አረንጓዴነት ተኮር የተቀናጀ የላንድስኬፕ ዲዛይን አጋዥ ማኑዓል
አረንጓዴነት ተኮር የተቀናጀ የላንድስኬፕ ዲዛይን አጋዥ ማኑዓል
አረንጓዴነት ተኮር የተቀናጀ የላንድስኬፕ ዲዛይን አጋዥ ማኑዓል
2004 !.#
A%
A&
(
1. *+................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................1
2. *,- ................................................................
................................................................................................
.......................................................................................
.......................................................2
3. ! ................................................................
................................................................................................
.......................................................................................
.......................................................4
/ A 01-
A 01- 34 A*5 A++6 ................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................5
1. *+................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................5
2. ! ................................................................
................................................................................................
.......................................................................................
.......................................................6
3. 34 9+ A*:5 ................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................7
3.1. < *59 ..................................................................................................................... 7
3.2. < =>........................................................................................................................ 9
3.3. @34 9+ +
AB *CD+E3 ........................................................................... 10
3.4. 34 9+ < AFGHI ............................................................................................ 11
4. F 6J ................................................................
................................................................................................
..........................................................................
.......................................... 14
4.1. A K
L * ................................................................................................ 14
4.2. M6NO K
L *F/F/ ........................................................................................ 15
4.3. PQ # ............................................................................................................. 15
5. F *6 ................................................................
................................................................................................
..........................................................................
.......................................... 15
6. 34 FRI ................................................................
................................................................................................
......................................................................
...................................... 16
6.1. 34 OS ................................................................................................................. 16
6.2. 3T3 +@
U 5V FRI ......................................................................... 17
6.3. 3T3
U 5V FRI ............................................................................. 17
6.4. 3T3 WLX FRI ...................................................................................... 18
7. 34 9+ AA ................................................................
................................................................................................
.................................................................
................................. 19
7.1. (Q AA .................................................................................................................... 20
7.2. AZ[ .............................................................................................................................. 20
7.3. AA 0\= ............................................................................................................... 20
7.4. #]
....................................................................................................................... 20
8. 34 E \Q_ ................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................................................
.................................... 21
8.1. K `9 ................................................................................................................ 21
8.2. B6a6
............................................................................................................... 22
8.3. 34 OS ................................................................................................................. 22
8.4. A5# bcd .............................................................................................................. 22
8.5.
*e ................................................................................................................. 23
8.6. e *56 .................................................................................................................. 23
8.7. 3T3
< &f * ................................................................................... 23
8.8. 34 ` ............................................................................................................... 24
9. @ \W gh 3T3 *#5L aa6 .........................................................
......................................................... 25
10. 34 9+ e A* ................................................................
....................................................................................
.................................................... 26
11. *5H A++6 ................................................................
................................................................................................
........................................................................
........................................ 27
i
12. 34 9+
L +
A i Kf ........................................................
........................................................ 27
13. @34 +
A [R # ................................................................
.................................................................
................................. 28
/ j@1-
j@1- #]
/M6/ M6/ AFGHI ................................................................
..................................................................
.................................. 32
1. *+................................................................
................................................................................................
..................................................................................
.................................................. 32
2. ! ................................................................
................................................................................................
.....................................................................................
..................................................... 33
2.1. L= ! ................................................................................................................... 33
2.2. 66 ! ................................................................................................................. 33
3. Il A
Am, ................................................................
.............................................................................................
............................................................. 34
4. #]
i` `Mn< ................................................................
................................................................................
................................................ 35
5. #]
*:5<o p i q>\ ................................................................
...........................................................................
........................................... 36
5.1. #]
r5HE3 ....................................................................................................... 37
5.2. @#]
e +
AB =0* js<E3 ............................................................. 38
5.3. PQ D+ #]
.......................................................................................... 39
5.4. #]
@FRI *5L
/ ............................................................................ 40
6. r5= t-- @#]
FRI ................................................................
....................................................................
.................................... 41
6.1. t-- *i\i\ ............................................................................................................. 41
6.2. t-- *@ ................................................................................................................ 42
7. #]
AFGHI ................................................................
..............................................................................................
.............................................................. 43
7.1. B0a0
L M6 AFGHI.................................................................................... 43
7.2. _
L M6 Ai ............................................................................................ 45
7.3. =( #]
AFGHI ......................................................................................... 45
7.4. u 5A # #]
FRI ............................................................................ 46
7.5.
_ t-- #]
FRI .............................................................................. 47
7.6.
v G& ................................................................................................. 49
7.7. #]
A`NM# ..................................................................................................... 50
8. t-- *w *`M# x\5iu ................................................................
.................................................................
................................. 50
9. @#]
+
AG i Kf ............................................................
............................................................ 51
10. @#]
+
A [R # ...............................................................
............................................................... 52
11. `N@+ ................................................................
................................................................................................
...............................................................................
............................................... 54
/ 31- * G0 AQyf z E5{ * G0 Ar&&f <E3
* &\ ................................................................
................................................................................................
...................................................................................
................................................... 55
1. *| 6J ................................................................
................................................................................................
.....................................................................
..................................... 55
2. E}[ Ar&&f * G0 AQyf ................................................................
................................................................ 57
2.1. E}[ Ar&&f .................................................................................................... 58
2.2. Ep[ * G0 AQyf ......................................................................................... 59
3. * G0 z f Ep[ ................................................................
............................................................................
............................................ 63
4. E5{ * G0 f Ep[ ................................
................................................................
...........................................................................
........................................... 64
5. +
AG i ~f *>D+ ..........................................................
.......................................................... 64
5.1. @*tA @@
@
@S +
A i Kf .................................... 64
5.2. E \Q_
+
AG i qf ................................................................... 65
5.3. +
AB *CD+E3 ................................................................................... 68
6. * G0 AQyf z E5{ * G0 Ar&&f <E3 @ @* &\
+
A [R #................................................................
.............................................................................................
............................................................. 73
6.1. i ~f .................................................................................................................... 73
6.2. @+ \Ad3 /@1000 Q.n/ ..................................................................................... 74
ii
6.3.
*>D+ /@E \Q_/ /@1000 Q.n </ .................................................................. 74
6.4. A&>......................................................................................................................... 75
/ A1-
A1- 3 yi
<E3 ...........................................................
........................................................... 77
1. *6{ /RECREATIONAL PARK/..............................................................
.............................................................. 78
1.1. * r ............................................................................................................... 78
1.2. AQ& ................................................................................................................. 79
1.3. %
D ............................................................................................................ 80
1.4. AM/ .......................................................................................................... 81
1.5. ................................................................................................................ 82
1.6.
] /SPORT PARK/....................................................................................... 83
2. Q /ZOOLOGICAL PARK/ .............................................................
............................................................. 84
3. yi
<E3 z r3 ................................................................
.....................................................................
..................................... 86
3.1. y, r5H............................................................................................................ 88
3.2. B *` ................................................................................................................. 88
3.3. *| B *` .................................................................................................... 89
3.4. @/<o A`NM# r ....................................................................... 90
3.5. i ~f *@ ................................................................................................ 90
4. @3 +
A [R # ..............................................................
.............................................................. 90
4.1. i Kf.................................................................................................................... 90
4.2. \Ad3 /@1000 Q.n/ .................................................................................................. 91
4.3.
*CD+ ................................................................................................................. 91
4.4. A&>......................................................................................................................... 92
4.5. &< ........................................................................................................................... 92
/ A#
1-
A#
1- S 6 S 6 z <E3 A++6 ....................................................
.................................................... 94
1. *+................................................................
................................................................................................
..................................................................................
.................................................. 94
2. *,- ................................................................
................................................................................................
.....................................................................................
..................................................... 95
3. A ................................................................
................................................................................................
.....................................................................................
..................................................... 98
3.1. L= A ................................................................................................................... 98
3.2. 66 AE3 ........................................................................................................... 98
4. z3 S 6 S 6 z <E3 f +@ ,&o js< ......................... 99
4.1. S 6 S 6 z <E3 f +@ AiyA js< ................................................ 99
4.2. R ++F +@ js< .................................................................................. 100
4.3. \@ R ++ 33 ...................................................................................... 101
4.4. S 6 z <E3 f +@ x\5iu &@0- AQd3 > js< ... 101
5. S 6 z <E3 @ @* &\ @*`= *S G&v
& ................................................................
................................................................................................
...................................................................................
................................................... 102
5.1. S 6 z <E3 * *l <E3
`=
*
..... 102
5.2. S 6 S 6 z <E3 f Q \@ R ++ 0md3 * .... 103
5.3. />
t-- `M#
SG0
*
............................................................ 104
5.4. / ArR * ................................................................................................... 105
5.5. S 6 z <E3
[\....................................................................... 106
5.6. @S 6 z +
A [R # ............................................................... 107
9M- ................................................................
................................................................................................
.......................................................................................
....................................................... 111
iii
1. *+
@g,# E,x
d3 @*t9` A5 a, *| A`NM# E=0 E
AQ& LN e
y E %i # + g»11 3 A5 a,
0
P Af,d3 A F/ ¡g +5l `Mn< /{ ,11 f¼#
3 \
@h #½ E %gh 05 I E =
N¨ E %
yy
05 AQ& ¥M *` *M,
i J E
,/L5 ¾x A
E %+G4 05 L *g / ArR *M,
AQ& G¿ \5
[R E %¦# 05 lD
*
x\ *g …. SF `Mn< +5<©11
1
A
Am < E %© 05 @© 3 LN E \Q_ E %r5v
@05 E * G0 O3 A*5L AQ A`&= D+ A
Am *5HE3
@¿ +
311
2. *,-
!@# ¥M *¦* R +fº 3 G Ep[ /{ b5
E+G¿ *LÄ11 *gh# 3 Mr# \ @ \z <
f@¥ ,5 Ajh S= 3 +@ E,Å *M` E rf3© S=l
js< A
G0Æ11 x# *:5 @+ !@3 /3 Ep[d3 AQ
E \Q_ \5iu F 0 O_ ¿l * G0 AQyf z Ep[
E
yy *LÄ11 @x# AnDQ G 3 FÇ E+r5B +©
E r#C¶ È`M
f311 3 AQ& * G0 Ep[d3
* &\ /{ *[E@ [f `f= g # +
G¿ `Mn< A Ê
3 AQ& F@Ë<o, +@ @5RGL +5l A
[pO /{
,11
2
g# O½ AQ Si, O½ !f, 6+ v /5
= (/
js< f *i5 E rg, Ld½ A@ fGÊ©11
3
3. !
