Corrigé Des Exercices Du Polycopié
Corrigé Des Exercices Du Polycopié
Corrigé Des Exercices Du Polycopié
"!#%$'&)(*#,+.-0/213+4#5768/9+4:<;=1>&?6
(%/7@=AB+3/21>&C+357DFE/26:<$57#G6B(%/ +>&CHB5JIK/26%6
/
LNMPO @QHR&#+S&?D%:>&6:S-T&1S(V2U/ WX&?D%:ZYKD
/8-Q&?1S/2[F\=/9] +^@QE5=#_$`&B
] -a57DF13YD57# LNMcbdLNMPO3O +e/f1>&
YKDQ&?6
(gHi/2h HB/Z6D%$Xjkl6/2ma/f:^@F-T&1n(VfU/ oF6%#_:4#5=6(%/p$q&rE7&?$,/2D%1CHB5JI/26%6
/<s
LNMtbuLNMPO3Ovxw3ygz A b{LNMPO4|4}8z A | vxw4y A }8z A |b~w3ygLNMPO4}8z A |>
2U/ E/2$57-F-05=6
+^@F5=6i5=%:4#,/26:s
w y A }8z A |b w ygLNMPO A }z A | w ygLNMPO }z A |>
s-x
s
0
x x
#G6:*9U/ ;=1>&$/ +4DF1 +3/\?&?$\fDF$,/V-T&1$,/V:4 ^U/ 5=19/2] HB/n(%/V$'&CHB5JI/26%6/K@7/f:E7&DF: TzQb A |* j
/9+4:3/Z(%5=6
\SYKD
/
zJ|Vv z A |Tzb A | A
YKD576&?-%-0/2$G$,/21>&r-%$GD
+ :>&?13(gD%6i-F135*(*D%#G:(%/S\95=6E5=$_D%:4#5=6j
n6&
Qz A <| bQz A | Tz A | Qz |bTzXK|
v
TzXK|
!*5=#G:^@/f6g-%13/26Q&?6:C$'&2 )(%/9+n(%/2DF[RH/2Hr%13/9+s
zXK|
KNz A |VvTz A |
TzX|
y
(%5=6:S#G$/9+4:#_H8H9U/ (*#q&?:"YKD
/8$'&+357$GD%:4#576;2U/ 6 2U/ 1>&?$,/8/9+4:"Z * 5DP] /2:+35=6:"(%/9+
\95=6
+4:>&?6:3/9+C&14%#G:41>&?#_13/9+^j
y
x zXf| +3/21>&57F:3/f6D
//26#G6:*9U/ ;=1>&6: }8zX2|V e^3 (
&6+$/
(%5=HR&#G6
/ ~zX 2| @*$'&8+4IH2U/ :414#,/S+.-% 2U/ 14#,YKD
/(%576F6
/"&?$,5=13+
zXf|vK}8zX2|4 Cv *'' J
+e/f1>&r1>&=\2#_6
/Z(F/" zX2|vxgz HR&?[#GH"D%H(%/" zX2|4| @T+35=#_: bK> vd 5=D
v
C6&?D%1>& vC zXf| /f: vC zX2| @-FD%#,+eYD/ zX2| /^+.:6
5=14HR&$G#+F9U/ /Kj
57D%1C\J&$\2D%$,/21 576-0/2D%:-Q&?14:4#_1C(*D\J&?$,\2D%$(%/
1
0.8
c0
c1
1/2
c2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
N c'fq>
2%NN=
JN > )8
' ='>l v
0 1 2 3 4
%$
5D ]
v
&V5=HHB/g576-0/2D%:$/\9576+4:>&:3/21+4D%1$q&o;7D%13/ @E7&?$/fDF1HB5JIK/f6F6
/7@E7&$/2D%18$q&
-%$GD
+-%1357T&%$/Z/2:n1>&=\2#_6
/Z(F/)$q&rE7&?$,/2D%1CYDT&7(*1>&?:4#YD/ZHB5JI/26%6
/)6/S\95(' )G6
\2#(%/26:V-T&7+^j
k<613/2H8-%$q&+\J* &6:)C-Q&1+>&rE7&$/2D%15=6i:4135=D%EK/"&$5=13+nYKD
/
L Ov
, / .
