‫‪2018 19   ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﻤﻰ‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻟﻌﻤﻭﺭﻱ ﺨﻠﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭ" ﺏ"‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻭﻤﺭﺩﺍﺱ‬

‫ﻤﻠﺨﺹ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻜﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﻻ ﺘﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻴﻤﻨﺢ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴـﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﺩﻴﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺭﻓﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻼﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻭﺘﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺼـل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﺠﻨﺒﻪ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻤﺯﺍﺤﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺒﺈﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻻ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺱ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺒل ﺘﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ– ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ – ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ – ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ – ﺤﻕ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ – ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺨﺎﺹ‪.‬‬
‫‪Résumé:‬‬
‫‪L’action directe est le fait pour un créancier d’agir en justice en son nom et pour son compte‬‬
‫‪contre le débiteur de son débiteur. Elle constitue une exception au principe de l’effet relatif du contrat.‬‬
‫‪Si le débiteur accepte de payer alors le paiement n’est valable qu’entre les mains du créancier auteur‬‬
‫‪de l’action.Ce dernier ne sera pas en concurrence avec les autres créanciers de débiteur.‬‬

‫– ‪Mots clés: l’action directe – débiteur – créditeur – relation contractuelle –obligation du créditeur‬‬
‫‪droit de concession – garantie spéciale.‬‬

‫‪Abstract:‬‬
‫‪The direct action was anIndependent legal system, it isdetermined only under a special legal‬‬
‫‪provion who gives the creditor the right of discharge his debt directly from a debtor in its name and‬‬
‫‪account without being a party in the contractual relationship. andThis is dueto the connection between‬‬
‫‪the debtors obligation towardsthe creditor. This action grants the creditor the right privilege on the‬‬
‫‪money obtained by avoiding the issue of his interfening with the rest of the other creditors. However,‬‬
‫‪sush a claim as a special guarantee, it does not constitute a general rule in all cases but it applies in‬‬
‫‪domains which have determined by the law.‬‬

‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻴﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻀـﺩ ﻤـﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻭﺘﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﺠﻨﺒـﻪ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻤﺯﺍﺤﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻼﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘـﺯﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ‪ .‬ﺒﺨﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻨﻴﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﺴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﻡ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻀﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺤﻘـﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺭﺭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﻠﻠﻌﻘﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﻀﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﻨﺸـﺄ‬
‫ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺼﺭﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻤﺜﻠﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺘﻨﺼﺭﻑ ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴـﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒـﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻻ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻨﻔﻌﻪ‪ .1‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺭﺘﺏ ﺤﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺼل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺤﻘﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﻭﺃﺤﺩ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﺘﻨﺼﺭﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤـﻭﺍل ﻤﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬

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 ‫‪2018 19   ‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺠﺎﺯ ﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺭﻓﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﺩ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺼﺭﻑ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻁﺭﻓﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪.2‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺈﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺕ ﺸﺭﻭﻁﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻁﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺨﺼﺼﻪ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ‪،‬ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺼﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟـﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺒﺎﺴـﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻀﺩ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﺭﺝ ﻨﺼـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ‪ 189‬ﻭ ‪ 190‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎﺍﻗﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ‪ .3‬ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺤﻘـﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،4‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻀﻤﺎﻨﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ‪ 5‬ﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺨـﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻴﺭﻓﻌﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﺎﺴـﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻀﺩ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺴﻤﻭﻩ ﻗﺴـﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ‪.6‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺘﺴـﺎﻭﻯ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ‪،7‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﺄﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪.8‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻀﻡ ﺫﻤـﺔ ﻤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺫﻤﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺁﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻀـﺎﻤﻥ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﻴﻥ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘـﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪.9‬‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﻤﺎل ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺒﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺒﻤﻘﺘﻀﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻤﺔ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺘﺄﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻜـل ﻤﻨﻬﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫﻤﺎ‪.10‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺤﻘﻪ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ‪،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ‪ ،11‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﻟﻪ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻨﺹ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻫﻭ ﺼـﺎﺤﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻴﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻤﺯﺍﺤﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺤﻘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻤﺘﻌﺎ ﺒﺤﻕ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﻲ‪.12‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﻨﺢ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻁﺭﻓﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺫﻤﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺇﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺩ‪،‬ﺍﻷﺼل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻨﻔﻌﻪ‪.13‬‬
‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﻓﻌﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﺎﺴـﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻀﺩ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﺹ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻴﻨﻅﻡ ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﺹ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﻀﺎﺌﻲ‪ .14‬ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺤﺎﻭل ﻜل ﺍﺘﺠـﺎﻩ ﺭﺩﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﻠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺄﻤﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﺘﺠـﺎﻫﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪2018 19   ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺕ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ‪15‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺤﻕ ﺍﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﻘﺭﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﺍﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺒﻤﻘﺘﻀﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤـﻕ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪.16‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﺘـﺏ ﻟﻠﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺅﺠﺭ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ( ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺒﺩل ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺤﻘﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻗﺒل ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻭﻻﻫﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺭﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤـﺎﺩﺙ ﻋﻤـل‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺙ ﻗﺒل ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ‪.17‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﺒـﻭل‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﻕ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻴﻘﺭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻭﻥ‪ ،18‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴـﺎﺯ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺯﺍﺤﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻋﻥ ﺒـﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪.19‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻀـﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘـﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﻟـﻪ ﺩﻋـﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍﺤﻤﻪ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﻴﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺠﻨﺒﻪ ﻤﺯﺍﺤﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻘﺘﺴﻤﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﻭﺍﻟﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻤﺎﺀ‪.20‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁ ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻜﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‪،‬ﻓﺎﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁ ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺇﻁﻔﺎﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻬﺩ ﻋﻠىﺎﻨﺼﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺤﻘـﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺍ ﺍﺘﺠـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻬﺩ‪،‬ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﻀﻤﻨﻴﺎ ﻻ ﺼﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺤﻕ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺠـﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻻ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻗـﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻟـﻪ ﻓﺎﻻﺸـﺘﺭﺍﻁ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺇﻁﻔﺎﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺼﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻤﺔ ﺤﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻤﺼـﺩﺭﻩ ﻋﻘـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻓﻤﺼﺩﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻠﻪ‪.21‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ‪ 22‬ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺏ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺏ( ﻴﺘﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟـﺩﻴﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﻀـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺌﻥ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺏ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ( ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺏ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻘﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺍ ﻗﺒـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺏ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻨﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻟﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺜﻼﺜـﺔ ﺃﻁـﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺏ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ)ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺏ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺏ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻁﺭﻓﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﺴﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺏ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻓﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬

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 ‫‪2018 19   ‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺒﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻟﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺏ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴـﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﻓﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻓﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﺴﻙ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻁﻼﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺦ‪.23‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺫﻫﺏ ﻓﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‪ 24‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﺭﻫـﺎ ﺒﻐـﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻘﺭﺭﺕ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﺼل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺘﺭﺒﻁﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻼﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ‪ ،25‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﻨﺩ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺫﻤﺘـﻪ ﻟﻠﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪.26‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻨﺢ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻨﺤﻕ ﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻀﺩ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻟﻜﻭﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺒﺤﻘﻭﻗﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻨﺢ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺕ ﺸﺭﻭﻁﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺯل‬
‫ﺨﻼﻓﺎ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﻭﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺤﺴـﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﻪ ﻻﺒﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻗﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴـﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻋﻤل ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ‪.27‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﺨﻭل ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻘﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ ﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺭﻓﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‪ ،28‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻻﺒـﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺸﺭﻭﻁﺎ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻜﻲ ﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ 29‬ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸـﺭﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻴﻘﺭ ﺼﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ .30‬ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻁﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒـل ﺨﺼﺼـﻪ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ‪.31‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻀﺩ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻋﺴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺴﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺘﺅﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻘﻪ‪ .32‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﺕ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺭﻓﻌﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺩﻋﻭﺍﻩ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻨﻘﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤـﺔ ﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻗﺩ ﺤﻤﻰ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻨﺸﻭﺀﻫﺎ‪.33‬‬