4
/ A 01
A 01- 34 A*5
A*5 A++6
1. *+
5
S%x E r Ö/l &© A 0 qG3 3 34
+X 9+E3 @#
* G E
yÇ gh# r Ei &@*gh @
iL *b Q@*rI<v# f xRo E=
@fi9v 5RR js<
Ll `M 34 =5\ *ZL 5G0 E(Sl +@ A> g
f<+11 ¶ b j R +fº Ajh m¤ A@3 [,{ AI Eg, +@
A@# A \5 *O& @*M,
\# @*< r5G qG3
A/DQ S E+r5G3 +@ L5 *
<3 @FÇ i` b5 /{
*gh x E =iN¨ A 0 AQ g, 3 A5 a, @
#½ js< *Á A*Q3 ,11 fx #½ js< *`M# z3
+*,×[v Qf Rº3 >v @
SG0 +
3v r5H A5 a,
l
yy `=&v ¡g AGDl 3 A5 a r ZAh
@05# j©# &@0- AQ E x\5iu MI L5 A
Am fg11
j R ++F A5 a, l E r A 0 [ & AQd
S S>4 *gh 34 A=l# + * È<i\ G& Bf
fg11 @j ! ¡& Ó Ll `M 34 A= @5RGL FÇ
+@ E#=
E0 @*`M# E %+
3 fx h[ FRI A
Am
g»11
2. !
@Qr A5 a, \A g Ó Ll `M 34
A= E % @05 FÇ @ ,[D
E0 E %A` js<E3
@*zv ,11
6
3. 34 9+ A*:5
3.1. < *59
7
3.1.4. K A=
E0Gl
Q@ Ø @ \W g, 34 @FRI F F m¤ A
d
3 9+ A
,> m¤ 05
3T3 eXl
Q@ K A=
¿ f&v[11 @34 9+ +
AG K # X b| S 6
Ù Ù Sf# B0a0 ÈG4 f311 @+ A `&f @ÏÏ¥ 34 9+E3
A 0 Q| n A© 3T3 @`9 M 10 E
20 È K
+
AR11
• *r\ 6J
• AA
U 5V
L *`=`=
• 34 F *r\ Sr
U 5V OS
• K `9
• 5#
• #]
FRI
• LN
• 34
*56 *>i© v11
3.1.6.
AA
8
# +l# z AA M© Afi
# Afr=#Ã A,
{ K M©
*`\ *9= &xD
@ 34 9+ M© K ÈL@M@= f311 ¶
b r *5` 34 9+ ¥© ¥© AZ[ AA E fg *` M=
+
AR11 # +l# AZ[ AA K M©
@/ EL
@f6 K
\, EL5 +
11
3.1.7. <
y
9
f311 *ru
y j@ 0 +x g 6*l r 10 E
20 n Èg
f311 3 *r\ K b `M *g A@11 fx # G*0 3Q
*`M#
Q fz11 *r3 AM*L #e= Sr #E\ A=9(
05 3T3 M }Îf E f @* f511
10
: `5Ú 1. [ [ 34 9+ *CD+
*CD+E3 iÌ AG
*5` 34 9+ < Mi Û M9 e < @34 / e
FRI ,11 34 9+ 6J e © eE3 +Q<1-
11
3.4.1. # 9 p
3.4.2. < 5
Q
• < r \ 5
e e3 BdE3 = 0 R3
SG0Ã
• Ï 34 9+ g, *RF \=@ *` ¥ / E %5
05Ã
• AA z < FRIÃ
• AA @*`=`= E %+
3 }Îf @* C :
*eÃ
• K z B0a0 Sf# Ù Ù AQf g, e/ f FRI11
3.4.3. `
3.4.4. y
*+ g Ep[ *
34 *r\ j@ fA11 E,x# F *r\ E OSD+ (>rm+) *r\
\@ f<SN©11 F *r\ &@ F F = Sr 34 >rm+ *r\
12
E
ÂOS 05
3 tf ,11 OSD+ *r\ &@ r F *r\
f M© 3T3 O5 © @ E
rÅ 05
+0B
*r\ ,11
q/ F *r\
@/ OSD+ *r\
13
3T3
U 5V @>r *5` g, *ru E rAQ& A
\5 js< j@ * G0 ÈFRJ f311 f¼# AQ& /{ 6\ +@
AAÁ# K ÈÏL 3 g, 34 OSD+ *ru *| / \ f:11
AQ& r5= /{ ¥M +@ AAÁ# K fÏL g, Èi G&
OSD+ *r\ 00 +@ *g A@11
4. F 6J
4.1. A K
L *
A K
L * FÁ
y +>> *gh# &-G E f=
+rB A 0 PQ3 @
SG0 f`=11
@g,# A 0 ` Q F
y v O/ F3 A K
L 2 E
3 rÓN * # fz11
14
4.2. M6NO K
L *F/F/
5. F *6
15
fG&11 F F m¤ FÁ LM FÁ S0
y EL/ fg11 @#>¶
FÁ S0
y 0.5 ¨.n. g, FÁ 1 ¨.n. `t *F f<11 @{
F S= Si, 3T3 @ \W g, rÅ m¤
,11
A\O{ Iâ+ / 3T3 © is Î#¶ S
@g, F
F S= 3T3 @is Sf# @Î#¶ \W E %gh id *g
A@11 fx# 3T3 25 E
40 ¨.n W* v m¤ fg11
6. 34 FRI
6.1. 34 OS
16
05 +
AR11 ev 9# 5J# g,
@ (yv *`h *W5L
fz11 3T3 E rOSÁ S%+Sh K `9
*e +
AR11
6.2. 3T3 +@
U 5V FRI
3T3
U 5V FRI *r\ f +@ 5V FRI ¡Sr
-@ ,11 # +l# 3T3
U ¡A©
Ub
L +@ EL
L5 ,G Sr A%Å < fF
@ AQ& d E %* f511
¦D# 3
@}Îf @,y
@fR@L >f<`/ d Sr *| Ft
K `N L5 ,G3 *i0 -@ *pr= A=# E %v f511
3T3
U 5V >r L=#1
• 34 9+
L M© E \Q_ @05 +
3Ã
• 3T3 @ ¡aa ezv @}Îf @,y
E fR@Ì f5Ã
17
• 3T½ ¡© *r= A=v -@
@g @f @N AQ&E3
34 AFGHI F ,11
U 5Vl 6
y
AA
U FRI
AA
U ¡FRJ xrl `\t *FRI f<11 f# (Q AA
AL D+ rN= ,X AZ[ S Í ,/d 6á *g f<11
xrl *@ w
EJ (Q AA j@ EJ AL D+ A 0 EJ ,X
AZ[ *g f<11 ,X AZ[ +
A@G [ # + AAÁ `&\t K Sr
L E fi E f@ Ó A 6 E % E %5 @05 ,11
U 5Vl @*¥ +G@@ AA == AZ[ / S Í *9
A@11
U 5Vl AA m¤ G& f `=Lt `L
3T3 E0G E fG< *` M= +
AR11 N r G& +`M`M
U 5V *r\ f r5r 34 OS eÁ G56 m¤
EÖ@ È
@3 b A 9 ( ( E+r5B 5Vl *`=`=
+
AR11
A5 a, @Q0 O/ 3T3 WLX FRI @5J# m¤ ¡Q0
tfÄ11 A 0 O/ 6+E3 f# WLX O3 & F O3
E0G f F &l F -@ Ø A#LÄ11 O3 WLX @&
WL× *FRI +@1-
18
• E0n A 0 E
j@ !* g, O/ f *g A@
• /5l# A 0 E
j@ ¨.n. g, = (/ g f*59
• WL× 6* 15 E
30 ¨.n. Èr
f3
• WL× 3 E
4 BL 5 f*5911
• A
Ì F[S K
@/ 3 (Ó OR fF +@)
• @3T½ E0G A
Am gh L5 ,G3 +åÃ
• @3
g, A¡0 *` +@Ã
• fD+ /Mycorrhizea/ A G
+F AA (@f @f 6+) *g
fG&[11
19
f `MÅ &xD+ +F AA AL @¿ AR3 g, 34 9+
L AA 0\= FRI A
Am fg11 fx# (Q AA AQ&
AA AZ[ r&@= FRJ fg11
7.2. AZ[
AZ[ AA
L A 6 E % 3
M© AA
L
E %+0 f511
7.4. #]
#]
OR g, D+ +F ¡g fx# @3T3 E0G `N L5
,G3 +F ,11 #]
OR fFl 5
@g, AAÁ K *+6 A=#
E %5 A M© E %F[S f511 #]
@FRI v # M©
\ Sr AA, È@SÌ 3© /3 *`M# fz11 @x#
20
=`3 e3 E- AQ& G4 / E %j# 34 9+
L *`
9© 3T3 *>i© *`M# fz11 E- AQ& *9 /
r \ \ g f*5911 #]
j@ !f, * G0 FRI fz11
A r{ ** ¡g j@{ r B0a0
L *= ,11 (#]
AFGHI / j@ f*l)
8. 34 E \Q_
F F m¤ A
d 3T3 @ E
rÅ m¤ 05
Ø ` Q g,
34 @¿ G E \Q_ e 05 fG&11 fx# K `9
5#
< &f * *>i© +`N11
8.1. K `9
21
• 3 Sr < @aa6 34 9+ *,>l Í K `9
e3 Ó EL E %v
U 5V
L +@ AA 5
e3 E f @05 f511
/5 > *ZA A@11 *ru > *ZA /{ 6\ E }Îf ÎÁ
3 f Èr
3@ ArR f11 ¦D# F *ru Sf# 5Vl
EL fº E %tf f5[11 fx# FÁ E %=
js< fAL11
*eD+ @ > @A5# F *& [,{ * G 3 v11 ¶ b +@
U *r\ f +0B 3T3 <<f K ¡`Ì AAÁ +fº
E f`L @05 3T½ D+ +@ AA * +
AR11 bcd
AA
@+ AAÁ
L A E %F[S
@+r @e3 E0G #½
js< fAL11
22
8.5.
