Papers by Clemente Irigaray
III Congreso Geológico de España, 1992
The geotechnical restrictions for an urban waste disposal in the Granada basin are considered. A ... more The geotechnical restrictions for an urban waste disposal in the Granada basin are considered. A geotechnical detailed mapping and a number of “in situ” infiltrometer measures of permeability showed the abundance of sandy silts and sands with minor amounts of gravel and clay in the selected site. The inapropiate range of permeability of the predominant soils and the lacking of clay soils to improve by compaction the layers around the wastes lead to the selection of nearer areas in which marls and clays are dominant.
A.A. Balkema eBooks, 1996
Landslide description, terminology, classification, inventory and mapping; Landsliding effects an... more Landslide description, terminology, classification, inventory and mapping; Landsliding effects and consequences; Landsliding causes: Determining and triggering factors; Slope stability and failure analysis: Traitment and control; Landslide distribution, susceptibility, hazard and risk mapping and assessment; etc. 44 papers. This book is intended for engineering geologists, physical geographers, geologists, geomorphologists, engineers, students and professionals interested in the environmental incidence of landslides as one of the natural hazards.
Landslides, Oct 31, 2014
ABSTRACT In this work, a simple methodology is presented for processing high-resolution topograph... more ABSTRACT In this work, a simple methodology is presented for processing high-resolution topographical data over wide areas. It is based on digital elevation model of differences (DEMoD) among high-resolution digital models (HRDEM) produced from lightdetection and ranging (LiDAR) data. Because these qualitative approaches based on HRDEMs can be affected by errors related to misalignment between different passes of the airborne sensor and errors in classifying points, a simplified strategy was undertaken for their semi-automatic correction and supervision for analyzing geomorphological changes. Besides, it became possible to detect, delineate, and classify a total of 47 natural landslides and 50 slope-cut failures over an area of 234km2 on the basis of the analysis of the LiDAR products (DEMs and DEMoD) and the orthophotography imagery inspection integrated in a geographical information system (GIS). Most of the displacements detected were probably generated during the winter of 2009–2010 when a new record of cumulative rainfall was reached. The displacement rate of these movements cannot be known with precision, but the minimum velocity that can be obtained is 0.3m/year regarding the period between the two data acquisitions carried out in November 2008 and July 2010. On the other hand, a comparison was made of the existing susceptibility maps with respect to this new inventory, which indicated greater landslide frequency in areas of moderate susceptibility levels. The influence of treating inventories at different temporal scales is discussed.
EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Apr 1, 2009
Landslide susceptibility in a Mediterranean mountain environment, southern slope of Sierra Nevada... more Landslide susceptibility in a Mediterranean mountain environment, southern slope of Sierra Nevada, is analyzed. In the study area of 460 km2, 252 landslides were inventoried affecting a 3,2% of the total area. These landslides comprising mainly slides and flows on phyllites, schist and marble units in the Inner Zone of the Betic Cordillera, with colluvial, alluvial or scree deposits, along
Landslides, Jul 11, 2017
Landslide hazard in a region limited to data from a regional scale about triggering factors is as... more Landslide hazard in a region limited to data from a regional scale about triggering factors is assessed via cross tabulation between determining factors and landslides with recent activity. Firstly, landslide susceptibility was evaluated and validated through a bivariate statistical method between the previously identified stability conditioning factors and the mapped landslides. In this way, the most susceptible areas for assessing landslide hazards were selected. The main problem to solve in this type of research is the landslide activity. For this purpose, several techniques were applied: news reports, differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar, digital photogrammetry, light detection and ranging, photointerpretation, and dendrochronology. Both the strong and weak points of these techniques are also mentioned. The landslide return period was computed via the association between landslide activity and triggering factors, in this case annual rainfall. Finally, landslide hazard was mapped solely based on landslides with recent activity and their computed return period. The relationship between landslide occurrence and triggering factors shows that, according to both the considered assumptions and the observations made, deep-seated landslides are triggered or reactivated together with superficial landslides once every 18 years, while superficial landslides as flows or falls occur once every 5 years. The results show that there is generally a low landslide hazard in the study zone, especially when compared to landslide susceptibility. This means that landslides are mainly dormant from a natural evolution point of view, but could be reactivated as a result of geomorphological, climate, or human changes. In any case, the landslide hazard is successfully assessed, with a prediction of a 6% annual probability of a high hazard in 5% of the area, intersecting with the main infrastructures of the region; thus, control strategies are justified in order to avoid damage in extraordinary rainfall periods.
