Geography

This research has been conducted to assess the water quality in and around Lahore Metropolitan area on the basis of three different land uses, i.e. residential, commercial, and industrial land uses. For this, 29 sample sites have been selected on the basis of simple random sampling technique. Samples were collected at the source (WASA tube wells). The criteria for selecting sample sites are to have a maximum concentration of population in the selected land uses. The results showed that in the residential land use the proportion of nitrate and turbidity is at their highest level in the areas of Allama Iqbal Town and Samanabad Town. Commercial land use of Gulberg and Data Gunj Bakhsh Town have highest level of proportion of chlorides, calcium, TDS, pH, Mg, total hardness, arsenic and alkalinity. Whereas in industrial type of land use in Ravi and Wahga Town have the proportion of arsenic, Mg, nitrate, pH, and turbidity are at their highest level. The high rate of concentration of these parameters in these areas is basically due to the old and fractured pipelines that allow bacterial as well as physiochemical contaminants to contaminate the portable water at the sources. Furthermore, it is seen in most areas that waste water from domestic, industrial, as well as municipal sources may get easy discharge into open spaces and water bodies, like, cannels, rivers, lakes that seeps and become a part of ground water. In addition, huge dumps located in Lahore are becoming the cause of ground water contamination as when the rain falls, the water gets seep into the ground and impures the ground water quality. On the basis of the derived results with the help of Geo-spatial technology ACRGIS 9.3 Interpolation (IDW), it is recommended that water filtration plants must be installed with specific parameter control. A separate team for proper inspection has to be made for water quality check at the source. Old water pipelines must be replaced with the new pipelines, and safe water depth must be ensured at the source end.

In this study, district Mansehra, Pakistan was chosen as the study area. The main objectives of this research are to assess the extent and the changes in the rate of deforestation in Mansehra since past 20 years. It also examine the impacts of deforestation on the Climate by establishing and mapping the magnitude and rates of land cover changes that had occurred in the study area. Landsat satellite images were taken as secondary data and they were foremost for the classification process. Remote sensing data together with GIS techniques have made it conceivable to display and oversee remotely detected information in various scales. The images taken for classification are Landsat 5 TM for the year 1998 and 2008 and from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS TM for the year 2017. Climatic data from 1988 to 2017 was collected from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) of Mansehra District. The Forest Cover was 14% (601 Sq. Km) in 1998, 15% (668 Sq. Km) in 2008 and 5% (194 Sq. Km) in 2017. Taking everything together, anyway the results exhibit that some land cover types experienced extending rates and sizes of changes however in the others the inverse is legitimate, results revealed that the size and the rates of land cover changes for forest areas experienced an exceptional fluctuations in these 20 years. Maximum temperature of Mansehra increased at an alarming rate from 25.82°C in 1988 and 24.8°C in 1998 to 25.667°C in 2008 and 27.304°C in 2016 and 26.739°C in the year 2017. Mean minimum temperature showed fluctuation of 1° during these 30 years. In some years mean minimum temperature showed decrease from 12° to 11° and this change is not confined to a specific year. The rainfall was 5.129mm in 1988 and then rainfall increased from 3.6 mm in the year 1998 when there was 14% forest Cover to 4.8mm in 2008 when there was 15% Forest Cover but declined to 2.9mm in the year 2017 when there was only 5% forest left in Mansehra.

Urbanization has become a hot issue in context of environmental and socio-political scenarios which is being addressed at every forum internationally. The classification results of Islamabad showed that the total area of Islamabad was about 899.56 sq.km. The area wise percentages of various landuse features remained very diverse in the period from 2000 to 2020. The area of barren land was highest in the year 2000 that was around 63 % of total LULC. Barren land faced major shift and the area reduced from 63 % to 40% in 2020. The built-up area has increased rapidly over the course of 20 years which was 4% in 2000 and increased up to 36% in 2020, which is alarming for any country. This study reveals that the settlement area has increased by 54 percent between 2000 and 2020. The geological map of study site is showing that Islamabad is located on the fault lines which are dangerous and the earthquake may hit this area any time which leads to huge disaster in coming future therefore this region is unsuitable for megastructures even for setting up small localities. The drainage network is showing that most of water channels were found in SE direction clearly narrating that the trend of population was also in the same direction. This resemblance signifies that people rush toward water channels to manage their daily routine in a better way. Slope map is showing that there were gentle slopes in southern parts of study site while steep slopes were observed in extreme north. Steep slopes are considered unsuitable for living therefore about 99% of urban settlements were found toward gentle slopes. Hazard map is showing that the NE of study site is dangerous for human settlements because this area was found prone to earthquakes. Luckily most of urban settlements were not found on this site and it is recommended the land authority must not approve any new settlement/mega project on this area. It is recommended that government must take strict action on emergency footings to demarcate urban lands so that the agricultural lands must remain intact to save flora and fauna of the city and to get sustainable agricultural developments.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas and several satellites have been launched to monitor the atmospheric CO2 at regional and global scales. Evaluation of the measurements obtained from these satellites against accurate and precise instruments is crucial. In this work, aircraft measurements of CO2 were carried out over Qinhuangdao, China (39.9354°N, 119.6005°E), on 14, 16, and 19 March 2019 to validate the Greenhous gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) CO2 retrievals. The airborne in situ instruments were mounted on a research aircraft and the measurements were carried out between the altitudes of ~0.5 and 8.0 km to obtain the vertical profiles of CO2. The profiles captured a decrease in CO2 concentration from the surface to maximum altitude. Moreover, the vertical profiles from GEOS-Chem and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) CarbonTracker were also compared with in situ and satellite datasets. ...