*e
¡:# W*l 60 E
70 ¨.n. E *ru `6 15 E
20 ¨.n. g
f*5911
¡: G& f L=L= @ @#11
8.6. e *56
34 e
U 5V W* A ¡+0 e G5O e fQ11
A\O{ m¤ e G5O Qr [ e f g # A 0 m¤ ML
e3 f fr5R11 3T3 *56 34 9+ ,Å m¤ 3 E fA`
¡5Ã ¦D eÁ Sr *
yy &xD E %5
@+r m¤
33 *ÏÏ# 3<v +\11 e G5O *S +@ AÁ M6M6
¡ @f# `[ < f g f*5911 G5 3T3 S%+h K
`9# A
Am ,11 3T3 e @*56 E r #X e *5Ý *M
+©
@<# *CD+E3 *`M# fG&11
F F m¤ A
d @ E
r
m¤ 05
3T3 @+ &3
<E3 È`W f3©11 A\O{ m¤ 3T3 f <
<E3 A [,{
#Ü O/ /Damping off/ f&11 fx#
< F F Û FÁ >f=
E %i\
+r FÁ M@# Û AAÁ f +@ 0 /
\w
3 *Z# A=d E %r= +rR11 fx#
< A G
AQf, *9
< ,11
23
#Ü O/ \ m¤ i (*| -R<)
8.8. 34 `
34 9+
L G 3T3 E \Q_ +0B g # v +`,5
fg11
@x x js< Sr < Si AQ& **0
24
• @ A 0 C# ¡M5 M 3T3 K `911
• W*<v 20 E
40 ¨.n. *ghÃ
• v W* ev W* AQf j@ EL/ *ghÃ
• ` Q E ¦ g, e 0 +v *ghÃ
•
Q@ = (/ = +v *ghÃ
• ezv \ = (3 +Òv *gvÃ
• A5 a =` +v g f*5911 =`zv Sr (, @S`
Sf# S5O =` +v 3T3 @
Afr©#11
25
10. 34 9+ e A*
• 9+
L Sh eE3 E=0 FRI eE3 E=0 *:5
*Sv *< *t9` (: e !f, M C#
S y/ E=0 FRI)Ã
• @9+ Ó gh F3 \O !f, *=5&v 5RGLÃ
• =0* # AB F3 Q© E %<¥ 05Ã
• A
Am 34 9+ AA 0\= *=5u 5RGLÃ
• ¶3 A
Am gh E r D+
< *t9`D+ *0~d3 +© \!d3
*=5&v 5RGLÃ
• FÁ S=l `\t *Fl 5RGLÃ
• 3T3 OSÁ m¤ L NË *Sh *<Ã
• fD+ A F g, fD+ *u 5RGLÃ
• 3T3 A5# *Ã
• ¶3 @3T3 r5B E \Q_E3 S=l `\M *Sv
5RGLÃ
• 34 9+ Sh A`Nf eE3 *5H A&u*+611
26
11. *5H A++6
27
x <s *i5 100,000 34 A 0 A* @FRI 32 i Sf# 3 x
+
AR @ ,11 @A 0 A* 34 9+
L t 34 AQf 20 \
+S9 100,000 34 2,000,000.00 \ +S911 A`Nf 6,000 Q.n
y &@
34 9+ A* AQf 100,000 3T3 FRI z ¡g fx
¶
E r*,- *i0 E r 3 js< x# &,i *| f 3T3 FRI
E rz <> ra11
fx
¶ <> +r5G 1000 Q.n < f @@ 10,000 34 ¡g 1-
@ &< 100 Q.n
@34 \M+ 500 Q.n
@D q
100 Q.n
@F \M+ 40 Q.n
@#]
30 Q.n
@*F[SD+ < 230 Q.n <> +r5G ,11 />f
h E6© f f*l/
13.1. i Kf
i Kf *@ 7 i (
U @*¥ 1 i @34 1
i @34 *r\ 2 i @LN 2 i @
+X 1 i) +
A
*gh G* ¡g @7 i x 20 \ M x 120 M = 16,800
U
`= 0# 16,800
13.2. @+ \Ad3
@F ð 5 Â x 300 \ = 1,500
@AA ð /500 Q.n < 10 C.n AA /
50m3 x 200 \ = 10,000
@,X AZ[ ð /2 *Â/ 14m3 x 380 \ = 5,320
28
@D+ AA ð /12.5 m3/500 Q.n < f 2.5 C.n
/ /1 n.b D+ = 600 Â./
7500Â. x 3 \ = 22,500
@Mf AZ[ ð /200 Q.n < f 10C.n/
20 m3 x 300 \ = 6,000
U 5V @10,000 34 x 0.25 \ = 2,500
@K (600 È M = 50 \ n.b @120 M)
0.6 x 120 x 50 = 3,600
U
`= 0# 51,420
13.3.
*CD+
AQy 3 x 95 = 285
3 x 165 = 495
*Ù`( 3 x 75 = 225
GI 3 x 175 = 525
0 *R6 2 x 75 = 150
* - 1 x 105 = 105
n /&@ 50/ 1 x 175 = 175
*L5+ 1 x 175 = 175
Ü > 1 x 65 = 65
RD 2 x 1150 =2,300
K 2 x 95 = 190
K &% 3 x 65 = 195
&@
S Í /n/ 6 x 65 = 390
*z 2 x 108 = 216
*r\
Q+ 9 /WL/ 3 x 200 = 600
K `( ñ /n/ 14 x 30 = 420
*M
/WL/ 2 x 46 = 92
A,
{ O 1 x 650 = 650
= *M
2 x 150 = 300
29
50 1 x 65 = 65
*5Ý *M
2 x 95 = 190
X0 3 x 175 = 525
¡& /L=/ 1 x 108 = 108
\5 0
2 x 250 = 500
U
`= 0# 8,941
13.4. A&>
l< 5 x 250 = 1250
Å/ Q] 2 x 350 = 700
a 7 x 65 = 455
L 0 u ( 7 x 460 = 3220
/+ 7 x 50 = 350
6\ \
7 x 165 = 1155
Af E A/ ( *ZA{ 5 x 46 = 230
*, /AÙ *+/ 7 x 38 = 266
U
`= 0# 7,626
13.5. *RF *}H _ &<
13.5.1. D q
30
@100 A` 100 x 30 = 3,000
@50 G 50 x 15 = 750
@Aò 2 x 2 x 60 = 240
U
`= 0# 263,290
`= 0#
[R # U
`= 0#
.W SÑE3 66
1 i Kf 16,800
2 @+ \Ad3 51,420
3
*CD+ 8,941
4 A&> 7,626
5 *RF *}H _ &< 263,290
A`Nf 0# 348,077
31
/ j@1-
j@1- #]
/M6/
M6/ AFGHI
1. *+
32
¶ *b r5= t-- M6 FRI AGDl @++F3 @A \5 @L
fG A5 a I &< &o, t-- È*,× 3© D Rº3
*M,
AA @#, *¦* (S /{ ,11 ¦D#
A%
E03 */` @
AL WL *M,
A
[pO +rR11
2. !
2.1. L= !
`Mn<
33
\rl f
0
EL/ EL
@#ÏL M6 r5G AA Ó
EL E %5 +r5R11
3. Il A
A
Am,
Ajh i! 3 E+rG *9 x6\ WL *¦* qG AMyo E0G
\# / *¦* R +fº 3 *,¦ t-- *` E¦*5
*#9l t-- A&u E
Q+F E
QSGr 05
AQ& * i J
Ø f /{ B +*911 M6 i\Å t-- Af,d3 @# #\
/Í !f,#0 \ E *>i© FRJ ¡g AA @#,
*¦* /{ L=# fi911 ¦D# gh t-- !f,d3 AQ&
f# g, i 3 f B Sr+rÅ L5 ,G3 *M @AQ& LN
/{ A
[pO frR11 f E r`Mi z3 *,¦ t--
*` 60 f Sr M6, @*M z ¡g fx * z /{
SÑ z3 EG,u +© F*o t-- *0Í+ <E3 E0n EL/
f
5F# fz11 z3 A`5 t-- 85% *w *`M#
z ¡g x
L 60-70% M6 AQ4, Sr D+ M ,11
M5 15% M© fi\
@+ fF +@ ¡g @+ M &0
FE3 *`M# @+ W>Ww3 @*e +G@ ,11
@x t--
i\i fi\i t-- Af, *@ @ L=3 [
fz11
q. A
L &@ O
&@ Q0
ör A9
< ¶@
÷x ,11
34
@. O¡ ¶@ Q0
ör 9# 6< Q0 *gh#
&-G örl A`Á E r Kf0 >yf0 A+ *>i© Rº3
# + *L
< fAL11
4. #]
i` `Mn<
AA +@iC11
Sr Al *O gh Al E0G +MX× L5
,G3 E fGu +rR11
AA K *+6 A=# +ñ@\<11
E[ e e3 +yy11
AZ[ AA fF +-
- AA @#, = &xD+
f`\N fFl # +ñ@\<11
\rl f L
@ÏL M6 r5G AA Ó EL
E %+G4 +rR11
3 0= E %ÏÏ¥ f5 SF...