Geotemas ( Madrid ), 2012
Parasitology, Aug 22, 2011
SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to construct risk maps for the presence of the dominantLeishmani... more SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to construct risk maps for the presence of the dominantLeishmania infantumvector,P. perniciosus,and check its usefulness (a) to predict the risk of canine leishmaniasis and (b) to define effective leishmaniasis control measures. We obtained data for the presence/absence ofP. perniciosusat 167 sampling sites in southern Spain, from which we also took a series of ecological and climate-related data. The probability ofP. perniciosuspresence was estimated as a function of these environmental variables and generated spatial risk maps. Altitude, land use and drainage hole features (with or without PVC piping) were retained as the only predictors for the distribution of this vector species. Drainage hole features in retaining walls, with or without PVC piping, produce significant variations in the probability ofP. perniciosuspresence, varying from 2·3 to 91·8% if PVC piping is absent and from 0·4 to 66·5% if all holes have PVC piping. It was concluded that the use of PVC piping in drainage holes could help to reduce leishmaniasis transmission.
Landslides, Jun 25, 2015
In the procedures to minimize diachronic landslides, data on their temporal evolution and destruc... more In the procedures to minimize diachronic landslides, data on their temporal evolution and destructive capacities are necessary. For that purpose, remote-detection techniques proved to be highly useful for quantifying the ongoing change in the relief, as well as in comparisons between digital terrain models achieved by Light Detection and Ranging. The methodology presented in this paper includes the supervised merging and comparison of sequential scans, acquired within nearly annual intervals from an irregular terrain, which improves the quality of the results highlighting ground changes. This approach is based on the processing of digital terrain models from point clouds acquired by Terrestrial Laser Scanning to quantify and interpret the landslide displacements. In parallel, it is supported by Global Navigation Satellite Systems, the use of artificial targets and a refined data processing to minimize the uncertainty and improve the precision of the results. This is applied to a large translational slide affecting phyllite rocks in a IV-V degree of weathering settled on the southern slope of Sierra Nevada (south-eastern Spain). During the monitoring period (2008–2010), the slide remained inactive until 2009, followed by a reactivation with displacements in the range −1.80 to 1.20 m along the period 2009–2010, where negative values are downwards from the reference model (2009). The accumulated relative standard deviation between data sets was on the order of 7.5 cm, whereas the threshold to determine a terrain displacement (also avoiding changes due to erosion-accumulation processes) was of 10 cm. When applying this methodology to Airborne Laser Scanning datasets for the years 2008 and 2010, covering zones hidden to the line of sight of the terrestrial technique, a reactivation with similar deformation pattern was found useful to validate the findings, although the detail of changes and quantitative results did not match exactly due to the different accuracy and resolution of both techniques. The reactivation of the slide coincided with a period of intense rains, pointing to this as the triggering factor, with a precipitation threshold of roughly 1000 mm in a period of 4 months, only reached on one occasion throughout in the historical record.
