. This article is derived from an invited report submitted to the DSM-V Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Trauma, and Dissociative Disorders Sub-Work Group, and suggested modifications have received preliminary approval to be incorporated into the DSM-V at the time of this writing. Adoption of these proposals will have far-reaching consequences, given that DSM-V criteria will influence both critical treatment choices for bereaved youth and the next generation of research studies."
Keywords: Grief - Theory - Military - Family - Bereavement - Child - Adolescent - Parent - Combat
Kaplow, J.B., Layne, C.M., & Pynoos, R.S. (2014). Parental grief facilitation: How parents can help their bereaved children during the holidays. Traumatic StressPoints, December 2014 (available online: http://sherwood-istss.informz.net/admin31/content/template.asp?sid=40989&brandid=4463&uid=1019024255&mi=4449102&mfqid=17980717&ptid=0&ps=40989)
Versions of the PCBD Checklist are currently available in both English (test and administration manual) and Spanish (test only).
For fee schedule and licensing agreement (available for online purchase) see https://www.reactionindex.com. The primary author can be contacted at [email protected].
For a press release, see http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/new-ucla-university-of-texas-checklist-helps-identify-children-teens-with-bereavement-disorder
ABSTRACT: The Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) Checklist—Youth Version is a psychological test for bereaved children and adolescents aged 8-18. It is designed to assess content domains corresponding to DSM-5 proposed Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder symptom criteria, including Separation Distress, Reactive Distress, Existential/Identity Related Distress, and Distress over Circumstances of the Death. The PCBD Checklist replaces the (now-retired) early prototype measure, the UCLA Extended Grief Inventory (Layne, Savjak, Saltzman, & Pynoos, 2001) as a more rigorously constructed, developmentally attuned, psychometrically sound, and clinically useful instrument. The 39 PCBD Checklist items were written specifically to correspond with DSM-5 proposed PCBD diagnostic criteria. Consistent with best practice test construction procedures (Haynes, Richard, & Kubany, 1995), each PCBD test item has been extensively field-tested by a team of ten masters-level clinicians and clinical child psychologists under the clinical supervision of one of the test developers (Dr. Julie Kaplow). Iterative field-testing was conducted with 237 bereaved children and adolescents aged 8-18 in various field settings including bereavement camps, grief support facilities, community clinics, and school-based health clinics. The PCBD Checklist can be used for a range of clinical applications including risk screening, treatment triage, case conceptualization and treatment planning (including assessment-driven treatment tailoring), and treatment outcome evaluation. Because Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) is a proposed research diagnosis located in the appendix of DSM-5, the PCBD Checklist can only be used to assign a provisional (unofficial) discrete (present/absent) PCBD diagnosis as well as yield continuous Criterion B and C subscale scores. Administration time for the PCBD Checklist is approximately 5-8 minutes, and scoring and interpretation take between 5-10 minutes. The PCBD Checklist is typically clinician-administered but can be adapted for self-report with older children and adolescents. Training in the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the PCBD Checklist can be provided in person or online by authorized trainers. Publication Date: Nov 2014.
Initial inquiries regarding the PCBD Checklist can be directed to Christopher Layne at [email protected].
Technical questions regarding copyright and licensing of the PCBD Checklist can be directed to Dr. Alan Steinberg at [email protected]. Be sure to also CC Christopher Layne at [email protected] .
Keywords: PTSD, children/adolescents, race, ethnicity, invariance testing
Current citation:
Contractor, A. A., Layne, C. M., Steinberg, A. M., Ostrowski, S. A., Ford, J. D., & Elhai, J. D. (2013). Do gender and age moderate the symptom structure of ptsd? findings from a national clinical sample of children and adolescents. Psychiatry Research, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.012""
supported. Other four-factor models (King et al., 1998; Simms et al., 2002) have proven to better account for PTSD’s latent structure; however, results regarding model superiority are conflicting. The current study assessed whether endorsement of PTSD’s Criterion A2 would impact on the factorial invariance of the King et al. (1998) model. Participants were 1572 war-exposed Bosnian secondary students who were assessed two years following the 1992–1995 Bosnian conflict. The sample was grouped by those endorsing both parts of the DSM-IV Criterion A (A2 Group) and those endorsing only A1 (Non-A2 Group). The factorial invariance of the King et al. (1998) model was not supported between the A2 vs. Non-A2 Groups; rather, the groups significantly differed on all model parameters. The impact of removing A2 on the factor structure of King et al. (1998) PTSD model is discussed in light of the proposed removal of Criterion A2 for the DSM-V.