¦D# # #<, +>0 AL q\ ,11
5. #]
*:
*:5<o p i q>\
AA
L G¿ \
&
AA x[¡+ AQ4, m¤ \O EA5Qi
A L5 ,G3 (nutrients) Q f O>f0 K *M= Sr AA,
fM11 órl# f¤
(mineralization) f&11 x# ór Ep[
@E0G<v +
ARv L5 ,G +G{©11 órl A+¶ S A*<
S
0 ¡g A `&f @# A EL *` ¥M 6\ js<
9# S>4 fg11 *`,{ EL *` /{ ¥M @órl A*Ô js<
AL ¡g EL *`h O x[¡+h A
@+Lv EL
*` ¡M
r *&
@f3© *\ órl fa<11 fx 3
@*=5/ i J 9N *& f `MÅ A*Ô js<E3 E %A`Á ¡r
órl #]
U f&11
36
5.1. #]
r5HE3
#]
Ai ór
L w
r5HE3 f©11 E,Å# *\ r5H
(heating Phase) *R r5H (cooling down Phase) E *\i r5H
(maturation Phase) *& f<SN©11
1. *5 \
&
@+ # X G¿ A@G r5H E %[K0 *r5 A@
(ML@ #E/ f\)11
2. \
&ü +\© x[¡+ Ó js< *G¿ A@&v11
37
5.1.2. *R r5H (Cooling down Phase)
5.2. @#]
e +
+
AB =0* js<E3
1. \
&
t-- (Organic Waste)
\
&
t-- j@ fAÃ A r{ r5= Q fFl 9# /{ g, M©
fi\
¡g Qd S5M A 0 t t5t E ¦
38
2. AA Î[¡+ (Micro Organisms)
#]
ór I*5 x[¡+h \i&ü *\ ¡I#Á ,11 x[¡+h
Ó *` QA`Á órl A@G r5H È0 Af3#11
@x #]
3. EL (Moisture)
4. A
@#]
6J ór ¶ A
Am ,G Ó A 6 ,11
#]
OR D+ E r*gh OR L5 ,G3 A L5 ,G3 Sr
AA
@¦# PQ D+ EJB f@+11 PQ D+ AA f
¡¦* A L5 ,G3 S%+ *M= @Ep[ E0G A9 g, A
[pO
3 ¡g @f# # #<, @>r A@G -@
AX *gh A+`+f=#11 ,G @ð S9 /{ SÑ !* Sr
!* A@G *` E¦*5
@0 A 0 # S= f AG
*
` A@*z© Ø , f ór +*9 B AQ& * @f#
39
& A f K AQ AA f +*9 B m¤ E&&i *9
A \5 @L R +fº \6K fS /{ pE E r+*9 A`++Ó
Afr@#11
5.4. #]
@FRI *5L
/
/
@#]
A*Ô g, < *Á 5RGL A
Am ,11 @x &
e/
40
6. r5= t-- @#]
FRI
FRI
6.1. t-- *i\i\
*i\i\
@#]
A@G t-- © FE3 fii&11
fii&11
_ @_
@_ *i\i\1-
*i\i\1- #]
U
i AQ *Â RD Sf# ¶3
A*Ô gh * G 3 *`M# t--E3 _ @_ Sr M6 *
D+ E
fii&11 x ór
L t-- A* Ñ \
&
t-- @ EN
L
E %+5G
5 +iAR11 Qg, t-- E @ > #]
9+
*@
*
+
AR11 \
&
+g, t-- Sr9 < *i0
¦D SÑ `f= fg11
41
=\\
9+1
9+1- t-- *0Í+ < \ m¤ Ñ
@G,& t--
m¤+o, 3 <
L * L=# f E %
fr5R11 =\\
9+ t-- *@
@*
X#
@+G@
#]
@+FRI AQ LÁ AR9 fAL@<11 9+ @ t--
+@# # 950 Sr #]
FRH 9+ aa6 fz11
\
&
t--
t-- *O1-
*O1- \ m¤ t-- _ @_ i
u x \
&ü t--
@f @#]
AFR3
5\ ¦D 0Q#
@+
&v AfrÇ#11
@x# *994 g /+ *A}# AFRJ Sr #]
9+ E %+*Ì
05 +
AR11
< i\
*9 t-- A 0 < ** fi\Å ,G3 *@
fi11 fx# g, _l ¡ii\ AR9 +@ fi\Å ,G3 Q©
@*@ ,11 @M6 6J AG t-- !f, *@ e
*I*D+ E#H ¡g {# #]
FRI
i @i\ Sf#
u0 e! +@ t-- *@ F *`M# f<11 t-- *@ @+
r5HE3 S ¡g *@l ör © js<E3 S fG&11
42
@ t-- !f,d3
!f,d3
7. #]
AFGHI
AFGHI
@+ #]
AFGHI FE3 +© ¡g E r¦&X js< *v
* *`M# fz11
7.1. B0a0
L M6 AFGHI
AFGHI
AFGHI
AFGHI
43
• #Á
L E ¦
G& 9
Ì EL m¤
+
AR
• f +@ Sr <3 <3{ Sr f @#9 E %z A`Gu ¶
B0a0 *tA SÁ GL
• M GL Ó A E %G&
@+
3 E fr=# K
@A/ M AX m¤
L L=# f È f311
AiÁ
AiÁ =r#
=r#
*I*D+ B0a0
L E r AÁ }&f 2 Ei 3 ># < tfd Sr j@{
B0a0 fG@911 *>>f *b 2-3 Û Sr w
{ E %G@L fr5R11
B0a
L =` =`
\
\ ¡\ B0a EM,i f11 x
m¤ *I*D+ B0a0 Sr j@{ OS #]
l G& r&@=
+
AR11 #]
l ¥© ¥© Sr AA, *@SÌ 5RG`à B0a0
L
ALd }Îf f 05= L NË A9d AZ[ AQ& AA R r&@=
34 >rm+
U 5Vl *¥ fz11 *I*D+ B0a0
L A%
L=¥1
L=¥1-
44
Bl1
Bl1-
órl @*< A
vRD *gh ,11
7.2. _
L M6
M6 Ai
_
L M6 Ai i Ó K i B &@ < ,11
AiÁ# D i S@ f t-- ** fg11 A*Á
*I*D+ R *>>f g Srf E
2 n Èr
f311 #Á *K r
AA Sf# &R6 5A # *¦* t-- +i\Å x[
+ E %u
5HJ# Z t
9Ó Sf # E ¦ ¦AN /5l 2-3 ¨.n g, W*l 30
¨.n +
FRI11
• _ Lm t-- A < Sf# E- < 5A #Ã (fJ
*>\ 3© ¨
& + ¶P+ *>i© O/ !f,d3 WLX G4
f*59) \ / `M#
• =0+ G& \ E
> / \
&
t-- =(
L
*¥
• x Û +\© =` C A5# *i E[ (z f
*>\ ~f +v E[) =(
L *¦*
• *¦5-# G¿ !f, \
&
=(l E
AÇ 05
*¥
+
AR11
3T3 =(
=(
L *
45
• 15 >.n E
20 >.n W* +v 3T3 =(l D+ *11 3T½
*= +@&v E r 3 !f, fg11
• @R,<v S= 3T½ Ó K ¿ A@&v11 E`,Á ¡ m¤
`9 +
AG 3T½ >fg =(l
L G¿ \
&
,11
x m¤ 3T½ K #\ @¿ ezv Sr =(d½ fQ©11
`Mn<
• =( #]
@a A @* G0 O3 E %j# @3
/{ `Mn< f5[11
• A *5 GL
@+
A ¦D
Af5#11
3Á
u A\Nf AQ& &© 3 [ t-- # X u *AA+
S9 A # ,11 @f# 6\ S= ~f@{
<
@AL
AQ& *© A @Ø ` = fg11 fx 3 @*=5/ 5A #5l
@#]
, *`M# @E[ [ fv11
1. B0a Sr <3 E
1 n *tA
2. t-- +i\Å x[¡+ Ó *` E %A`Á ¦Q AA / Sf#
#]
r&@=
3. 4-6 ># < E`W GL +
AR
4. #]
l 4-6 S m¤
L fr>11
46
7.5.
_ t-- #]
FRI
A& # X A
r > & \5 if 0J R *& @+
r5=
_ E3
L E+
yy ,11 j# 6 gh
r5=
_ 3 i @+ A& @`ME3 E5i
¡g LÁ SØ EG¿ E rg,
/ G4 @5RGL 3@11
_l *| f E
2 n /< i ¡g j@ M A
@!f, #0 A r @
+G@ fg11
t-- @\z
i&i\ < fFRJ K
l Sr `5M+ EN !f,#0Á r @j
FRI `M+
L E %`M# fr5R11
`M+ ¡
M
U i U\ `M+ f f++O11
_l `M¥
Û A*0 f,i,
<11 fx#
_l E fZ +rG[11
#]
AFGHI
47
• AiÁ B0a0 #]
Ai R *>>f g r5= t-- *K !f,
#0Á E %G& fr5R (20 >.n /5)Ã
• K R MM@
20 >.n t-- f E %5X fr5RÃ
• SÁ A B0a0 Sr ¶ E %G@L fr5R11
`Mn<
3Á
`Mn<
48
• SÑ t9 *gh
• #]
l @FRI GL +
AG *gh11
& R6 @*G & \d3 * S>4 ¡g /{ \ WL &v E r
u< A& #,X -Z*s E Ö/l 3 f &o 05 fz11
_ & R6 ¶ &R6 @
_l ML< & R6
*\+ R E %G4
@r5 ,11 & R6 5A #l #]
# f
¡¦* órl
@+yL, LÓ ># <
L +@M@ #]
¿
fz11 5A #l ¦*5 20 >.n M fg11
7.6.