-
HrD%$_:4#G-%$G#,5=6
+-Q&1 9 /2: WX&?#+3576+S&S] 657D%EK/J&D 9"4;v 7@57657%:4#/26:n(
&?6
+ $/)HB/fHr%13/
(%/(*1357#G:3/)$'&8(2U/ o%6%#G:4#,5=6(F/)$q&E7&?$,/2D%1HB5JI/26%6
/(%/MLs
K 9vL L O>
l/ \J&$\2D%$(%/ L L O /9+4:+3/2Hr%$q&?%$/<sJ5=6"(V2U/ 14#GE/V(%/2DF[pWN5=#,+0-Q&11>&?-%-a5714: & ] 9 $'&13/f$'&?:4#,5=6
z DK| @576gH"D%$G:4#G-%$_#/S-T&1 9 @F-%DF#,+C576gWX&#G: 98<;Sv K@13/9+4:3/<s
K z K b |N9 vL L z L b |3O>
&576%6T&#+3+>&?6: L L ^ObL L O @F576/26(V9U/ (*DF#_: n
vL L 9ObxL L O j
O K KNN=
k
L L Ov
zv
YKD%#\95(' )_6\f#(%/Z&9EK/^\p$q&r1*2U/ -05=6
+3/fU/ $22U/ HB/f6:>&?#_13/Z(F/Z$q&01^/9] ;7$/Z(%/Z:4135=#,+2j
/^] +)YKD576& zv [ kP5=6-a/2D%:)\^5=6
+4#(V2U/ 13/21$'&8$57#F#_6
5=H8#q&?$/"\957H8HB/SDF6
/S$57#
(%/ 5=#,+3+e576(a`9U/ \J&14:4:I-a/<s
v L L Ov k
v
57D%1q v @K5=6R& L L Ov Q /2:(F576
\ [* @K/2:-05=D% 1 q v @ L L Ov @
\9/ZYKD%#aE/2D%:C(*#_13/ZYKD#G$0I&?D%1>&?#_:/f6gHB5JI/26%6
/)DF6
%/)HB57$f9U/ \fDF$,/):35=D%: $/9+ (*# [gH8#_$G$_#5=6
+
(ZYR>wC+% >z>/R8\ww(p p
zw8>Yp
/>wp+> R>(
ww(
>wp
>
%
hQ&=\9576+ (%/B)$G#_:413/ S j
&?-%-%1359[*#GHR&:4#5=6(%/S!:4#_14$G#_6;R(%5=6%6
/<s
k k { ? k ?
zk b |
[
,
,
? zk b ,
|{ ?
,
+35=#G:s
}8z |v z k b k 9Q| { ? z k 9Q| ?
, ? zk b , |{ ? ,
C6gE7&HR&#G6:3/f6T&6:i^U/ \214#G13/<s
k b k 9
? v b k 9
?
b
{ ,
b
{
k k
,| ,
/2:nDF:4#_$G#,+e/f1$,/pWX&#G:nYKD
/<s y
A
$G #_H z b | { v
{ k
E $E#,/26:&?$5713+ YKDQ&?6
( z k b ,
|\ s
}8z |Vv ?
? R
, ?
,
&YWN(aj
576:4135=6
+)YD/"\7/9+4:%#/f6D%6/S$57#(F/S-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:FKU/ j &6%#GWN/9+4:3/2HB/f6: }8z , J
|
/2: ? , 8
} z
| v R v 8
} z |
Kj 5=6
\ , 13/2-%1*9U/ +3/26:3/S%#/26iDF6
/S$57#(F/Z-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:*7U/ j
&&$\2D%$,5=6
+ + &"E7&?$/fDF1HB5JIK/f6F6
/S/2:+>&rE7&?14#q&?6
\9/7j
L L OVv % w ?
v R w ? v ?