This paper synthesizes research studies on spatial forest assessment and mapping using remote sensing data and techniques in Pakistan. The synthesis states that 73 peer-reviewed research articles were published in the past 28 years (1993–2021). Out of all studies, three were conducted in Azad Jammu & Kashmir, one in Balochistan, three in Gilgit-Baltistan, twelve in Islamabad Capital Territory, thirty-one in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, six in Punjab, ten in Sindh, and the remaining seven studies were conducted on national/regional scales. This review discusses the remote sensing classification methods, algorithms, published papers’ citations, limitations, and challenges of forest mapping in Pakistan. The literature review suggested that the supervised image classification method and maximum likelihood classifier were among the most frequently used image classification and classification algorithms. The review also compared studies before and after the 18th constitutional amendment in Pakista...

The substantial reliance of South Asia (SA) to rain-based agriculture makes the region susceptible to food scarcity due to droughts. Previously, most research on SA has emphasized the meteorological aspects with little consideration of agrarian drought impressions. The insufficient amount of in situ precipitation data across SA has also hindered thorough investigation in the agriculture sector. In recent times, models, satellite remote sensing, and reanalysis products have increased the amount of data. Hence, soil moisture, precipitation, terrestrial water storage (TWS), and vegetation condition index (VCI) products have been employed to illustrate SA droughts from 1982 to 2019 using a standardized index/anomaly approach. Besides, the relationships of these products towards crop production are evaluated using the annual national production of barley, maize, rice, and wheat by computing the yield anomaly index (YAI). Our findings indicate that MERRA-2, CPC, FLDAS (soil moisture), GPC...

In this study, district Mansehra, Pakistan was chosen as the study area. The main objectives of this research areto assess the extent and the changes in the rate of deforestation in Mansehra since past 20 years. It also examinethe impacts of deforestation on the Climate by establishing and mapping the magnitude and rates of land coverchanges that had occurred in the study area. Landsat satellite images were taken as secondary data and they wereforemost for the classification process. Remote sensing data together with GIS techniques have made itconceivable to display and oversee remotely detected information in various scales. The images taken forclassification are Landsat 5 TM for the year 1998 and 2008 and from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS TM for the year 2017.Climatic data from 1988 to 2017 was collected from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) of MansehraDistrict. The Forest Cover was 14% (601 Sq. Km) in 1998, 15% (668 Sq. Km) in 2008 and 5% (194 Sq. Km) in2017. Taking everything toge...

Lahore is famous for its rapid urban growth providing bread and butter to around 11 million population. Availability of clean drinking water to general public is the responsibility of the state. Pakistan ranks at 80 in terms of providing standard drinking water to people. This research is based on monitoring the temporal changes in water quality of various towns of Lahore for the years 2009-2019. Various water quality parameters e.g., pH, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, hardness, turbidity, chloride, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Electric Conductivity (EC) and hardness were examined, and the spatial trend was mapped. Primary data about these parameters was collected from water and sanitation authority Lahore and the interpolation was applied to examine trend in variations of various levels of these parameters for a period from 2009 to 2019. The results show that pH, alkalinity, hardness and turbidity levels in most of towns were below the acceptable limit in comparison to World Healt...

a. Old Regime-socio-political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century b. Countries were ruled by absolutism-the monarch had absolute control over the government c. Classes of people-privileged and unprivileged i. Unprivileged people-paid taxes and treated badly ii. Privileged people-did not pay taxes and treated well