v G&
E %i\
+FRI, # f K # ¦# m¤ EJ# XN EJ#
r5= E fg *` M= A@\ 11
E %i\
=r# *, t-- A E %+G4 D+ , *g
A@11 @#>¶ \ AL e ** @#11 # +l# ALÁ b
+@ / Ó A
@+G4 Af\#11
#Á *5GL Sf# *r#r# @#11
49
\
&
t-- M6 g, Û © &xD+ A©1-
u E
`t +@ u M@#Ã
6={ Q fJ L#<Ã
M6 g, Û LÓ Sf# # # Af, *
ör AfQ0#Ã
AA
< f5[11
7.7. #]
A`NM#
#]
l FRI Û S Í f,y +iÅ ,G3 Q© *@ +
AR11
@ #]
5V fr5 Õqf \K fr
EL ¶@ f
f*11 z@ *` S%+ @G+ M\ L=# f f*5911 6 S
@@` m¤ E %M*L r5G
Ì +© L5 ,G3 , *b È`Ç
@3©
Ll /{ r5H fM >11
50
3 @*`= @f# r5= t-- A&u E %ii\ E %SG0 05
f
gh Ar&&3 FRI 3 È+-
© 3©
O3 * A5 a 05 ¶3 3 ¦#Á &
*
+
AR11 ,G fx E =
N¨ >Q Ø È+*9 3@ *
\5i\ t-- A++6 ASRG0 f +@ O_à A*@Q 0m ¥© ¥©
¡@SL ,11
9. @#]
+
AG i Kf
@#]
+
AG i Kf 3 *,¦ t-- *`
Si ¡g t-- *`h# Q@ x6\ \O R , A@11 A%
A&
x6\ \O 2,917,295 E rg G* ¡g *,¦ \
&
t--
*` 2,784.81 n3 E rg fG*< (A/A r5= t-- A
r §I ¡
2004)11 x# *i5 A 0 i M AQf 0.0001 n3 \
&
t-- +*,(11
j L *i5 1 n3 t-- 330 Â. E r*6 G11
2. A # 2 n3 ¡g 3 S
L 2 x 12 = 24n3 #]
(># 2n3)
fFRH @ ,11
3. 24 n3 #]
@#5 33 n3 (33 n3 x 60%) t-- +
AR
52
U
`= 0# 11,440
10.5. &<
y 1000 Q| n g, < f &< +/
< 100 Q| n ¡g &< @*RF *}H _
-S \P i 0 tt 9D+ i +Q<11
10.5.1. *RF *}H _ -S _ &<
100m2 100 Q.n x 2000 \ = 200,000
10.5.2. 0
100 Q.n x 500 \ = 50,000
10.5.3. AL /S Í
D+ @`/
140m x 65 \
Q.n 9,100
@140 B0a0 Wy 2 x 2 x 50 200
U
`= 0# 259,300
`= 0#
[R # U
`=
0#
.W SÑE3 66
1
*CD+ 8,745
2 A&> 11,440
3 &<
259,300
A`Nf 0# 279,485
53
11. `N@+
r5= t-- A©<o Gp<E3 3 AQ&+v A GÕ #0 i #0
~ E %j# *| *© ,11 @f# A 0 *O r5= t-Ö3 A&u
QSG Q+ AL q\ +*,#©11 AG I f pE
+>0© @0x,# fR© i E
> f Ø 3 +
©
fM >© lD6# f# pE +>0©11
54
/ 31-
31- * G0 AQyf z E5{ * G0
Ar&&f <E3 * &\
1. *| 6J
q. # 9
*| 6J e
I# *| f G A53 A
Am Ep[d3 ¥©
¥© ** ` +
AR11 # 9 Û < f G4 &< Í \5<
\5
\&D *
<S 0 Rf
<3 *>i© r \ *p
f&v[11
@. Wy
Î.
Qw
Wy Û M© A53 @Ly AA a3 @* E %j# f{
<3{ AA @[q0 E %z
Qw e *S f<11
55
*. 0
56
2. E}[ Ar&&f * G0 AQyf
Ar&&f
L E}[ *3 Í *I*D+ j i,0 f
@*|
FRI G@} *:5 *| *FRI f<11 *| FRJ S=
*|l y, #
L *& f<11 @L +@ *| 6\ K
*` f f6 *gh Ep[l AG K *` f *|l f {
*gh Ep[l +NL11
@g,# z@ *` * G0 AQyf z Ar&&f f
*| @ FRJ m¤ Si, y, E %5 rñ *FRI
f<11 fx# [, Ep[d3 AB K \z E %`M¥ / g,
E % Z +rG *gh Ep[d3 5A5A K # + E fN`©
+rR11 x *b *| FRI Û Ar&&f
L Ep[ *S
f<11
Ar&&f
L # 9/ A& C * G& ¡g AQ© # *@1-
q. # 9/ A&
# 9/ A& Af,d3 A<
QO+ /*Z rx ErÁ/ *>i© ¡gh
3 ð Sf# G4 g +@ |
A 0 EJ # 9/ A& 34
58
E @2 EJ < E %g <
* f<11 # 9/ A& S=
34 9+ Sr < *9 A& \ >+0 * f<11
S=# &E0 A5# E fG& L NË * A5¥ 9 eÁ
L NË *56 iÅ =`3 Q© L NË *@ +
AR11 *¦5-#
FRI *| *tA
Á *|
L E %G& r5G Û Si, *b
*|l `&= +
AR11 34 9+ *9 A 0 Q| n # 9/ A& @2
Q| n < E %Z/ rñ FF rñ * f<11 # 9/ A&
M E %<f @ E %iL Ar&& *Q f @ y
Sf # ¶ <DQo Î ML &@ < g f*5911 *gh# È@
<i < *` *i0 j |Ö *i5 <
*| *`
A 34 *FRI f<11
@. C
Ar&&f
L @ C # 9/ A& R ¡,Õ EL/ *g f<11
C E}[ * G& Ar&& *¦5- / @# # 9/ A&
*¦5- Ar&& E5{ * G0 *Q *g f<11 fx# E %g
A@G > E}[ A&u K i` S=l `M r5G@
@< i` ñ ¡g Ar&& Sr Ñ 6\ K AQ4, <L
r @# AA *+6# (S /{
@g, ,11 Ar&&f f
@ C i C g f*5911 # +l# i C AX m¤
L
< Z/ *gh# ¦D M© *W5L &
@z ,11
Ar&&f C Ep[ S= @# 9/ A& v L NËE3
E r`W g, A 0 Q| n @j@ Q.n < rñ * f< (E6
4-6 f*l)11
59
q. B0a0 6J
1. A(X O3
O3 E,x O3 W*<v 3 E
7 n rÅ O/
Af,d3 +`N@@ ,11 E,x O3 `&\ gh B0a 3 f © LÁ
E0G fv[11 x# &-G §¶D *
* O&v <E3 f
E,x A(X W* +v O3 © *X fg11 E,x O3
A ¶ +v M 6 n *g f<11
2. MX 5HJ# O3
O3 E,x O3 v js< M(X ¡gh
6*<v 9# 5J# gh O/ Af,d3 v11
@g,# E r,x
Af, O3 [ * G0 f >fg
L [ * G0
S9 &© /*R * G 3/ f © *X ,11 O½ W* 9#
56#
@g §¶D *
* &@ < f * Af&v#11
O½ ¡©# A ¶ 6 n M E %v rñ *
f&v[11
3. *Q@{ W* +v O3
O3 E,x O3 W*<v 10 E
12 n
rÅ O/ Af,d3 +F ,11 E,x O3 \ §¶D *
* &@
< * @&v#11 E r,x !f, O3 A ¶ 5 M#
9 n *g A@11
60
4. = O3
O3 = O3 &© E
15 n W* +v ¡gh
E,x O3 @* A F ¶ 5 M# 9 n *g
A@ (Street tree Planting guide) http://www.cityoflagrand.org/muraprojects
* G0 Ayyf z O3 *v Í © m¤ S=
+
AR11
@g,# O3 }rW S
L © -@ fg11
# +l# }rf (spring) *5` R S Q@A Û E 5#l
S *+ AQ& *gh Ep[d3 *\M r E0v /{
@+rG ,11
O3 Sr < M>MÅ 34 9+ `,Á @ 6á gh Û
*g f<11 @ M>MÅ O3 W*<v *| f EJ +L 5A
¨.n *g f<11
*. Q0
61
B0a0 <3{ / *tyA Si, @# AA Sr B0a0
G& `Mn< ñ ,11
:. AA **@
r&@M AA B0a Eb¶< +x Û Si, *b *`=`=
+
AR11 *M`# AAÁ
Á A= E %f6 E %5RR Si, K //
+
AR11 *¦5-# B0a0 ¥© ¥© AA * f<11 AAÁ
Û
Ì +@ AA E %S9 L NË Sr<3 *( +
AR11 AAÁ
x *b Û Ep[l D+ K `9 G fg11