Landslides, 2019
In areas prone to landslides, the identification of potentially unstable zones has a decisive imp... more In areas prone to landslides, the identification of potentially unstable zones has a decisive impact on the risk assessment and development of mitigation plans. Active volcanic islands are particularly prone to instability phenomena as they are always in the early stage of dynamic unrest. A historical example of slope instability is the landslide which occurred in 1988 along the northwestern flank of La Fossa Cone on the island of Vulcano (Aeolian Archipelago). Based on this past activity, a susceptibility assessment using the bivariate technique of the GIS matrix method (GMM) was carried out on the islands of Lipari and Vulcano. Nevertheless, this case is congruent with those where a part of the surface was not assigned to stable or unstable areas, since a comprehensive inventory was only available for the island of Lipari. Some of the implemented steps of the susceptibility matrix method were modified to enable the model developed in the Lipari area to be applied to both islands. Considering the important role that the classification of conditioning factors plays in susceptibility analysis, the degree of association with landslide spatial distribution for the multiple classifications of each factor was assessed. Furthermore, an innovative clustering approach based on text and data mining techniques (self-organizing map neural network) was applied and compared with a heuristic classification of the categorical variable of lithology units. In addition to the extensive contingency analysis, up to 14 factor combinations were submitted to the GMM, validated and compared so as to select the one that best explains the susceptibility zoning. The effects of these incorporated processes in the previous phase of classification were discussed and preliminary susceptibility map was generated for both islands. After the validation of the susceptibility assessment, it is shown that the highest classes (High and Very High) matched 76.9% (relative accuracy) of the test inventory, while the lower susceptibility classes (Very Low and Low) resulted in a degree of fit of 14.39% (relative error).
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2018
The Costa Tropical in Granada Province, in Southern Spain, was intensively developed during the 1... more The Costa Tropical in Granada Province, in Southern Spain, was intensively developed during the 1980s and 90s. A complex of several residential communities was built on the eastern slope of the coastal Cerro Gordo hill (Almuñécar), on the pre-existing Calaiza landslide. This was not identified in the preliminary technical studies, thus giving rise to a set of incidents associated with this unforeseen unstable slope. To ensure sea views from all the houses, excavations and fillings were carried out, creating a stepped slope, on which the new foundations of structures and roads were located and subsequently damaged by an increasing number of cracks and deformations, leading to 42 houses becoming ruins in the period 2003-2016. Since 1990, annual and monthly rainfall has been variable in the area, and some rainfall peaks were eventually associated with damage proliferation, although more frequently damage was recorded during dry or low rainfall seasons, when water infiltrated from breaks in pipelines. This damage results from a combination of sliding and bad construction practices at increasing rates from dry to humid periods or during heavy rains. An overall perspective of the geotechnical and geomorphological features of the study area, the landslide reactivation, and its correlation with the damage evolution, as well as its legal consequences, is presented here.
Natural Hazards, 2003
This article presents a method to map landslide susceptibility in rock massifs using Geographical... more This article presents a method to map landslide susceptibility in rock massifs using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The method is based on making an inventory of rupture zones of different types of slope movements and then analysing the bivariate correlation of these with the factors that determine instability. After determining the factors that present the highest correlation with each type of movement, a matrix is created to combine these factors and to determine the percentage of the rupture zone in each combination, which provides an expression of the susceptibility of the terrain. The map thus obtained is divided into susceptibility classes. The susceptibility maps (made in 1995) for each type of movement are first calibrated with the inventory of the movements from which they are derived (previous to 1995), and subsequently validated by another inventory elaborated after the susceptibility maps (in 1997). In both cases, significant correlation coefficients were obtained (the Goodman-Kruskal coefficients were over 0.8 and sometimes exceeded 0.9). The relative error (degree of accumulated fit for very low to low susceptibility classes) was always less than 5%, while the relative success rate was always above 50%. These results illustrate the adequacy of the method and of the maps obtained.
Rev. Soc. Geol. …, 1994
Resumen: Se analiza un inventario de 281 movimientos de ladera observados en series margoso arcil... more Resumen: Se analiza un inventario de 281 movimientos de ladera observados en series margoso arcillosas y carbonatadas del Subbético y la relación entre la distribución de las zonas de ruptura y la pendiente, tipos de litologia y exposición de las vertientes. Los ...