% w
v
?A@
,
?A@
z b | ?A@ ,
, ,
/)H/2h HB/S/26d9U/ \214#_E7&?6:s
v
b | z b |
,
z b | z ~
, , ,
5=62U/ :>&?%$_#G:nWX&=\2#_$/2HB/f6:CYD/ L L Ov @F(%5=6
\SYKD
/ v j
(ZY /wpw/
\w
w>wpw
pw
zp8\>>>Y
!+\w
>Jwpw
w8J+c/wZ(pR>z> >/>p
w!~ />/>
>wp8w+tw(
>wz >Yw
w!
w/> z
%D
` a+bcbGd+e(f
?6g&V5=H8HB/Pa/J&D
\95=D%-(%/PE7&?14#'&%$/9+&$fJU/ &:35=#_13/9+g13/26
\9576:41*9U/ /9+
M
+35=6:0-05=#+3+35=6%6%#/f6F6
/9+A2@Q$/B1F8U/ h
/>[%/g/9+4:E#G:3/R-%14#+(0`9U/ \214#G13/R:35=D%:1*9U/ +4DF$_:>&?:+35=D
+r$q&
WN5=14HB/r " jV & /ZYKD%#6/9+4:-Q&7+:357D 57D%13+
/2D%13/2DF[aj
!DF1"$'&o
;7DF13/ 576&:41>&7\T8 U/ $X %#+4:35K;71>&?H8HB/B-05=D%1Mk v /f:\957H8-Q&?1FR U/ &D*[&-F
-%1359[*#GHR&:4#5=6
+;&D+3+4#/f6F6
/V/2:<(%/ 57#+3+35=6j?CD
\2D%6
/V6/9+4::419/9] +05=6%6
/ z 6F#*:41^/^] +HR&DF
E7&?#,+e/ | j
0.4
Poisson
Exact
0.3 Gauss
P(k)
0.2
0.1
0.0 0 2 4 6 8
k
N l7 =e='f= S ='S 4R 3R 2N N%
y
E $ +4DF8:n(%/Z(VfU/ EK/2$,5=-%-a/f1C+35=D
+V$/Z+4#,;=6
/Z+35=H8HB/S8 ? /26-%DF#,+3+ &6
\9/
%( / , j E $E#/26:
L ? Ov LNMPO b , LqM Ob , LNM O
,
U
| &V5=HHB/
z A | v49+z A b |;wz A |
5=6i5=%:4#/f6: y
L ? O v h z |Vv49 ? <;K
,
| &(%/26
+4#G:F)U/ (%/C-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*)U/ (%/C$'&SE7&?14#q&?%$/C v{MTM 49iM = /^+.:$/
-%135*(D%#_:(%/\^5=6E5=$_DF:4#,5=6"(%/ z A | K WN5=#+a-Q&1/2$G$,/2Hi/2h HB/7@?+357#G: z A | z A |Y/ z A | @
(%5=6
\$q&8WN5=6
\2:4#576\J&1>&=\2:F2U/ 14#,+4:4#YKD
/(%/SR@T:41>&?6
+4WN5=14H9U/ /r(%M / 57D%14#/21Z(%/\9/-%135*(*D%#G:
(%/\^5=6E5=$_DF:4#,5=6i+3/21>&(%5=6%6 9U/ /Z-Q&?1
h z |Vvz z |4| = v:z 9 ? ;>| =
, ,
| jn:4#G$G#,+35=6
+ 9< ;Sv Z/f: v K 9
h z |Vv xz b | =
?