5. B6a6 05
@ 34 ,/> ri ArR *i 33 @ 1A-15 >.n
*= B0a D+ B6a6 05 +
AR11 3 D+ B6a6 05
i9v `Mn<E3 *Q K }Îf \K AQ4, M© E f
@Ep[l E %`=# A5# E f= Sf # A5# *\M js< E %M
* G0 AQyf f r5 O/ x *b `MM Û MD / <
i C *ZA f<11 i C AQ *@ 1 Q.n i > @2
Q| n < E %N rñ * f<11
62
• Ü F && /fan palm/
• 0¨ gh f*59
(E6 7 E 8 f*l)11
q. O/
@. C
63
4. E5{ * G0 f Ep[
q. O/
5. +
AG i ~f *>D+
5.1. @*tA
*tA @@
@
@S +
+
A i Kf
64
2. E5{ * G0 < f B0a0 @*tA @S A 0 i M 50
>.n 50 >.n
y E 60 >.n LM +@ 8 B0a0 *tA
E r+ # S
Æ11 x
¶ *:5 A 0 Â n
E5{ * G0 f 9 n M B0a0 t/ O/ @* 111 B0a0
+
AR11
@g,# 111 B0a0 t/ @Q0 14 i E r+
A
*G F\ fz11
5.2. E \Q_
+
+
AG i qf
• K `9
• A5# bcd
• Ep[d3
< &f B * F
• D+ 05
• # Q0 v11
q. K `9
A%
@ E}[ xfS @*t Ó K +
AG[11 A 0 A%
©
E}[ @ M
l Ó K ¿ ¡g O m¤ Û
K `9l 0
js< A }&f *|l Af, f *:5 *g
A@11 *|l EL js< @S= 9<3 E}[l D+ r5G AA Sr
E}[l
5 5RGL E 3@ 11 {# E}[ C# 3 m¤ K 0
¿ E @ *5HE3 fGÊ©11 @A 0 E}[ E
5 &% K Èi`
fG&11 K #`9 S= 9# 6< Sr eÁ E %r
A0 `9
+
AR11 M6NO L< g, }rf /spring/ S= K `9l js< 9#
rRR *g f<11 K
¿D @ #`9 S= @O½ ¦D
K g6 /hose/ `9 f\11 E %x Af,l K `9 F
3 M©
65
Sr<3 LM E %+0B f5v[11 x *:5 K @5J# A*< @O3
@E}[d3 `9 `Mn< ñ ,11
*| AM*Ì
Q@ AQ& OÇ 0 Si, M K `\< /drip
irrigation/ * `9 fz11 K #`9 S= 9# È<i\ G&
Bf @O3 /E}[d3 G& f K *
` E r¶@\ ,11 # +l#
AAÁ *`u A ¦@= *gh M© A 6 E f
+rG *gh E}[l E % +rG[11
@. A5# bcd
*. D+ 05
66
Ep[ S= D+ 05 * Afr@#11 @ O/ EN f
+@ g, M
M
È@M 3 D+ AAÁ
L
@ ¦D D+
¡r5 E}[l
@+NL@ ,11
D+ ¦* S= AL D+ g, 9# \ órl ¦5i
*g A@11 i i
D+ ¡g D+ K åå 9#
ü Ap[l D+ *
` G fg11
:. # /pruning/
67
+
ARv v11 # Ep[l E0G r5H # *` -@
E %g
z©# f
< `W = (3
SG0 Sr ¶ AQ©
E Sr ¶3 Ep[d3 E fO* @* EGO +rR11
• # A\O{ *S +@ Ep[l A& E uL *+Ov Í
*g A@11 +5á = (3 *W5L A%
= (3 E %+S9 R
*5- AQ& r5G # @Si, Ep[l /3 #u AFRJd
E %*Gu E %+
3v @05 ,11
5. @E \Q_ +
AG i ~f
5.3. +
AB *CD+E3
• ¿
U Sf# E ¦ : D @Ep[ aaÝ, f`=11
• &@ 1 9 &@ 3 9 Gw E 0J @*| FRH, +G@©11
• &@ 2 9 @*z, +G@11
• X0 *M
>3 A& Ep[d3 @*# +G@©11
• @+ *` +v *Mw3 0 *R6 E %j# F*o O/ *W5(
3 @# *`M# +
AR11
• C ¦H
¿D @ *>i© @3 @E \Q_ AG L=#
f *[ f&v[11
68
Ep[ *@+ AL
@#
* G0 AQyf /< 220 .n *\@L @#
69
* G0 AQyf
L O/ g,
yl ü 1.5 n *g
A@
* G0 AQyf f i E5{ *t+ ü 1.2 n ,
@#
* G0 AQyf *@ E5{ Ï5( [ * G0 Ï5( R
¡MM +@*t5L FÓ Èg fG&[
E5{ Ï5( M@# # *@# Ï5(
y 1.80 n
+,i *g G& ¡g * G ¡= E
2.50 n fg11
Ï5( * G0 R MM@ E5{ * G0
y x f g,
* G0 Ï5( f +F < *` # f h
y *`= A@11
M@# # ¡r5# # # E c @+ AG3 M@# ey @+
AM&\ F `M¥ g # A\O{E½ #>¶E3 A
y f ,X M@#
*M& (112 |Ö) *gh +>f ¡g A\O{ 60 ¨ U n 30
¨ U n *i5 05 fg11
[ * G0 f *@l E5{ * G0 Ï5( * G 3 11 n f
¡gh E5{ *t+ < *q f È<i\ fG&11
E5{ Ï5( A`G\ M@# *Â GH M@#
y j@ &@ 30 ¨ U
n Èg G& ¡g *qv +
1.80 n / E %
f`N11 = * G 3 AQ& 38 ¨ U n E
60 ¨ U n
iy *Â GH =\ È f311
E5{ * G0
y * G
y *:5 @+f ¡g AG3 ¦&X
js<
@§
|
Sf# f AfQ#
@D ¡ O+ j©# A=9( *@ g
yl 2.5
n - 4 n 05
70
Q * G0 AQ& js< Si g 1.2 n
+,i
@. Ar&&f AL
y #
L
G& iyÍ gh Ar&&3 @# E
Ar&& *Î 10
n f gh Ar&&3 z@ *` Ar&& *q Eb¶< f /@#>¶
%Å 15 n g 7.5 n AQ&/ Ar&& D+ 0.50 ¨.n
y +@
* G0 *G & *F[SD+ * G# &º Sf# <f *,`/
f<11
71
Î. * G0 AQyf AL
* G0 AQyf
y 1.2 n ,
@#11 *>>f# *q© O/
g, 1.5 n ,
@#11 x `W AQ&E3 FRá
* G0 AQy3 Q@ *@+ AL A \z È@ f3©11 * G0 AQyf AL
z@ *` E r Ar&&f j©
d @# X b *| f
W*l 20 >.n E
L b r *| f 25 >.n /< +@ *g
A@11 #0 E r< fx A< 0 Rf /
d / SÑ A /{
*gh
dh *G & Qz@ 50 >.n E
1 n W* &@` \5
AL È<` f311 * G0 AQyf E}[ *@+ AL \5 AL g,
E}[l &u :T3 Sr
L Gu ¤\ * G
b Èi@ fG&11 A\O{ m¤ @* G0 AQyf FRI AL FAMr
FRJ %Of *i5 +r5G E g, f
[11 *gh# FRI AL
%Of AQ& Gp< *i5 05 *FRI f<11 * G0 AQyf AL
* G *` *i5 05 Si ¡g * G Af, @f A r{
r5H *r\ g, §
5
f Sf# M@ * G0 g, FRI * G0
AQyf D FR E5{ +Ï` g FRJ , (E6 14 f*l)11
72
@g,# * G0 z E5{ * G0 \z g E5{ * G &º
Sf# A*Ô g, &< F *,`/ f<11 Í * G0 Sr E5{
* G0 ñ/ E fG& < ñ/ *H *
* È fG&11 x * G0
z f @ O/ \z *gh E}[ *@+ AL OÇ D+ *<`
f<11 D+ <`5 AL &@L \5 AL g f*5911 ALÁ
W*# 45-60 ¨ U n g f*5911 E}[l D+ <`5 AL
E}[l E
> E f * GrT3 E fM,`
`\M *gh# f
E}[l E %+0 \ E0n E %5 +rR11
73
1 M m¤+o, @*
125 i +
A ¡g
125 x 30\ = 3750
6.1.2. @* &\ /1000 Q.n </
1 i Ï, +
A ¡g < 6*
yl
`\ +@ ¡g E rjs< E
8 i È*r\ f311
1 i x 20 \ = 20 \ M
6.1.3. E5{ * G0 O/ @S /@1000 n/
14 i M x 30 \ = 420
6.1.4. E5{ * G0 O/ @* &\ (@1000 n /500 n
*I*D+ M MD 500 n j@{ M /)
2 i x 20 \ = 40 \ M
U
`= 0# 4,23
4,230
6.3.