Keywords: coping; adolescent; posttraumatic stress; trauma; family; loss
Layne, C. M., Briggs-King, E., & Courtois, C. (2014). Introduction to the Special Section: Unpacking risk factor caravans across development: Findings from the NCTSN Core Data Set. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(Suppl 1), 2014, S1-S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037768
Abstract: In this overview, we discuss the utility of the concept of risk factor caravan (Layne et al., 2009) as a conceptual vehicle for depicting how constellations of various risk factors tend to co-occur, accumulate in number, accrue and cascade forward in their harmful effects, and “travel” with their host across development. We also propose the concept of risk factor caravan passageway as a tool for describing the disadvantaged, resource-poor, and often dangerous ecologies that give rise to and maintain risk factor caravans across the life course. These twin concepts build upon and complement the concepts of resource caravan and resource caravan passageway as advanced by conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 2011; 2012). Our aim is to promote the scientific study of the diverse ways through which youths’ physical and social ecologies may profoundly affect (for good or ill) their developmental trajectories, life experiences, and life attainments. We discuss ways in which the Trauma History Profile—a tool for assessing exposure to a broad variety of types of trauma and loss across childhood and adolescence (Pynoos et al., 2014), combined with the concepts of risk factor caravans and caravan passageways, add conceptual richness, balance, developmental perspective, and methodological rigor to the study of such complex phenomena as the ACE Pyramid (Felitti et al., 1998), complex trauma exposure, and complex traumatic stress disorder (Ford & Courtois, 2013). We conclude by discussing ways in which the five papers making up the special section illustrate key concepts and applications of these conceptual and assessment tools.
Keywords: childhood traumatic stress, adverse childhood experiences, complex trauma, developmental psychopathology, risk factor
Pynoos, R.S., Steinberg, A.M., Layne, C.M., Liang, L.J., Vivrette, R.L., Briggs, E. C., Kisiel, C., Habib, M., Belin, T.R., & Fairbank, J. (2014). Modeling constellations of trauma exposure in the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(Suppl 1), 2014, S9-S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037767
Abstract: This article describes the features and utility of the Trauma History Profile (THP) component of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) Core Data Set (CDS). The THP, which is derived from the Trauma History section of the University of California PTSD Reaction Index for DSM–IV, is a comprehensive tool to assist providers in identifying and characterizing a broad spectrum of 20 types of trauma experienced by children and adolescents. Additional questions assess the age during which each trauma type occurred and capture salient details about each experience. The THP allows for modeling of constellations of trauma history in ways conducive to risk stratification and triage, case conceptualization, treatment planning, and research. This article provides a conceptual background for the companion papers that are included in this special section. Selected illustrative findings from the NCTSN CDS (N = 14,088) are presented, including frequencies and mean duration of exposure to specific trauma types; distributions of age of onset by trauma type; frequencies of specific trauma exposure details relating to domestic violence; and a principal component analysis of clusters of co-occurring trauma types during childhood and adolescence. The article concludes with a discussion of implications of the THP for research and practice.