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 ‫‪2018 19   ‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻭ ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪ 34‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﻘﻀﻰ ﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻨﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀـﺩ ﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺇﻋﺫﺍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻋـﺫﺍﺭ ﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺈﻨﺫﺍﺭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺫﺍﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 180‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺇﻋﺫﺍﺭﻩ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻀﻤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﺫﺍﺭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺫﺍﺭ ﻜﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻴﻑ ﺒﺤﻀﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺤﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪،‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒـﺔ ﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺇﻻ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻟﻠﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻷﺠل‪.35‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﺒﻠﻐﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺩﻋﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻤﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺤل ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﺤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﻕ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻡ ﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﺒﻠﻐﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﺒﻠﻐﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺩ ﻓﺤﺴـﺏ‪ ،‬ﺒـل‬
‫ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻋﻰ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻁﺭﻓﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻉ‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻌﻲ‪.37‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﺸﺊ ﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﺨﺼـﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻭﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻘﻘﺕ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺭﺘﺒﺕ ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻤﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺇﻨﺫﺍﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻗﺒـل‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﺭﺌﺕ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺒﺭﺉ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻭﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻻ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‪.38‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺠﻭﻋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﺄﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻕ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓـﻼ‬
‫ﺸﺄﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺭﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪.39‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻴﻤﺘﻨﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺫﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﻨﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﻟﻪ‪.40‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻘﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻤﺯﺍﺤﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺴﻤﺘﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ– ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ -‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ‪.41‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻭﺇﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ‪ .42‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺍﺌـﻥ ﺁﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﺤﻜﻡ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻋـﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻴﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻠﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻘﺘﺴﻡ ﻤﻌـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪2018 19   ‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻭﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﺴﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻪ ﺃﻭﻻ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺨﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.43‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﺒﺼﻔﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﺯﺍﺤﻤـﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﺨﻼﻑ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺤﻤﻪ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻓﻴﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﻬﻡ‪.44‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﻓﻊ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﺴﻙ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،45‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﺞ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﻘﻀﻰ ﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻨﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻗﺒل ﺇﻨﺫﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﻘﻀﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻁﻠـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺒﻁﺎل‪.46‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻤﺤل ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻕ ﻗﺒـل ﻤـﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﻋﻼﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼـﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.47‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺤﻘﻪ ﻜﺎﻤﻼ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺒﺭﺃﺕ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﺘﻀﺎﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺒﺭﺃﺕ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ‬
‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺫﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻪ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺒﺭﺃ ﺫﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‪ :‬ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ‪ :‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻭﺠـﺏ ﻨﺼـﻭﺹ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺅﺠﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل ﺒﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺒﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪.48‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺇﻁﻔﺎﻕ ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﻤﻘﺘﻀـﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺅﺠﺭ ﺒﺘﻤﻜـﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪49‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﺩﺓﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺒﺩل ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻫﻤـﺎ ﺍﻟﻤـﺅﺠﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺼﺭﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺒﺈﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺭﺍ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺎ ﻤﺤﻅﻭﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎ ﻜﺄﺼل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 505‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ)ﻻ ﻴﺠـﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺯل ﻋﻥ ﺤﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻁﻥ‪ .(...‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺠﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﻤـﺅﺠﺭ ﻁـﺭﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺤﻼ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺼل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺭﺍ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺤﺼـل ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺒل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺼﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ 505‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ )‪ ...‬ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﺒﺨﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻙ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﺔ ﻷﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺘـﺏ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﻘـﻭﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻴﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﻤـﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺘـﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻼ ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﺠﻨﺒﻴـﺎ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ‪.50‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻤﺘﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻘـﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠـﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪،‬ﻜﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﺩﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻴﺘﻭﺴـﻁﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ‪ .51‬ﻓﻼ ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺠـﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬

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 ‫‪2018 19   ‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﺤﻕ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺇﻨﺫﺍﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺩﺨل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟـﻨﻤﻁ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‪.52‬‬
‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﻟﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﻟﺔ‪53‬ﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒـﺎﻷﺠﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺼﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 507‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬
‫))‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻤﻠﺘﺯﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺒﻘﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻨﺫﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﺞ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﻤـﻥ ﺒـﺩل ﺍﻹﻴﺠـﺎﺭ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﻨﺫﺍﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻡ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻨﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ((‪.54‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺫﻤﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻨﻴﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺯﺍﺤﻤﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺴـﻤﻭﻩ ﻗﺴـﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻤـﺎﺀ‪.55‬ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻤﻨﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻜﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻴﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺯﺍﺤﻤﻪ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋـﻲ ﺒﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺫﻤﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪.‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻤﺔ ﻴﺘﻌـﻴﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺇﻨﺫﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺯ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ‪.56‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل ﺒﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ‪:‬ﺍﻷﺼل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻪ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺘﻔﻭﻴﺽ ﺸﺨﺼﺎ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌـﺫ ﺘﻨﺼـﺭﻑ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺁﺜـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺼﻴل‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘـﻭﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﺸﺨﺼﺎ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻴﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻭﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻴﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻘـﺩ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻋﻨﻪ ﻨﺎﺌﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒﻪ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴـل ﻨﺎﺌﺒـﺎ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﺒﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻨﺎﺌﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﺨﻴﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻨﺎﺌﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺃﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل ﻭﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴـل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜـل‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.57‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺘﻘﻀﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل ﻭﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻜل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺎﺌـﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴـل ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻭﻨﻴﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻤﻨﺢ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺭﺠﻭﻋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺭﺠﻭﻋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜـل ﻭﻨﺎﺌـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺼﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ...)) 580‬ﻭﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﺘـﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻜل ﻭﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ((‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﺨﺹ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل ﻟﻠﻭﻜﻴل ﺒﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﻔﻀل ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻭﻜﻴل ﺒﺈﻗﺎﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺎﺌﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻭﻜﻴﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻜل‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﺹ ﻴﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴـل‬
‫ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻻ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺌﺒﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺼﺩﺭ ﻤﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻭﻨﺎﺌﺒﻪ ﻤﺘﻀﺎﻤﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل ﻟﻠﻭﻜﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻨﺎﺌﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻨﺎﺌﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل ﻭﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﺹ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻜل ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻀﺩ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل‪.58‬‬

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 ‫‪2018 19   ‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻭﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻭﻜﻴل‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺘﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻨﺼﻴﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺭﺭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻜﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴـل ﻓﺈﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻟﻠﻭﻜﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺘﻌـﻴﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜـل‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻀﺩ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻭﻜﻴل‪.‬ﻷﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﺒﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﻭﻜﻴل ﻗﺒل ﺇﻋﺫﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل ﻟﻪ ﺒﺭﺌﺕ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻫﻭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﺘﺭﺒﻁﻪ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟـﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻭﻜﻴل ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜـل ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺘﻪ‪.59‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺒﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻁﻔﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﻬﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺘﻀﺎﻩ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﺼﻨﻊ ﺸﻴﺌﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺃﺠﺭ ﻴﺘﻌﻬﺩ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﺴـﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﺼل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﺍ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺇﻥ ﻟـﻡ ﻴﻤﻨﻌـﻪ‬
‫ﺸﺭﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻜل ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻜﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺠﺯﺌﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻓﺭﻋﻲ‪ .60‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻭﺠﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻘﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺼﻠﻲ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘـﺎﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻴﺘﻭﺴﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻤﺘﺎﻩ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻤﺘﺎﻩ‪.61‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻤﻨﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻁﺒﻘـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 565‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ )ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻁﻥ ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺸﺘﻐﻠﻭﻥ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺤﻕ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟـﺩﻋﻭﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻁﻥ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻗﺒل ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪.62(...‬ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺨـﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺹ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﺒﻁﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﻻ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ‪ .63‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺨﻼﻑ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻟﻬـﻡ ﺩﻋـﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻀـﺩ ﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ)ﺍﻷﻭل( ﺒﺈﺒﺭﺍﻡ ﻋﻘﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،64‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﺏ ﻋﻤل‪ .‬ﺃﻀﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺩﻋﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺤﻕ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘـﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻘـﺎﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺸﺭﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼـﻠﻲ ﺍﺘﺠـﺎﻩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل ﻭﻟﻴـﺩ ﻋﻘـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪.‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻭﺍ ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼـﻠﻲ ﺘﺠـﺎﻩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺤﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺒﻜل ﺤﻘﻬﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﻘﻬﻡ ﻴﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﺫﻤـﺔ ﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪.65‬‬