*>D+ /@E \Q_/ /@1000 Q.n </
1 x 165 = 165
*z 1 x 108 = 108
&% 1 x 65 = 65
AQy 1 x 95 = 95
K `( ñ /n/ 30 x 14 = 420
RD 1 x 1150 = 1150
X0 1 x 175 = 175
74
t ¦ 1 x 175 = 175
Q 1 x 175 = 175
*
1 x 350 = 350
U
`= 0# 2, 878
E rA
Am,l1--
E rA
Am,l1
6.4. A&>
`= 0#
75
A`Nf 0# 247,29
247,294
76
/ A1-
A1- 3 yi
<E3
77
Ai&
t+ < ,11 Q r @+ \= 0 =
E
> AE[y `W !f, ,11 qG3 +© ÈA`Á 3©
!f,d3 E r@ M[11
1.1. * r
1. * r * r
L / A5 a <E3 +`N ¡g
* r3 *Á
yÍ+ AQ&E3 A\O{ @A5R+ @
5Í+ (Sz E %j# õ5iu #( @xo AGd3 E %©
M*Ì <E3 @ &< fAM0 / <E3 A5 a / <,
@ AQ&
L Ql v11 r5 AQ&
x5i\ gÃ
2. 0.05-1.2 / r
b 500 E
1000 n 05
© ,[DE3
AG iL *g f<11
3. W>Ww3
Ì å E %G Af`=#11
4. < A`Nf (100%) E[ *ZA A@ x <
L 20-30%
L O3 *ZA ¡G& *|l ¥© ¥© > *
A@11
5. A=l fÏL K K `M+ G È fG&11
6. t--
SGH r
È5 fG&11
78
E[ AQ *@1-
*@1-
1.2. AQ&
79
11. t--
SGH < È5 fG&Ã
12. AQ& @* &\ +
AG i Kf < A i ,11
1.3. %
D
1. %
D &@ 2000-7000 n 05
© ,[DE3 (S5 r5H
@ x\5i\) AGG iL ¡g =fL *| AM*L +@
] n @+ *(Sz W>Ww3 AQd +F ,11 A%
A&
G A\OT½ 3 x #0\
L fG{©11
2. %
D < 4-8 <
y È5 fG&11
3. < A`Nf
y 80% E[ *ZA A@ MD < *A-
AG R OJ, v A,
{ &<E3 /*5*H
Kd3 *`@+E3 SF…/ AG ,11
4. E[ ZA, <
L 50% g < =
O3 *ZA
G& ¡g MD 30% < C fZA11
5. &<E3 A=+ +© / <E3 A3 fZA©11
6. fº< 5-10% \z Z/h 9D+ +v &<E3 ÈG,u f3©11 E,x#
E3 *}H _d3 @+ W>W
M*( *RF M #\ *Z(
FRH < LN _d3 P *W5( _
L ¦[< r5&v
/3 *
ñE3 r¨d3 A,
{ J#6# E %j# b
*+ AQ& A,
{ *ÂE3 t+ < +`N11
7. @:T3 e rx , *`Ó+ /a U (
SF/ Èå© fG&Ã
> X0 E *W5( *z K `( ñ AQy RD
SF… Èå© fG&11
8. A=l fÏ5L K K `M+ G È fG&11
9. +
Mf AZ[ @i Sf# 0 Rf 9/ +@
L @
L * G0
È5 fG&11
10. t--
SGH < È5 fG&11
11. @%
D E \Q_ LN +
AG i Kf < 4 i
,11
80
1.4. AM/
81
@. E[ AQ *@1-
*@1-
1.5.
82
9. ArR f L© ,G3 At L NË rñ * f<Ã
10. AL *! #0 *`= Ac+ r n gh <E3 @*(Sz
@ &< *@ f<11
3 *(Sz W>Ww3 @+ 3 @ArR B js<E3 } r5H
* &@
9 M&f, +G A 0 < t¥ *QQ §¶D yf
M>MÅ Èg fG&11
1.6.
] /Sport Park
Park/
] &@ @+
] FSD+
/E3 y¡ÈUE3 AQd
+F ¡g 5000 E
10,000 x6\ @ AQ& +
A 0 È fG&11
q. b
L *å G&v *
Ad31-
*
Ad31-
84
q. b
L *å G&v *
Ad31-
*
Ad31-
- b
y +
50,000 Q.n
y È5 fG&Ã
- <
y E[
Xl E %j# &< *6{ f `Mi
f6 g
Ì @+ Af, \= gh E
> AE[y *D+
È5 fG&Ã
- E
>l i f B E +rÅ È 3 S/# \5 i
*+ AL Èv fG&Ã
- 5% fL b / 9D+ &@ &< ZA ¡g fx# E
>
# *
( E
> #\ rH E rA
Am,l E
> *`@+
UP *Z( E *M+ *}H *<`+ _ ÈÁ fG&Ã
Î.
L © O/ Af,d3
85
=`© !f,
3. yi
<E3 z r3
yi
<E3 A\O{ m¤ 3 z AQ& G ¡g @3
¾x K A= @3 AQ&+o A \5 (micro climate) 3
/ ¶3 AL ArRE3 @*`= E %j# A \5 @L @*M,
86
3 +
AB *i5<o *i5 AGd3 *Q #&# j©
Í =0+ Èi` G& A ¾ *`L ~ A= ,11 / R
99* ¾ *`L K A= @5RGL z@ Ø AQ&+o
\@ *t `M 3 yi
AQ& ¡ ,11 yi
AQ&E3
A5 a, @ MI yi
LN e @# r AA LN
/ * O_
¦( #xd3 SF. S f`fN11
yi
@Q0 *I*D+ yi
i> L Q0 S>4 ¡g Ll
S= yiÅ y, r5H *|l B *` yiÅ A=9( 6\
js< y
A=9( AA !f, js< b5 Èi9v fG&11
87
3.1. y, r5H
q/ y, r5H 30 *d <3 g, *| +@# # AA K LN
r Q0 fz11 yi
l G E %+
G4 @05 A&3
Ep[ !f, Ï //| O3 R *MM * +
AR11 Ï
3 (perennials)
(perennials) @ A @¥ Û @5J# m¤+ <<f # iÌ
3 ¡gh \lQ + u SF. 3 #>¶, È`MÅ
f3©11 //| #d3 ¦D @#\, © Ad3 E r * Ã
i9Ã SF. *>i© * fz11 Ï 3 *K &@
/ < *5Ì > 6+E3 *6 yi
l @ @G
G{#
`Mn< f5[11
3.2. B *`
88
0 @/<o A`NM# (@G 9 #) E %j# A \5 @L
@-- È f311
q/ @ yi
AQ /{ js< 5 `N *|l# / <`
g, *I*D+ r5H i
5Á *Gr\ fg11 / *5H
5 Si, M E ¦ Sf# 0 Rf *Gr\
fi f b
/ *M- f (flood divesion canal) A0# 1 n &,i LM
ftA11 *|l /{ r5H g, E @*
@+*3 E r
*|l A*Ô, Si, M K tD+ b|E3
¦5N =p *
+
AR11 b|E½ iÁ AA 0 Rf ¡g A=+ 0 Rf fG4
g, r5= E ¦ *`M# fz11 b|E½ 6* E r *|l js< Si
¡g 2-5 n Èg f311 E *
z < f E r *|l
y, r5H 20 - 100 n = *
fz11 ÍQ
`MM Û U > Eh 5Á ¡g MD /
f >È 5 n M E % fr5R11
@/ @ yi
AQ 5 `N ,G ¶ *|l / \ +
g, 5Á i E *
ML< A&3 O/ Af,d3 *
fz11
Î/ B *`h A,
{ g, E
>+
A
¦5N =p K
tD+ b|E3 Si, M I A@G O/ !f, (//| O3
89
X#) ML< * fz11 //| O3 1 n %
* A5#
*`= +
AR11
yi
f Qr r ¦D ,[D W>W
I,
/ @å +
3© r
E3 3 * f`N11
@f# m¤ Sr m¤ E&&i *9 G E ¦ EL5 @*M,
3
L +© @¶ AG È© f3© A&E3 x
rI E %+@¥ E %`M¥ 05 +
AR /E6 21 f*l/11
3.5. i
i ~f *@
@j©#
f @*@l B3 E \Q\ LN
AG i Kf
< 4 i ,11
90
i Kf© *:5 +r5G @3 E \Q_ \z ¡g
AG *
` ¡I# 5 i Kf #
L
A
G
U
`= 0# 4,170
4.3.
*CD+
1 x 165 = 165
*z 1 x 108 = 108
&% 1 x 65 = 65
AQy 1 x 95 = 95
K `( ñ /n/ 30 x 14 = 420
RD 1 x 1150 = 1150
X0 1 x 175 = 175
t ¦ 1 x 175 = 175
Q 1 x 175 = 175
*
1 x 350 = 350
U
`= 0# 2,878
91
E rA
Am,l E r b
y
4.4. A&>
4.5. &<
4.5.1. *RF *}H _ &< /\P i/
FRI %Of *:5 S g @100 Q.n 2000
\ = 200,000 \ *,- *i0 fz
4.5.2. S Í
@`
i AL *:5 +r ¡g @140 n AL
13,290 \ ó>\
fz11
U
`= 0# 213,290
92
`= 0#1-
0#1- fx 0# +> 1000 Q.n g, <
93
/ A#
1-
A#
1- S 6 S 6 z <E3 A++6
1. *+
94
¦D @*Ly N5u 6+E3 A \5 @L ór
L È<rB
f3©11
@g,# S º3 S º3 z AQ4, --@ *D+ AQ& G¿
/habitat connectivity/ @\6K fS LN /biodiversity conservation/ E 3
+© A5 a *i5 d3 /Green Infrastructures/
@*/` A
Am
,11 *gh# S º3 S º3 z +© ALAo AQ&E3 /natural habitats/
Sr ,Á js< **@
ór A \5 @L +
v ArRE3
*M,
5G0 /{ A@11
2. *,-
95
¡g 4% r R flash toilet `N *gh 18% E %j# 45% R
pit latrine +@ *gh 24% # # Af, *ÕH ¶@ E 1% r #
E r`M# +G@Õ *gh fGÊ11
A&
L G v (FEPA,2005)11 I
DE3 A\OT½ ANÓ S 6
@ iÁ *gh />-v M© Srx S 6 @W E rgh @*G F\
3Ò11
. W y\DQ
y\DQ Af, y\DQ
y\DQ @MM
@MM Qf L5 ,G
1 #\ *`L y\DQ - pH PQ3 @#>¶ NaoH,
detergents
# X1-
# X1- A.A EPA, 1999
96
*q G S º3 E+ A=9( (River bank) E
15 n
*`&Ó+ *w @
y/+ AQ& r E+ A=9( 50-100
n @S 6 z *`Ó+, E %`= E %j# E rA
Am,l <
y, E< iy +@ < È+6 E r3 A%
A& *D h +O11
.W y\DQ
y\DQ Af, @MM
@MM />
t-- *` n
Â\
1 \5< \5 y\DQ 146‚239
2 #\ *`L y\DQ 1‚795‚252
3 S5M + y\DQ 45‚967
4 y\DQ 205‚746
5 *0q y\DQ 50‚089
6 >¥ y\DQ 1‚089
7 &g y\DQ 31‚080
8 ¦N¦= y\DQ 1,992,597
9 t y\DQ 547‚860
10 E ¦ y\DQ 47‚805
# X1-
# X1-CSA,1999
97
¡& E*,`Á E`Ç *gv *G F\ fz11 A%
A& r5G
i> L 90% f gh S 6 zE3 xG-SL M¶ r5H i` /N0
AQ4, ,[DE3 fF fG{© (Eyob, 2010):: E,x *i &
r3 E %`Ç A
[O E+r5B *gh# f S 6 S 6 z AQ& +@
,-
#x `\t & t A Ê +@ A©<o pE @*5 fz11
3. A
3
L G S 6 S 6 z <E3 A><Í g, js<
E %Õ E %@¥ E %`W @05 +
3 [ @FRI ,11
98
4. z3 S 6 S 6 z <E3
<E3 f +@
+@ ,&o
js<
99
qft½ Ay/ f *gh r5G *
#< @*G F\ 3Ò11 *>>f#
A%
A&
L 90% f gh S 6 z <E3 xGSL iyDE3
+ ¡g x
L 50% gh M¶ AN0 i9v *gh @*5
3Ò (Eyob, 2010):: A%
A&
*K G S º3
E+ A=9( (river bank) 10-15 n *w @
y/+ AQ&
r E+ A=9( 50-100 n @S 6 z *`Ó+, E %`= E %j
E rA
Am,l < y, E<
yl x# f Ȧ# E r3
f`W (Green frame, 2004)::
#
11- A%
/@ # +@
(1999 !.#.)