Keywords: adverse childhood experiences, NCTSN, trauma history, traumatic stress
Spinazzola, J., Hodgdon, H., Liang, L.J., Ford, J.D., Layne, C.M., Pynoos, R.S., Stolbach, B., & Kisiel, C. (2014). Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes in a national sample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(Suppl 1), 2014, S18-S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037766
Abstract:
For this study, we evaluated the independent and additive predictive effects of psychological maltreatment on an array of behavioral problems, symptoms, and disorders in a large national sample of clinic-referred children and adolescents drawn from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set (CDS; see Layne, Briggs-King, & Courtois, 2014). We analyzed a subsample of 5,616 youth with lifetime histories of 1 or more of 3 forms of maltreatment: psychological maltreatment (emotional abuse or emotional neglect), physical abuse, and sexual abuse. Measures included the University of California, Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder–Reaction Index (Steinberg et al., 2004), Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2004), and 27 diagnostic and CDS-specific clinical severity indicators. Psychologically maltreated youth exhibited equivalent or greater baseline levels of behavioral problems, symptoms, and disorders compared with physically or sexually abused youth on most indicators. The co-occurrence of psychological maltreatment with physical or sexual abuse was linked to the exacerbation of most outcomes. We found that the clinical profiles of psychologically maltreated youth overlapped with, yet were distinct from, those of physically and/or sexually abused youth. Despite its high prevalence in the CDS, psychological maltreatment was rarely the focus of intervention for youth in this large national sample. We discuss implications for child mental health policy; educational outreach to providers, youth, and families; and the development or adaptation of evidence-based interventions that target the effects of this widespread, harmful, yet often overlooked form of maltreatment.
Keywords: psychological maltreatment, emotional abuse and emotional neglect, physical and sexual abuse, clinical profiles of maltreated youth, complex trauma
Kisiel, C., Fehrenbach, T., Liang, Li-Jung, Stolbach, B., McClelland, G., Griffin, G., Maj, N., Briggs, E.C., Vivrette, R.L., Layne, C.M., & Spinazzola, J. (2014). Examining Child Sexual Abuse in relation to Complex Patterns of Trauma Exposure: Findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(Suppl 1), 2014, S29-S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037812
Abstract:
Chronic, interpersonal traumas within the caregiving system are associated with a range of symptoms, functional impairments, and trauma history profiles. This study utilized data from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) Core Data Set (CDS) to examine the role of child sexual abuse in combination with other types of caregiver-related trauma (physical abuse, domestic violence, emotional abuse, neglect, and impaired caregiving). These trauma composites were assessed in relation to clinical profiles, including mental health symptoms, risk behaviors, and functional difficulties. Groups included multiply traumatized youth with a documented history of: (a) 3 or more caregiver-related traumas with co-occurring sexual abuse (CR CSA group, N 501); (b) 3 or more caregiver-related traumas without co-occurring sexual abuse (CR group, N 1,108); and (c) 3 or more noncaregiver-related traumas (e.g., medical trauma, natural disaster, physical/sexual assault; non-CR group, N 142). Youth with caregiver related traumas had significantly earlier onset and longer duration of traumas compared to other traumatized youth. Child sexual abuse had an additive and potent predictive effect on clinical profiles, even in combination with other caregiver-related traumas. Although youth with caregiver-related traumas exhibited significant attachment problems, youth with sexual abuse in particular had higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and received higher ratings for symptoms of depression, suicidality, and sexualized behaviors in comparison with the other 2 groups. Findings suggest that careful mapping of trauma history, including age of onset, duration, and co-occurrence of trauma exposure in childhood, can provide a foundation for a more refined developmental approach to the scientific investigation, clinical assessment, and treatment of children with complex histories of trauma in childhood.
