The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply t... more The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use.
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, Oct 1, 2004
Both the public and the private sectors contribute to research and development (R&D) in pharmaceu... more Both the public and the private sectors contribute to research and development (R&D) in pharmaceuticals. The public sector originates many of the discoveries of new drugs. The private sector, which focuses on development, is heavily reliant on patents. Though patents are presumed to reward genuine inventions, lax rules on patentability and shortcomings in procedures permit protection to be obtained on a myriad of minor developments. These patents, though weak and possibly invalid in many cases, are used to restrain competition and delay the entry of generic competition. Developing countries should design and implement their patent laws so as to prevent strategic patenting and promote competition and access to medicines.
Symbols of the United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Me... more Symbols of the United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNCTAD secretariat.
This paper reviews the theory and evidence on how intellectual property rights may influence deci... more This paper reviews the theory and evidence on how intellectual property rights may influence decisions on FDI and technology transfers. The message is that, while there are indications that strengthening IPRs can be an effective incentive for inward FDI, it is only a component of a broader set of factors. Policy makers should recognize the complementarities among IPRs, market liberalization and deregulation, technology development policies, and competition regimes. These are complex issues, leading to complicated tradeoffs for market participants. Governments may wish to devote considerable attention and analysis to devising means for assuring their countries will achieve net gains from stronger IPRs and additional IPRs and licensing over time.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive background and overview of key issues, debates and pos... more This paper aims to provide a comprehensive background and overview of key issues, debates and positions related to the international regulation and application of intellectual property rights over agriculture, genetic resources, including biotechnology and the use of IPR's as plant and intellectual property protection. It explores the linkages among biological diversity, biotechnology developments and intellectual property with specific view on the relationship between access to biological and genetic resources, agriculture systems and increased poverty levels in India. This paper examines the significance of intellectual property rights in agricultural innovations, genetic resources and biotechnology and the possibilities for the protection through the context of the TRIPS and the WTO agreement on Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. With the growth of private investment in developing country, agriculture, genetic resources, new advances in the biotechnology, and rapid integration of developing countries into the global trading system, intellectual property rights (IPRs) have become an important concern in the agricultural sector. The paper focuses specifically on the case of India and other developing countries, implementing IPRs in agriculture and Biotechnology. Findings indicate that yields grew significantly during the last two decades due to the combination of public investment in hybrid breeding programs that generated new materials offering substantial yield gains, and biological IPRs conferred by hybridization that conveniently need for substantial productivity growth in agriculture.
... es de especial relevan-cia en sectores donde el conocimiento acumu-lado y ... parte, esa norm... more ... es de especial relevan-cia en sectores donde el conocimiento acumu-lado y ... parte, esa norma permite excluir de la protección los procedimientos tradicionales de fitomejoramiento ... Normativa nacional, regional e internacional sobre propiedad intelectual y Carlos M. Correa su ...
Los Medicamentos Ante Las Nuevas Realidades Economicas Seminario De Estudios Sociales De La Salud Y Los Medicamentos 1997 Isbn 84 470 0963 7 Pags 53 84, 1997
... comments and input made by participants in the WHO-UNICEF workshop, which included: Frederick... more ... comments and input made by participants in the WHO-UNICEF workshop, which included: Frederick Abbott, Florida State University, Hanne Bak Pederseru UNICEF, Lombe Kasonde, UNICEF, Lori Lee, UNDP, Luca Li Bassi, GFATM, Franqoise Mas, WHO, Barbara Milani WHO, ...
Page 1. BANKIN and J Page 2. Page 3. Academic Foundation's Bulletin on Money Banking & F... more Page 1. BANKIN and J Page 2. Page 3. Academic Foundation's Bulletin on Money Banking & Finance July 2003 43 Page 4. Page 5. ACADEMIC FOUNDATION'S BULLETIN on MONEY BANKING & FINANCE *y VOLUME 43 July ...