#
21- r< /@ >D
S 6 AQ& #
31- Q /@ A0[ 00f AQ&
(1999 !.#.) M S 6 z /1999 !.#./
100
@g,# f G@Õ S º3 K AQd3 D+ r5B iA *
§E3
x6\ E0G *| EL5 _ [R * _ *
D+ G F\
E A
r3 xGSL &< f S
E#H FG *g E
Âf i\>, A*@Q * [ [E½ ¡gh S º3 z *S5 R
+fº S 6 z <E3 f M© O3 ** ` *|l @/ R@L
*Â `+ rD+ 05 S º3 z AQ& *ÕH _d3 AG
&@*
yyl # + ,[D />
r5= t-- S 6 Ð
L *¦*Á# ¦D
Af,-#0 *( <, *`M# *>i© S 6 K AQd3 D+
Q xRo xGSL iAE3 R +fº G@¾ 33 v11 *gh#
E,x 33 S 6 z Ep[d3 E %`Ç AQ& E %t +rB
*gh# ¦D S º3 K AQd3 * AQ& Á
,-xfS
f A©<o pE A>05[11
qG3
qG 3 G S 6 z <E3 A\O{ *[=o E AQ&+o
f f*l *gh *l# <E3 @
@ ,Ê Èr5B
&@*zv # + E,x <E3 xGSL iA QH t-- *0Í+
\ *>i© E =
N¨E3 E %r5&v #½ js< AL£11 fx @
S 6 z <E3 *D *i5 *| f 0 Rf @
Ð
9v G ,[DE3
!l `M js< &@*,><v # + <E½
@ r5B E =
N¨E3 A 0 xGSL @i3 A&\, ¶v
fº< L+ËE3 # + <E½ f Èr5B <M AA LN
E3
rRR E %
a© Er5G *gh iiu *5HE3 @*G F\ 3Ò11
100
4.3. \@ R ++ 33
qG3
qG 3 S 6 z K AQ \@ *
§E3 @+ ¡gh
I
D FRH _ t-- Ø Ï t-- @+ Rþ3 ,J
r+E3 SÌ t--E3 E S 6 z <E3 @*Â EL *`M# [,
`MÅ v11 S 6 z KG3 ¦&X js< < A\O{ 4-
15 n Gr *gh <S= ¡g fx# Èg z@ A\O{
&< + * fº<, +F *gh ,11
*
#< r5G&v 3 A g, Ö/l D+ G
qft3 *Q bD/l qf= A ¡g qfW D+ 1998/99!/# I# g
] (>J L/ - AG) E *>i© AGd3
EiÌ *gh @x# 180 Ï 20 iT3
E0
E rA`5v r5G N@-*`f= G@Õ ¡g [, G@¾ 33
*Q / Sr qfW E rG& x# # + Mr# ¡ 18 n LM
,5 fx qf= Ajh m¤ Sr 8 n / E @ §¶D K AG
A@G *b E rfG4 *
5#l S= ¾x K Sr qfW E %G&
f *L5 O D+ +© G|E3 >*
& b E(S +@
A> *gh [, G@¾ 33 v11
101
&R+ qf= *@ r5G
N@-*`f= *i5 qfW ¾x Sr 84 n
LM +@
*gh w
Dºd3 D+
G \
G *gh A
Dº 2000 !.# I# b
@
> *`3 AG *6{ AG
Ei` *gh Mr# ¡ D+ ,5 &x O/ AG M O3
b *gh 0Jl *i5 Û / Sr qfW fG& *gh @x#
AA 0R/ \ A rG,& r5G N@-*`f= #< @5RGL 3Ò11
x# R +fº FRH _l @LN= A,
{ xl @< xRo AN0
A@*
`l A©<o, GÆ11 x# ¦D G,u Dºd3 A\O{
qfW Ay/ f G,u *gh r5G #< @*G F\ 3Ò11
*
102
*| E ÏÏ+ SÑ @,íE3 *AÃ Q> fG&v r ,Ê <
,> < @A5 a, 6á *r5 f<11
y Si, yi
L S ¥ AL5 / ArR *`
AQ& G¿ E
> \O E ¶ S 6 R +@
W4 js< E rg, *5HE½ A@ fGÊ© (Scotish Environmental
Agency, 2009):::
103
f A©<o pE +r
*b *5Ì <E3 f M# AL
*@ fG&[Ã
Î/ S 6 K \
`\ G *<`\ AG * E %z
*<`+ \
`+ Aã3 *994 /+ *zv11 @#>¶
-S AG
A` R
>i FRIÃ
*/ S 6 S 6 zE3 f l E
> E f9© * fG&11 fx #
&o @05 l E
> A
| N`+ < *zv +
AR
(urban river management plan, 2010)Ã
{#
{ @M= />
t-- `= *| <3 i K
+i /water tight/ G `M# +
ARÃ E %j# Sr S 6
Ai />
t-- Sr 9D+ 9+ E %A
05
*i A@11 fx #
&o @05 © &d3 S +
AR11
q/ [ [ />
*
*3 E />
`M+E3 _d3 M©
5Ú# m¤ r />
j©# <E3 / Ï _d3/ M© 9#
tZü /slums/ AQ&E3 ¦# *M 3© *| <3 G,u
< 3 * A@&v11
104
Î/ *q A` ( S º3 S 6 zE3 f i pE
*
r S>4 fg11
11
@/ I J,D Aã3 *`M#1-
/ ArR FÓ, * z@ j©# &@0- AQ ,[D
x\5i\ *& S 6 yi
AQ&E3 ¡3 *gh O_
L
*& f<11
105
5.5. S 6 z <E3
[\
106
@+ AG M gh E[ 6+E3 i&i\Ã
Ep[ *+ S= *#5L (z@ *` Õrf Sd3
*`M# 5#l *+ AQ&
@g )Ã
• E[ AQ *@ E[ EJ Sf#
* fz11
@+ < i&
Sr < *9 E[ Mr# \ t/
FRI B0a0 EL &@ *| f * f<11 <
`=
y 80% A5 a Ep[ ZA g eXl *@
L O/ A5 a
y 20% ffOÃ fx# AG M O/ g
f*59Ã
C Ep[ A5 a
y A5 a
y 50% fgÃ
WLÏ Ep[ A5 a
y 10% *g f<Ã
• < *w E ft
LN 05 +
ARÃ
• < f ¥© @¥© //| A S
fz/E6 f*l/11
107
5.6.1. i Kf
@1000 Q.n < S 6 z @ @* &\ *:5
+rR11 *gh#1- @*tA @@
@
@S
/@1000 Q.n </
1 M m¤+o, @*
125 i +
A ¡g
125 x 30 \ = 3750
S 6 z O/ @S /@1000 n/
14 i M x 30 \ = 420
@1000 Q.n < S 6 z @* &\ 1-8 i
+
AR11
i Kf© *:5 +r5G @3 E \Q_ \z ¡g
AG *
` ¡I# 5 i Kf #
L A
G
U
`= 0# 4,170
5.6.2. \Ad3 /@1000 Q.n/
@O/ @//| @# 9/ 3T3 1000 Q| x 50
\ = 50,000
@AA /10C.n ZA / 1000 x 0.1 x 200 =
20,000
AL D+ 25 n.b /1 n.b 600 Â./ 25 x 600
x 3 = 45,000
K @1000Q.n /2500 È/ 2.5 x 50 = 125
Mf AZ[ 10% +x < * G0 +6 G* 10
C.n LM @*ZA 100 Q.n x 0.1 x 300
\/n.b = 3000
U
`= 0# 118,125
5.6.3.
*CD+
1 x 165 = 165
*z 1 x 108 = 108
108
&% 1 x 65 = 65
AQy 1 x 95 = 95
K `( ñ /n/ 30 x 14 = 420
RD 1 x 1150 = 1150
X0 1 x 175 = 175
t ¦ 1 x 175 = 175
Q 1 x 175 = 175
*
1 x 350 = 350
U
`= 0# 2,878
E rA
Am,l E r S
y
5.6.5. &<
5.6.5.1. *RF *}H _ &< /\P i/
109
FRI %Of *:5 S g @100
Q.n 2000 \ = 200,000 \ *,- *i0
fz
5.6.5.2. S Í
@`
i AL *:5 +r ¡g @140
n AL 13,290 \ ó>\
fz11
U
`= 0# 213,290
`= 0#1-
0#1- fx 0# +> 1000 Q.n g, S 6 z @ ,11
110
9M-
• A%
A& AQ& LN &@
9 (2002). A%
A&
S 6 zE3 +© js< +>f i> D] A%
A&
111