Keywords: child sexual abuse, complex trauma, complex PTSD, clinical profiles
Layne, C.M., Greeson, J.K.P., Kim, Soeun, Ostrowski, S.A., Reading, S., Vivrette, R.L., Briggs, E.C., Fairbank, J.A., & Pynoos, R.S. (2014). Links between trauma exposure and adolescent high-risk health behaviors: Findings from the NCTSN Core Data Set. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(Suppl 1), 2014, S40-S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037799
Abstract: Although links between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and problems in adulthood are well established, less is known regarding links between exposure to trauma during childhood and adolescence and high-risk behavior in adolescence. We tested the hypothesis that cumulative exposure to up to 20 different types of trauma and bereavement/loss incrementally predicts high-risk adolescent behavior beyond demographic variables. Adolescents reporting exposure to at least 1 type of trauma (n 3,785; mean age 15.3 years; 62.7% girls) were selected from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set (CDS). Logistic regression analyses tested associations among both demographic variables and number of types of trauma and loss exposure as predictors, and 9 types of high-risk adolescent behavior and functional impairment (attachment difficulties, skipping school, running away from home, substance abuse, suicidality, criminality, self-injury, alcohol use, and victim of sexual exploitation) as criterion variables. As hypothesized, hierarchical logistic regression analyses revealed that each additional type of trauma exposure significantly increased the odds ratios for each problem behavior (range 1.06–1.22) after accounting for demographic variables. Some demographic variables (female gender, public insurance eligibility, and older age) were also associated with increased likelihood for some outcomes. Study findings extend previously identified links between childhood trauma and problems later in life to include high-risk behavior and functional impairment during adolescence. The findings underscore the need for a trauma-informed public health approach to systematic
screening, prevention, and early intervention for traumatized and bereaved youth in child service systems.
Keywords: adverse childhood experiences, adolescence, risk factor, bereavement, child traumatic stress
Steinberg, A.M., Pynoos, R.S., Gerrity, E.T., Layne, C.M., Briggs, E.C., Vivrette, R.L., & Fairbank, J. (2014). The NCTSN Core Data Set: Emerging findings, future directions, and implications for theory, research, practice, and policy. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(Suppl 1), 2014, S50-S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037798.
Abstract: The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) Core Data Set (CDS) is the first national, web-based, data repository designed to answer key questions relevant to the field of child traumatic stress and policymakers. The CDS currently contains comprehensive information on trauma history and standardized assessments on 14,088 children seen between 2004 and 2010 in 56 NCTSN academic, hospital, and community service sites across the United States. Although the CDS does not include a representative national sample, it provides a window into the profiles of a large and diverse group of traumatized children for in-depth investigations of trauma histories; clinical and developmental sequelae associated with trauma exposure; the psychometrics and clinical utility of widely used assessment instruments; patterns of service utilization; treatment engagement, completion, and outcome; and issues specific to diverse service sectors, race/ethnicity, cultural groups, and special populations. We have provided an overview of initial published findings from the CDS in this article, described plans for future analyses, and discussed implications for building theory, refining research questions and methods, improving practice, and informing policy.
Keywords: National Child Traumatic Stress Network, child, adolescent, trauma, policy
Keywords: National Child Traumatic Stress Network, traumatic childhood experiences, child traumatic stress (CTS), behavior problems, Child Behavior Checklist
(Full title): Greeson J.K.P., Briggs E.C., Layne C.M., Belcher H.M.E., Ostrowski S.A., Kim S., Lee R.C., Amaya-Jackson L., Pynoos, R.S., & Fairbank J.A. (in press). Traumatic Childhood Experiences in the 21st Century: Broadening & Building on the ACE Studies with Data from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. In press, Journal of Interpersonal Violence.
one trauma and who received trauma-related services (n 11,104). Approximately half the sample was White; more than three quarters reported exposure to multiple types of trauma. Sixty-three percent were eligible for state- or federally funded insurance. The two most commonly reported traumatic events were traumatic loss/separation/bereavement and domestic violence. Number and type of trauma exposure varied by gender and age. Type and number of services utilized prior to entering an NCTSN center varied by number of trauma exposures. Systematically assessing children’s trauma exposure provides clinically useful information,
particularly for those exposed to multiple types of traumatic events. Identifying subgroups, and markers of risk for trauma-related sequelae, may inform policies, programs, and best practices to meet specific needs of children and families. Future research may clarify high-risk trauma profiles for coordinated utilization of systems of care.