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply t... more The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use.
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, Oct 1, 2004
Both the public and the private sectors contribute to research and development (R&D) in pharmaceu... more Both the public and the private sectors contribute to research and development (R&D) in pharmaceuticals. The public sector originates many of the discoveries of new drugs. The private sector, which focuses on development, is heavily reliant on patents. Though patents are presumed to reward genuine inventions, lax rules on patentability and shortcomings in procedures permit protection to be obtained on a myriad of minor developments. These patents, though weak and possibly invalid in many cases, are used to restrain competition and delay the entry of generic competition. Developing countries should design and implement their patent laws so as to prevent strategic patenting and promote competition and access to medicines.
Symbols of the United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Me... more Symbols of the United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNCTAD secretariat.
This paper reviews the theory and evidence on how intellectual property rights may influence deci... more This paper reviews the theory and evidence on how intellectual property rights may influence decisions on FDI and technology transfers. The message is that, while there are indications that strengthening IPRs can be an effective incentive for inward FDI, it is only a component of a broader set of factors. Policy makers should recognize the complementarities among IPRs, market liberalization and deregulation, technology development policies, and competition regimes. These are complex issues, leading to complicated tradeoffs for market participants. Governments may wish to devote considerable attention and analysis to devising means for assuring their countries will achieve net gains from stronger IPRs and additional IPRs and licensing over time.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive background and overview of key issues, debates and pos... more This paper aims to provide a comprehensive background and overview of key issues, debates and positions related to the international regulation and application of intellectual property rights over agriculture, genetic resources, including biotechnology and the use of IPR's as plant and intellectual property protection. It explores the linkages among biological diversity, biotechnology developments and intellectual property with specific view on the relationship between access to biological and genetic resources, agriculture systems and increased poverty levels in India. This paper examines the significance of intellectual property rights in agricultural innovations, genetic resources and biotechnology and the possibilities for the protection through the context of the TRIPS and the WTO agreement on Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. With the growth of private investment in developing country, agriculture, genetic resources, new advances in the biotechnology, and rapid integration of developing countries into the global trading system, intellectual property rights (IPRs) have become an important concern in the agricultural sector. The paper focuses specifically on the case of India and other developing countries, implementing IPRs in agriculture and Biotechnology. Findings indicate that yields grew significantly during the last two decades due to the combination of public investment in hybrid breeding programs that generated new materials offering substantial yield gains, and biological IPRs conferred by hybridization that conveniently need for substantial productivity growth in agriculture.
... es de especial relevan-cia en sectores donde el conocimiento acumu-lado y ... parte, esa norm... more ... es de especial relevan-cia en sectores donde el conocimiento acumu-lado y ... parte, esa norma permite excluir de la protección los procedimientos tradicionales de fitomejoramiento ... Normativa nacional, regional e internacional sobre propiedad intelectual y Carlos M. Correa su ...
Los Medicamentos Ante Las Nuevas Realidades Economicas Seminario De Estudios Sociales De La Salud Y Los Medicamentos 1997 Isbn 84 470 0963 7 Pags 53 84, 1997
... comments and input made by participants in the WHO-UNICEF workshop, which included: Frederick... more ... comments and input made by participants in the WHO-UNICEF workshop, which included: Frederick Abbott, Florida State University, Hanne Bak Pederseru UNICEF, Lombe Kasonde, UNICEF, Lori Lee, UNDP, Luca Li Bassi, GFATM, Franqoise Mas, WHO, Barbara Milani WHO, ...
Page 1. BANKIN and J Page 2. Page 3. Academic Foundation's Bulletin on Money Banking & F... more Page 1. BANKIN and J Page 2. Page 3. Academic Foundation's Bulletin on Money Banking & Finance July 2003 43 Page 4. Page 5. ACADEMIC FOUNDATION'S BULLETIN on MONEY BANKING & FINANCE *y VOLUME 43 July ...
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