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 ‫‪2018 19   ‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ﺃﻟﻑ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼـﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﺌﻨـﺎ ﻟـﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﻤﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﻤﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻟﻑ ﺩﻴﻨـﺎﺭ ﻜـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻕ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻟﻑ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﻟـﻪ‪.‬ﺃﻤـﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﺌﺔ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﻤﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺌﺔ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﺎﻗﻴﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺘﻘﺭﺭﺕ ﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻀﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻕ‪،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﻴﻥ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻻ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺩﻴﻭﻨﻬﻡ‪.66‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻴﺤﻕ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻤﻭﺴـﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻤﻌﺴﺭﺍ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪.‬‬
‫‪-5‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺒﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﻭﻴﻁﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﺴـﺘﻭﻓﻰ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺤﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻀﻰ ﺤﻘـﻪ ﻤـﻥ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪.67‬‬
‫‪-6‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺄﻱ ﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻴﺤﻕ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻭﻤﺭﺘﺒﺎ ﻵﺜـﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺇﻨﺫﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻴﻤﺘﻨﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﺭﻑ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻕ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﻜل ﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻨﺎﻓﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.68‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻤﻨﺢ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼـﻠﻲ – ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺠﺎﻨـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﺯ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻡ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻴﺩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺘﻘﺩﻤﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺠﻭﺯ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻨﺎﺯل ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﻟﺤﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺩﻴـﻥ ﻜـل‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 565‬ﻑ‪ 3/2/‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﺔ ﺤﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﻭﺍﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺫﺍﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺯ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻴﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎل ﻟﻪ‪ ،69‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤـﺎ ﺠـﺎﺀ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 3/565‬ﺒﻘﻭﻟﻬﺎ))‪...‬ﻭﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭ ﺒﻤﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻨﺎﺯل‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل((‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺭﺏ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺭﺏ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺕ ﺸﺭﻭﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﻨﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻜﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﻴﻤﻨﺢ ﻟﻠـﺩﺍﺌﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻭﻟﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺯﺍﺤﻤﻪ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪2018 19   ‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺴﻠﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻼﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺸﺄ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﺭﺘﺏ ﺤﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺫﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺼل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺤﻘﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﺘﻨﺼﺭﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﻤـﻨﺢ ﻟـﺩﺍﺌﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺤﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﻀﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﻤﺵ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺘﻨﺎﻏﻭ ﺴﻤﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،1999‬ﺹ ‪.121‬‬
‫)‪( 2‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‪ ،2‬ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،1998‬ﺹ‪.862‬‬
‫)‪ -(3‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺹ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 277‬ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ)‪ ...‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻴﻤﻨﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺤﻕ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪...‬ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﺒﻨﺹ ﺼﺭﻴﺢ(‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺹ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺍ‬
‫ﻷﻨﻪ ﺃﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻴﺯ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺒﻠﺤﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪،2001‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪.235‬‬
‫)‪ -(5‬ﺭﺍﺠﻌﻤﺅﻟﻔﺩ‪ .‬ﺴﻌﺩ ﻨﺒﻴل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ‪.1999‬‬
‫)‪(6‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‪ ، 52 ،‬ﺹ‪.276‬‬
‫)‪(7‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،1998‬ﺹ‪.210‬‬
‫)‪(8‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻨﺒﻴل ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺴﻌﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ 12‬ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻴﻬﺎ؛ ﺩ‪.‬ﻴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.276‬‬
‫)‪(9‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ‪ ،10‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪،1970‬ﺹ ‪.16‬‬
‫)‪ (10‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،1998‬ﺹ ‪.168‬‬
‫)‪(11‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻨﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺌل ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ‪ ،1‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،2004‬ﺹ‪.122‬‬
‫)‪(12‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.169‬‬
‫)‪ (13‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺒﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎﺕ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ‪ 4‬ﻤﻨﻘﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻋﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،2008‬ﺹ‪.329‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪(14)François Terré- Philippe Simler-Yves Lequette, Droit Civil Les Obligations, 6 édition,DELTA, Dalloz,‬‬
‫‪année1996, P. 875ex et Marc Richevaux, Régime Général Des Obligations,Bréal France, année 2012, p. 160.‬‬
‫)‪ (15‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺯ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﺒـﻼ ﺴـﺒﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺠﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪918‬؛ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪301‬؛ ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺴـﻠﻁﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.33‬‬
‫)‪ (16‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪،2002‬ﺹ ‪.814‬‬
‫)‪(17‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.776‬‬
‫)‪ (18‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.33‬‬
‫)‪ (19‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻨﺒﻴل ﺴﻌﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.33‬‬
‫)‪(20‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.775‬‬
‫)‪(21‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.307‬‬
‫)‪(22‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺼﺹ‪.816 - 815‬‬