... C. UREÑA(1), JM AZAÑÓN(1,2), JM CARO(1), C. IRIGARAY(3), F. CORPAS(4), A. RAMÍREZ(5), F. RIVA... more ... C. UREÑA(1), JM AZAÑÓN(1,2), JM CARO(1), C. IRIGARAY(3), F. CORPAS(4), A. RAMÍREZ(5), F. RIVAS(5), LM SALAZAR(5) AND I. MOCHÓN(6) ... Science, 13:219-230. Eren, S. and Filiz, M. (2009): Comparing the conventional soil stabilization methods to the consolid ...
Geogaceta, 2016
The Eastern coast of the Granada Province, modelled on Alpujarrides metapelitic rocks, has been v... more The Eastern coast of the Granada Province, modelled on Alpujarrides metapelitic rocks, has been very frequently affected by landslides, usually triggered by a combination of rainfall and anthropic actions. Its relief includes instable zones and old landslides of variable size and unknown age. In the seventies, great residential resorts were damaged in Punta de la Mona and Velilla (Almuñécar), and then roadworks for widening the National Road 340, induced slope failures affecting new residential areas along the road in the municipalities of Salobreña and Almuñécar. More recently, from the late nineties, a great residential complex built up on Cerro Gordo (La Herradura, Almuñécar), is heavily affected since 2005 by widespread damages; its construction involved excavations and fillings, frequently performed too quickly, and lacking of adequate drainage and stabilization treatments. Rainfall and the leaks by breakage of water supply and sanitation networks are the main triggering factor. In this paper the main geological and geotechnical features common to the different study cases are described and also some relevant aspects of a final legal sentence which concern to the urban planning and the geotechnical practices and should be taken into account in order to minimize its undesirable consequences.
A methodology is proposed for mapping susceptibility to landsliding and validating the results. H... more A methodology is proposed for mapping susceptibility to landsliding and validating the results. Heavy rains in late 1996 and early 1997 led to a large number of landslides in the Rute sector (Co rdoba, Southern Spain), where landslide susceptibility mapping had previously been carried out using a `matrix ' method developed with a Geographical Information System (GIS). Analysis of the distribution of the new landslides (or reactivated earlier ones) enabled the methodology to be validated by calculating association coefficients and determining the closeness of the match between subsequent field evidence and the previously defined susceptibility levels. From the data obtained, it can be concluded that the susceptibility mapping effectively explained the spatial distribution of landslides, thus providing valuable information on stability conditions over a widespread area. Copyright # 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY WORDS: landslides; susceptibility validation; GIS; Co rdoba; Spain
El análisis de riesgos naturales se basa en la superposición de capas de información de distinta ... more El análisis de riesgos naturales se basa en la superposición de capas de información de distinta procedencia que dan lugar a mapas o modelos de distinto nivel (susceptibilidad, peligrosidad, exposición, vulnerabilidad o riesgo), dependiendo de los datos utilizados o disponibles. Así, los análisis de riesgos naturales experimentaron un importante desarrollo con la aparición y la generalización del uso de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Por ello, las Infraestructuras de Datos Espaciales como ampliación del concepto de SIG suponen un nuevo empujón en el análisis de riesgos en varios sentidos, como la propia disponibilidad de los datos en la red, la generación de capas de información ambiental por el impulso de directivas como INSPIRE o las IDE nacionales y la presencia de metadatos que permiten informar a su vez de la calidad de los datos de partida y garantizar la fiabilidad de los análisis. En este trabajo se discuten estas cuestiones y se examina la posibilidad de hacer mapas de riesgo a partir de los datos existentes en las distintas IDE y bases de datos disponibles en la red (IDE-E, Catastro, IDE-CCAA, IGME, REDIAM, AEM, INE, etc.). La conclusión preliminar es que en España existen una buena variedad y calidad de datos básicos y temáticos relacionados con los riesgos naturales; sin embargo, la mayor parte de los mismos se encuentra en servicios WMS, haciéndose necesario una mayor disponibilidad de datos en servicios WFS y WCS para abordar con garantías estos análisis. Palabras Clave: análisis, riesgos naturales, infraestructuras de datos espaciales, información geográfica.
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Papers by Clemente Irigaray