, ]
y K ^
&57H8HB/Z576+>&?#_:YD/Z$_#GH
=
z A Q K | = v @576&"-a5=D%1 K ;=1>&6(
h z ~| [ 2/ [- z ? b |>
,
C6gEfU/ 14#Go
/rYD/Z$q&rWN5=6
\2:4#,5=6i(F/Z-Q&?14:4#_:4#576(%/)$'&8(*#+4:414#_FD%:4#,5=6(%/ 5=#+3+35=6
{
w U ? { v #
{ @
k
-%DF#,+C/26i(V2U/ E/2$57-F-Q&6:$,/Z$5K;&?14#_:4FH/
$_6 h z , |v b ,
K 9
;
K , K
9
;
b
,
K
;
,
K
9
;
/9+4:3/Z+3/2D%$/fHB/26: z /26D%:4#_$G#+>&6:&"
] 657D%EK/J&D
9 ;Zv | YKD
/
$G6 h z , |Vv b , z |>
K
6/26(9U/ (*D%#G:/26-%13/26Q&?6:$'&:41>&6
+.WN5714H9U/ /R#G6E/213+3/(F/ h z , | YKD
/$q&(%/26
+4#G:FR
C U/ (%/
-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FSU/ (%//9+4:
z |Vv 7
kl:(F576
\ZYKD
/p$q&8(%/26
+.#_:*ZU/ (%/p-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*SU/ (F/Z ^/ +.:
zNBv = ZN
CDT&6
( K @ Q K v /2:(%5=6
\B$'&WN5=6
\2:4#,5=6
}8z'M = | \9/26:41F^U/ /B/26 M v LNMPO (F/fE#/26:r(%/-%$_D+S/26P-%$GD
+2U/ :4135=#_:3/7@0+3576Hg&J[#_HrD%H
:3/26
(E/213+r$#_6Fo%6%#X@HR&#+"+35=6#_6:*9U/ ;71>&?$/813/^+.:3/9U/ ;&?$,/&
] 7jkl$_$/B6 &-Q&=+"(%/B$G#GH#G:3/
\95=HHB/rWN576\f:4#5=6@aHR&?#,+):3/26
(E/213+Z$'&R(*#+4:414#G%D%:4#576(%/ #_1>&=\ -%$'&7\T9U/ /8/f6 M j /
\J&?$,\2D%$/9+4:n#GH8H^U/ (#q&?: +35=#_
: z A | R@F#_$WX&?D%: HB5=6:413/21)YKD
/
$G#G H z A |4}z A |4 A v z MP |>
=
C6gWX&#G:n$/Z\3T&6
;K/2HB/f6:C(%/ZE7&?14#q&?%$/
A v M
K
/2:n#G$E#,/26:
$G#_ H z A |4}8z A |4 A v M 2
= K
/:4 9U/ 5=1^/f] HB/)(%/C$'&S\9576EK/f13;K/26
\9/)(%57H8#G6 CU/ -0/214HB/2: (%/C-Q&=+3+3/21Z&Z
] $'&Z$G#_H8#G:3/ K @
#G$13/9+4:3/
X = z A |4}8z A |4 A v z MP | 2 v z A |>
FC6&8\2$'&#G13/2HB/f6:Ps
M {
v"! ! K! {
5D ] $,/9+ ! +35=6:rkPE7&?14#'&%$/9+"&?$fJU/ &?:357#G13/9+#G6
(V2U/ -a/26
(
&?6:3/9+Z-F13/f6T&6:Z$/^+pE7&$/2D%13+ z 8 |
&9EK/9\$'&r-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:* U/ wP jGjn6/p+e57H8HB/)(%/)E7&14#'&?%$,/9+n&?$f?U/ &?:35=#_13/9+V(%/)HB5JIK/f6F6
/)6D%$_$/
/9+4:n/26
\95=13/ZD%6
/pE7&14#'&F$,/S&?$fJU/ &?:357#G13/Z(%/ZHB5JIK/26%6
/Z6D%$G$,/7@(%5=6
\ L A { Ovx j
&(*#,+.:>&6
\9/R&r] $X5=14#;7#G6
/)6/9+4:n-Q&=+ M { @FHR&?#,$ + # M { # @+35=#G: M jaC1s
{
M v w ! w ! ! &
@'
%&
{
%
&57H8HB/ !4 v /2: (L ! ! & OVvL(! O2L(! & Ovx8z :4#G1>&7;K/9+#G6
(V2U/ -a/26
(
&?6:3+ | @K#G$%E#,/26: LNM{ Ov
kjFkl:p(%5=6
\)$'&(*#,+.:>&6
\9/ \2135h)G:n\957H8HB/ kj
&8;2U/ 6 2U/ 1>&?$_#+>&?:4#,5=6& ] -%$_D+4#,/2D%13+)(*#GHB/26
+4#576
+C/9+4:2U/ E#(%/26:3/<sQ576x9U/ \214#_:CE/9\2:35714#/2$_
$/2H/26:
)+bNb* bN { - v !, .