Keywords: Child Traumatic Stress (CTS), traumatic events, service utilization, child-serving systems of care, National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN)"
that there is a continuity of care across service systems. This article reviews how traumatic stress impacts children and adolescents' daily functioning and how various service systems approach trauma services differently. It also provides recommendations for how to make each of these service systems more trauma informed and an appendix detailing resources in the National Child Traumatic Stress Network that have been produced to meet this objective.
Keywords: service systems, trauma, schools, health care, juvenile justice Editor's Nore. This article is one of three in this special section by members of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network.
Layne, C. M., Olsen, J. A., Baker, A. Legerski, J. P., Isakson, B., Pašalić, A., Duraković-Belko, E., Đapo, N., Ćampara, N., Arslanagić, B., Saltzman, W. R., & Pynoos, R. S. (2010). Unpacking Trauma Exposure Risk Factors and Differential Pathways of Influence: Predicting Post-War Mental Distress in Bosnian Adolescents. Child Development, 81, 1053-1076. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01454.x
Abstract: Methods are needed for quantifying the potency and differential effects of risk factors to identify at-risk groups for theory building and intervention. Traditional methods for constructing war exposure measures are poorly suited to ‘‘unpack’’ differential relations between specific types of exposure and specific outcomes. This study of 881 Bosnian adolescents compared both common factor–effect indicator (using exploratory factor analysis) versus composite causal–indicator methods for ‘‘unpacking’’ dimensions of war exposure and their respective paths to postwar adjustment outcomes. The composite method better supported theory building and most intervention applications, showing how multitiered interventions can enhance treatment effectiveness and efficiency in war settings. Used together, the methods may unpack the elements and differential effects of ‘‘caravans’’ of risk and promotive factors that co-occur across development.
Keywords: Ceteris Paribus; causal generalizations; causal explanation; mediation, moderation
Keywords: Refugees Youth Evidence-based practice
Trauma Cultural competency Ecological framework
Keywords: psychological first aid, crisis intervention, disaster mental health, best practices, disaster mental health training"
J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2008;47(9):1048Y1062. Key Words: posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, grief, school-based intervention.
Clinical trial registration information Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Group Treatment with War-Exposed Bosnian Adolescents. URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00480480.
Warren, J.S., Brown, C.R., Layne, C.M., & Nelson, P.L. (2011). Parenting self-efficacy as a predictor of child psychotherapy outcomes in usual care: A multi-dimensional approach. Psychotherapy Research, 21, 112-123.
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2010.531405
Abstract
Three theorized dimensions of perceived parenting self-efficacy (Parental Connection, Psychological Autonomy, and
Behavioral Influence) were used to predict psychotherapy outcomes in 271 youth (age417 years, mean age10.4, 42%
girls) receiving routine outpatient services in a community mental health setting. We used individual growth curve modeling to examine patterns of change in self-efficacy domains and corresponding changes in parent-reported child symptoms. Parenting self-efficacy scores at pre-treatment did not predict treatment outcomes. Parenting self-efficacy scores for Parental Connection and Psychological Autonomy increased over the course of therapy, and increases in parenting self-efficacy
dimensions (particularly Psychological Autonomy) were significantly associated with improvements in child symptoms over the course of treatment. Parenting self-efficacy appears to merit further study as a candidate mechanism of therapeutic change in child mental health treatment.
Keywords: child psychotherapy; mental health services research; outcome research; routine clinical services
DOI: 10.1037//1089-2699.5.4.243
Citation:
Layne, C. M., Abramovitz, R. Stuber, M., Ross, L., & Strand, V. (2017, January). The Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma: A tool for preparing a trauma-informed mental health workforce. Traumatic StressPoints, 31, 1-8. (http://sherwood-istss.informz.net/informzdataservice/onlineversion/ind/bWFpbGluZ2luc3RhbmNlaWQ9NjI1MTUwNCZzdWJzY3JpYmVyaWQ9MTA0NDYxODQ0MQ)
Note: This paper is the first time we discuss the Double Check Heuristic, our information-gathering/case formulation/treatment planning tool.