‫‪146‬‬
 ‫‪2018 19   ‬‬

‫)‪(23‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.815‬‬

‫)‪(24‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.920‬‬
‫‪(25)Mazeaud Henri, Mazeaud Jean, Mazeaud, François chabas, Obligations-Théorie général– Tome2, v1.9e‬‬
‫‪édition Montchrestien, E.J.A.,paris, année1998, no 802, p. 914.‬‬
‫‪(26)Marianne Faure-Abbad,L’action directe En paiementen Droit Français, Académieéd. Français, Année2000,‬‬
‫‪pp. 91-92.‬‬
‫)‪(27‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.33‬‬
‫‪(28) Marc Richevaux, Régime Général Des Obligations, Bréal France, année 2012, p. 162.‬‬
‫)‪(29‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺌﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻨﻴﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺼﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺤﻘﻪ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻋﺴﺭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠـﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺘﺘﻌﻠـﻕ‬
‫ﺒﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪(30) Cabrillac Rémy,Droit des Obligations, 3e édition, Dalloz, année1998, no 485, p. 304.‬‬
‫)‪ (31‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺠﻭﺭﺝ ﻴﻭﺴﻔﻲ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ‪ 2‬ﻤﻨﻘﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،1994‬ﺹ‪.175‬‬
‫)‪(32‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻨﺒﻴل ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺴﻌﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.166‬‬
‫)‪(33‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻋﺫﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻷﺠﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﻗﺒل‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺫﺍﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 2/507‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺠﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )ﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﺞ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﻤـﻥ ﺒـﺩل‬
‫ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﻨﺫﺍﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺭﻑ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻡ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻨﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(34‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 13‬ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 09-08‬ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻓﻲ ‪ ،2008-02-25‬ﺘﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ))ﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻷﻱ‬
‫ﺸﺨﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻴﻘﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ((‪.‬‬
‫)‪(35‬ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺴﻘﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﺠل ﻫﻲ ﺸﻬﺭ ﺇﻓﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﻋﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺄﻤﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 211‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪(36)YvaineBuffelan – Lanore, VirginieLarribau – Terneyre, Droit Civil-Les Obligations, 14e édition Dalloz,‬‬
‫‪année 2014, p. 16.‬‬
‫)‪(37‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺴﻌﺩ ﻨﺒﻴل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺼﺹ‪.23-22‬‬
‫‪(38) CabrillacRémy. Op.cit.No 488.P305.‬‬
‫‪(39)BénabentAlain. Droit Civil.Les Obligations.7eédition.Montchrestien.E.J.A.paris.Année 1999. No262.P176.‬‬
‫)‪(40‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.924‬‬
‫‪(41)Marianne Faure-Abbad. Op.cit..P90.‬‬
‫)‪(42‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺴﻌﺩ ﻨﺒﻴل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.177‬‬
‫)‪ (43‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.992‬‬
‫‪(44)Mazeaud Henri. Mazeaud Jean. Mazeaud. François chabas. Op.cit. No 803.P915.‬‬
‫‪(45) Marc Richevaux.Op.Cit.P163.‬‬
‫)‪(46‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.815‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪(47) Brigitte Hess-Fallon. Anne-Marie Simon .Droit Civil.5 édition Dalloz paris .Année 1999.P328.‬‬
‫)‪ (48‬ﺇﻥ ﻟﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻭﻟﻲ ﺒﻨﻴﺎﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﻜﻠﻬﺄﻭ ﺒﻌﻀﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻭﻟﻲ ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻻ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﻨﺎﺌﺒﻪ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 154‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ)‪...‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻭﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﺒﻜل ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻜﻠﻑ‬
‫ﺒﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻪ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻻ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﻨﺎﺌﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺨﻼل ﺒﻤﺎ ﻟﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺌﺏ(‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻴﺱ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ .‬ﺒﺨﻼﻑ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﻥ ﺘـﻭﺍﻓﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺸﺭﻭﻁﻬﺎ ﻀﺩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(49‬ﻨﻔﻀل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﺼﻠﺢ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻁﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻋﻘـﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠـﺎﺭ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻤﺎﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻁﻥ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻤﺕ‬