!, {
5=62U/ $X/2] E/Z&?DR\J&141*CU/ +3\J&$'&?#_13//f: \95=H8H/ / # ! , # v /2: YKD
/C:35=D%:3/9+$,/9+V5=14#,/26:>&:4#5=6
+V(%/ ! ,
+35=6:R9U/ YKD%#_-F1357Q&?%$/9+ @F5=6&/26
\95713/CD%bXb
6
b/p E7&$/2D%1 HB5JI/26%6/S(%/9+ -%135*(D%#_:3++3\J&$'&?#_13/9+
6D%$G$,/ z4L0! , 1! , & Ov L \95+32 O4| /f:(%576\ L # )4 * { # Ov kj
&V5=6:41>&?#G13/fHB/26:p&?DRHB57DFE/2HB/f6: T&$G#,+.:4#,YKD
/ z HB57DFE/2HB/f6:C(0 DF6-%135 /^\2:4#G$,/ | 5D ]
$X5=6{EK57#G:R$'&P(*#+4:>&?6
\9/\f135?h)G:413/-%1357-a5=14:4#,5=6%6
/2$G$,/2HB/26:&?D{:3/2H8-
+^@$/iHB5=D%E/2HB/26:
%135 7n6%#/26~/9+4:"\J&?1>&7\2:*2U/ 14#,+*U/ -T&1SDF6
/B(*#+4:>&6\^/BYKD%#V\2135h)_:r\^5=H8HB/$'&g1>&7\2#G6
/B\J&141*9U/ /
(*DB:3/2H8-
+^j)+4IH8-%:357:4#YKD
/2HB/f6:^@$#GE135K;=6
/+9`2U/ $57#;76/f1>&#_6
(VfU/ oF6%#_HB/26:n(%/$5=14#,;=#_6/K@
&9EK/9\BD%6
/BE#G:3/9+3+3/BYKD%# :3/26
(E/213+ j E $V$,/WN/f1>&&9EK/9\BD%6
/B-F1357Q&?%#G$_#G:* U/ 9U/ ;&$/B(
&?6
+
:35=D%:3/9+ $/9+(*#G13/9\2:4#,5=6
+^j
`Ma+b6587# 9 bG d+e8N b65\a
ef_d+eCD8$_#/2D(F/ +^#_6:*2U/ 13/9+3+3/21p&p ] (%/9+E7&?$,/2D%13+lHB5JIK/f6F6
/9+
5=6"-a/2D%:<\e
/213\3
/21$'&-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:*U/ }z AZ | YKD
/V$X #GE135;=6
/V+35=#G:<&Dr-05=#G6:lAi&] $X #G6
+4:>&?6:
>j &6+ $/)-%1357F$X/2] HB/R&r ] D%6
/S(#_HB/26
+4#576 @F5=6&r6 9U/ \9/9+3+>&?#_13/2HB/26:s
}8z A |v }8z A b KZ |}8z A KZ | z K|
\9/ZYKD%#/>[-%14#GH/<s
# | YKD#G$06/-a/2D%:n;&7;=6
/21$,/)+4#G:3/)AYKD
/Z+4#X@F&DR:3/2H8-
+V-F1F^U/ \T9U/ (%/26:^@6
57:413/)#GE135;=6
/
2U/ :>&?#_:C(
&6+ D%6+4#G:3/)#_H8H9U/ (*#q&?:3/2HB/f6:CE5=#,+.#_6@
#_# | YKD #G$KE7&n+35=#G:&] ;&?D
\e
/7@9+35=#_:V&] (*1357#G:3/&9E/9\l$q&Hi/fh HB/l-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:FU/ j `9U/ YDT&:4#576
zT=| -a/2D%:/26
\95=13/Z+^`9U/ \214#G13/S/2613/2:41>&6\3Q&?6: }8z AZ | & ] +3/9+n(%/2DF[gHB/2H"F13/^+s
}z AZ |b}z AZ |Vv 8 } z b |}8z A 7Z |b}z AZ |
A KZ
5=6WX&?#_:$,/Z(VfU/ EK/2$,5=-%-a/fHB/26:p(F/VU<&9I$571&?D+3/9\^5=6
(g5713(*13/(0 DF6
/ZWN5=6
\2:4#,5=6 z A | s
z A | z A b |<b z A |Vv Nz A |Wz |
] $9U/ YKDQ&:4#5=6i(%/Z$'&(*#GmQD
+.#,5=6 . j ] D%
6 /S(*#GHB/26
+4#576/f$G$/S+^`^U/ \214#G:s
-%DF#,+) v Kj 5DR
} > }
v z |
A
(%5=6:n$'&+357$GD%:4#576 z 6
5=14Hg&?$G#,+*9U/ / | /9+4:
}8z A | v YX
=
&C/9+4:$q&-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FS U/ YKD
/S$X#_E135K;76
/+357#G:p&?D-05=#_6:C(0 &?