Recommended keywords: causal reasoning, clinical judgment, clinical skills training, evidence-based practice, mental health, clinical knowledge, clinical decision-making, clinical theory building, Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma
Full citation: Layne, C.M., Strand, V., Popescu, M., Kaplow, J.B., Abramovitz, R., Stuber, M., Amaya-Jackson, L, Ross, L.A., & Pynoos, R.S. (in press). Using the Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma to strengthen clinical knowledge in evidence-based practitioners. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.
Full citation: Layne, C.M., Ghosh Ippen, C., Strand, V., Stuber, M., Abramovitz, R., Reyes, G., Amaya-Jackson, L., Ross, L., Curtis, A., Lipscomb, A., & Pynoos, R.S. (2011). The Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma: A tool for training a trauma-informed workforce. Psychological trauma: Theory, research, practice, and policy, 3, 243-252. Doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025039
© 2013. Adapted from various anonymous sources, with added original content, by Christopher M. Layne, Ph.D. This checklist may be used and shared freely to promote quality education everywhere, but may not be exploited for commercial purposes. Citation for this work is Layne, C. M. (2013). Handy Curriculum Development Guide: Checklist of Behaviorally-Anchored Terms for Specifying Learning Objectives. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Los Angeles.
Full citation: DeRosa, R.R., Amaya-Jackson, L, & Layne, C.M. (2013). From rifts to riffs: Evidence-based principles to guide critical thinking about next-generation child trauma treatments and training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 7, 195-204. doi: 10.1037/a0033086"""
Comment: This chapter is the first to conceptually differentiate between trauma vs loss reminders and to theorize how (with secondary adversities), they mediate the clinical course of PTSD and grief reactions. The ideas I lay out here are a foundational prerequisite to my 2007 and 2009 "resilience"-focused book chapters. Herein my co-authors and I lay out a conceptual framework for identifying various types of stressors following exposure to trauma or loss and understanding how they may exert a profound influence on the course of adjustment over time.
Comment: This chapter builds upon my 2007 Layne et al. book chapter. Both my 2007 and 2009 "resilience" chapters are based on an invited symposium presentation I gave at ISTSS in November 2004 . In this chapter we lay out a number of conceptual building blocks that we consider essential to clearly conceptualizing what "resilience" is, and the implications thereof for theory-building, study design, intervention development, and public policy. An annotated version of my 2004 symposium address is available under the "Talks" tab herein (note that the symposium also contains elements not developed in my subsequent chapters and articles.)
Please cite this correctly:
Layne, CM, et al. (2004, November). Risk, resistance, and resilience following disaster. In R. Pynoos (Chair), Risk, Resistance, and Resilience in Trauma-Exposed Populations: Emerging Concepts, Methods, and Intervention Strategies. Invited symposium presented at ISTSS, New Orleans, LA, USA. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1038.8485
emergencies, and has received wide usage worldwide. PFA is comprised of eight core helping actions: contact and engagement, safety and comfort, stabilization, information gathering, practical assistance, connection with social supports, information on coping support, and linkage with collaborative services. PFA has been translated into many different languages and is being implemented in diverse places throughout the world.
National Child Traumatic Stress Network’s Core Data Set, currently the largest national data set of clinic-referred children and adolescents exposed to potentially traumatic events. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we tested the invariance of PTSD symptom structural parameters by race and ethnicity.
Chi-square difference tests and goodness-of-fit values showed statistical equivalence across racial and ethnic groups in the factor structure of PTSD and in mean item-level indicators of PTSD symptom severity. Results support the structural invariance of PTSD’s 5-factor model across the compared racial
and ethnic groups. Furthermore, results indicated equivalent item-level severity across racial and ethnic groups; this supports the use of item-level comparisons across these groups.
Keywords (5): political engagement; adolescence; victimization; social contract theory; trust in government
Keywords (5): political engagement; adolescence; victimization; social contract theory; trust in government