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 ‫‪2018 19   ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺠﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺍﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺭﺍ ﻜﻨﺎ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺭ ﻓﺭﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺎ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻘﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﺭﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(50‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،2004‬ﺹ‪.279‬‬
‫)‪(51‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻏﻭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،1998‬ﺹ ‪.286‬‬
‫)‪.(52‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎل ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ‪ ،1‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،2000‬ﺹ‪.119‬‬
‫)‪.(53‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻠﻲ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،1997‬ﺹ‪.280‬‬
‫)‪ (54‬ﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 1753‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(55‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻏﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.285‬‬
‫)‪.(56‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺤﻼﻟﺸﺔ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺌل‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪.2006‬ﺹ‪.151.150‬‬
‫‪(57) Capitant Henri. François Terré.Yves Lequette.Les Grands Arrêts de la Jurisprudence Civil.10e édition‬‬
‫‪Dalloz..année1994.P791.792.‬‬
‫)‪.(58‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.984‬‬
‫)‪.(59‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺠﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻁﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‪ ،1‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،2009‬ﺹ ‪ 106‬ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ -(60‬ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 564‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ )ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻜل ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭل‬
‫ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻤﻨﻌﻪ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺘﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ‪.(...‬‬
‫)‪.(61‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،1992‬ﺹ‪.251.250‬‬
‫)‪-(62‬ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 1798‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪-Etienne Monteiro. Jurisprudence de Liège Bruxelles.J.L.M.B. Année 2006.PP186.196.‬‬
‫)‪.(63‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﻭﺴﻴﺄﻨﻭﺭ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‪ ،3‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ‪ ،2‬ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ‪،‬ﺹ ‪.111‬‬
‫)‪ -(64‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﺘﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﺒﺈﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﻨﻴﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻀﺩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﻴﺯﺍﺤﻤﻪ ﺒـﺎﻗﻲ ﺩﺍﺌﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺴﻤﻭﻩ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺩﻋﻭﻯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﻭﻤﻁﺎﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﻟﻪ ﺤﻕ ﺇﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻴﻤﻨﻌﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺯﺍﺤﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻟﻬﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻭﺠـﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺴﺭﺤﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﻨﺎﻥ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،2007‬ﺹ‪.93‬‬
‫)‪.(65‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪. 254‬‬
‫)‪.(66‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻬﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ . 983‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.30‬‬
‫‪(67)François Terré-Philippe Simler-Yves Lequette.Op.cit. P885 .et Jérôme Huet. Traité Droit‬‬
‫‪Civil. L.G.D.J.presses Universitaires France. Année 1980. No 3241.P1125.1126.‬‬
‫)‪.(68‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﺃﻨﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪. 107‬‬
‫)‪.(69‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪. 258‬‬

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