+3\2#+3+3/ZA&?Di:3/2H8-
+xn(
&?6
+
$'&rE/213+4#576i04\95=6:4#_6D
/28(%/Z$'&rHg&?13\3/"&DgQ&=+>&13(aj
C6-0/2D%:)EK57#G1ZYD/YKDQ&?6
| ( n:3/26
(E/213+ @%$q&8-F1357Q&?%#G$_#G:*U/ }8z AZ | (%576F69U/ /S-Q&?1
$X`9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6 K:3/f6({E/213+$q&(*#+4:414#G%D%:4#576(%/ #G1>&7\ @YKD%#S(V9U/ \214#_:$q&+4#G:4DQ&?:4#,5=6
#G6%#G:4#q&?$,/5D ] $#_E135K;76/S/9+4: z +KDFh 13/fHB/26: | /26 6 ) &?D:3/2H8-
+ j E $/9+4:R2U/ E#,(%/26:)YD/<s
M vd A Z X A vx
z -Q&?1n-T&14#G:FU/ | /2:YKD
/<s
M v A Z X A v
57D%1\^/2:4:3/S(F/f146F#X/2] 13/9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6i5=6WX&?#_:$,/Z\eQ&6;/2HB/26:(%/)E7&14#'&?%$,/ZA v 2@\9/
YKD%#l(%576F6
/S#GH8H9U/ (*#'&?:3/fHB/26:Z$,/1F9U/ +4D%$G:>&:)#GH-a5=14:>&6:ZYKD
/ M V [ >@Q-%D%#+p5=6D%:4#G$_#+3/
$'&8E7&?$,/2D%1Z(% / z | j &/^+.:D%6/&?D%:413/"(VfU/ HB5=6
+4:41>&?:4#,5=6YKD
/"$'&B(*#+4:>&?6
\9/&8 ] $X5714#;7#G6
/
\2135h)_:/f6 /2:n-Q&=+n/26 2j
6iEK/2141>&8-%$GD
+n:>&?13(YD/Z$q&WN5=14H"DF$,/ z K | \95(' )G6
\2#(%/S&9E/9\Z$'&0`$5=#(%/r#\S\#2BYKD%#
C
/9+4: DF6
/Z$57#:419/9] +n;2U/ 6 2U/ 1>&$/Z(%/9+-%135*\9/^+e+4D
+ (%/(*#_mTD
+4#5=6j
&HB5JI/26%6/(F/^+8:41>& /2:3+R(0 &D%:35=HB57F#_$/i/9+4:R(F/i:35=D%:3/gWX&Y\9* 5=6
(%/$5713(13/(%/ \HB+^jlCE7&6:8(057
+e/f14EK/21D%6/2m0/2:B&D+3+4#o%6YKD
/\9/2$_DF#nYKD%#n/9+4:
#G6
\214#_H8#G6 7U/ @F#_$WX&?D%:C(0 &?a5713(57h :3/21\9/2:4:3/S\J&?D
+>&?$_#G:FCU/ :414#_E#'&$/7j
:( - 8
n8w#]/wwz_ ^\( /w+> /
&V/9\2#*6
/V-F1357D%EK/ 14#/26(F/V-%$GD
+<YKD
/<s:357D%:3/-0/213+35=6%6
/ /268/>[%\9/2$G$,/26:3/n\95=6
(*#G:4#,5=6
-%I*+4#YKD
/& ] $ &?6
+V&Z(
&fE7&6:>&=;/(%/n\eQ&6\^/(%/E#GE13/n-F$_D
+E#/2DF[BYKD
/$'&)HB5JI/26%6
/7j
& F814HR&:4#576u(%/ H` / U/f#+3+4#/21B/^+.:BD%6
/-%$'&#+>&?6:3/214#/<s\9/6/^+.:B-Q&7+-Q&13\9/
YKDD%6 2U/ ET/2] 6
/2HB/f6:Z-a/2D%:S+3/-%135*(*D%#G13/857D-T&7+ZYKD
/$/^+p-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*9U/ +S+35=6:Z(%/ P
k[F/2H-F$,/(%/-F1FfU/ E#+4#576Ss#_$rI &?D%1>&(
&?6
+g$ &?6%6 9U/ /& ] EK/26%#_1(%/;7135K+-%135=%$X/2] HB/9+
9U/ \957657H8#YD/^+9j
`Ma+bcbG d+e(f
?6
g /9+/>[F/2H8-%$,/9+(%/\9/R;K/26%13/B-%DF$_$GD%$/f6:^j &?1/>[F/fH8-%$/7@lYKD
/
b a (%/9+&1419/2h :3+"(F/8:41>&9E7&#G$n&?#,/26:"$G#,/2D&D%:35=D%1"(F/^+ 7 /9L/ \/f6(%+"(V2U/ HB5=6:413/7@+4DF1S$q&
\95=6
+3\2#,/26
\9/8-%135=WN/9+3+4#576F6
/2$_$/R(%/9+/fH8-%$5JI9U/ +^@ =Qq47' (F/R\9/YKDD%6
/R1*JU/ &=\2:4#,5=6
+4-a5=6:>&?6 9U/ /Z(%5=6%6
/21>&?#_:s 5=D%13++.D%1 + 7 /9c/ \/26
(%+C/2: R Q7Svxb a j
5=DF[:3/f6:$,/9t
f &?6%#_WN/9+4:3/2HB/26: }8z , |Vv @F#_6(2U/ -0/26
(
&?6:(%/ ,
jFk<:s
k
L L Ov w{ v k zk | v k
k ?A@ , k
1*9U/ +4D%$G:>&?:YKD%#6/9+4:n-Q&=+n+.D%14-%13/26Q&?6:^j &&$\2D%$576
+$,/Z+e/^\95=6
(RHB5=HB/f6:s
L L Ov w{
k
?A@
,
!*5=H8HB576
+$9U/ YKDQ&:4#5=6
z K| (%/Z$X`fU/ 6576
\TZU/ /26:413/ /2J : ks
z |`
w { w { z k |vd { A A v k
?A@ ?A@
, ,
!*5=#G:s
zX |
L L OVv k k
$
/2:
k
vL L ObL L O v z k |>
dfehgKiGjkhlmeon 8>
wpr8Uwp>>ppJJ>> wz
%>w
/pw\>
n(
/ww
n
q p < r ED sut ww v xz~ D st z z| } v0~ ~
xzby {|S} |}
>> w Y> >wR>J>X
z(>r
fM R nzt8tR
w
/wwzR8 pw >
$
&r$,5=#(%/Z-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FSU/ /9+4: $'&$,5=#a%#G6
57H8#'&$/<s
}8z |Vv ? 9 ? z b Q9 | { ? v ?
, B { { B {
C6+>&?#_:nYKD &?$,5=13+s
k
L L Ov k 9v
-%DF#,+3YKD
/ 9v /2:s
v k 9z | b 9Q|Vv k
&6
+$/C\?&=+V(0D%6R:4#G1>&7;K/D%6%#GWN5714HB/7@K$'&SE7&?14#'&6
\9/C\21357#+3+>&?#_:/26k :>&?6
(*#+VYD #\2#@
/2$G$,/B\2135h)_:Z/26 kj!#V5=613/9;&?13(%/$,/81>&?-%-a5714:r(%/$`9U/ \?&?14:4X:I-0/&R ] D%6/B;71>&?6
(%/2D%1S\J&?
1>&=\2:FfU/ 14#+4:4#YKD
/(*D-%135=%$X/f] HB/ 8YKD576-%13/26
(*1>&#\2#9U/ ;&?$,/X & ] k Q= @5=6~:4135=D%E/g(
&?6
+
$/"\J&=+DF6%#_WN5=14HB/"DF6^U/ \J&?14:4X:I-0/r13/2$q&?:4#_W\9576+4:>&6: [ Q YKDQ&?6
|
( k @&?$,5=13+
YKD#_$:3/26
(gE/213+ /f6 Q k(
&?6
+V$/S\J&7+(*D /2D(%/Z-%#G$,/Z5=DWX&7\9/7j 57DFJ 1 k v K @
$/9+R9U/ \J&14:3+4:I-a/S+35=6: 13/9+4-0/9\2:4#GE/2HB/f6:)(%/Z$X5=13(*13/S(F/ % VD /f: j j
E $
+^ &7;=#_:l/26
\95713/ (F/ $'&C$,5=#*%#G6
57H8#'&$/7@?HR&#+<\9/2:4:3/ WN5=#+&9EK/9\ 9v j 576
\<s
}8z |Vv ? ? z b | { ?
, B {
k
C6&DF1>& L L OVv /2:s
K
k
v KK z b K | [ L L O>
] k v K @^/f68#(%/26:4#_oQ&?6: z b ` . | `` &C
&?6
+$/ \J&=+<5Dy ] $G#_H { z b | { v s
{
}8zXK|vz b | `` vz b | .` [
K
}8z |v K z b | S>S>S [}8zXK|
K
K
|DVD%D }8zXK|
}zX|v b z b | S>S } [
KK
K
|DVDVD DVD% }8zXK|
}8z |v
S z b K | S>S [ $
:0; GF z> _ n
( wR>w >
z>w#J 8>wZJR8#
/z>J> (
wt> #>/(
zH
zwzp
z>/nw\/>- wwJ> 8w b
T
&/YKD%#T+4#,;=6%#Go
/nYKD/26;=135+^@$,/9+l-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:*9U/ +V(05=%:3/26%#_1 5=D $'&-F#_6&?$_F#_6
5K+(
&?6
+
D%69U/ \3Q&?6:4#_$G$,5=6i(F/ K +3576:n+e/f6+4#_F$,/2HB/26:$,/9+VH/2h HB/^+9@V9U/ ;&$/9+Z& ] j $V $q&?-%#G6
+
&?$_F#_6
5K+n5=6:DF6
/S-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FZU/ HB57#G:4#fKU/ @
(%/Z$X5=13(*13/"(F/ j_ $'&-F#_6
+C(%/$5713(13/S(%/
j V$ p/2:n$/)13/9+4:3/ zN @ @jGj_j K $q&?-%#G6
+ | @FD%6
/p-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*SU/ (VfU/ 14#+35=#_13/Z(F/ j K j
&V/2:4:3/C$,5=#0(F/p(#,+4:414#G%D%:4#5=6(%/C$q&?-%#G6
+ &?$_%#G6
5K+V/9+4:D%6
/)(*#+4:414#_FD%:4#,5=6i(F/ 57#+3+35=6
z +4#\ | j
uG3~f M { /9+4:)D%6
/rE7&?14#q&?%$/&?$fJU/ &?:357#G13/"YKD%#E7&14#//f6:413/"/2:ks&?D
kTX#/2] HB/):4#_1>&=;/7@#_$I&k )a57DF$,/9+ /2:n6 ^U/ \9/9+3+>&?#G13/fHB/26:n&DgHB57#G6
+ DF6
/)%$'&6
\e
/Z/2:
D%6/Z6
5=#_13/7j klU E#(%/2H8HB/f6: }>z |v Kj
& | C6+e/R\9576E7&?#_6
\21>&WX&=\2#_$/2H/26: z />[&?H#G6
/21:357D
+r$/^+\J&7+-05K+3+4#G%$/9+"/2:"$/2D%1
;K/26/9] +3/ | YKD
/ } z |nv } zX|v Q7 j /ZHi/2h H/ " YKD
/ } z |nv } zXK|nv} z |nv
Q jTC6&8(%5=6
\Z$X #G6:4D%#_:4#5=6YD/ } { z , | E7&D%: Q k/2:)\9/K@'Tn` % T= Q , j
{
&/)-0/2D%:"/2h :413/)D%6
/Z$57#(F/)-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*Z U/ -FD%#,+eYD/ w v w { v 7j
k k
?A@ ?A@
| 5=6:413576
+-Q&11F^U/ \2D%1413/26
\9/SYKD
/Z\7/9+4: %#/26$/Z\?&=+^jkl6i/2m0/2:^@F5=6-a/fDF:g9U/ \f14#G13/
$X`2U/ ET/2] 6
/2HB/f6: 0e&9EK57#G1/>[
&=\2:3/2H/26: , 05=D%$/^+0%$q&?6
\e
/9+&6 D k l#X/f] HB/l:4#G1>&7;K/ 2\95=HHB/
1*2U/ D%6%#5=6(%/Z(F/fD*[x2U/ EfU/ 6/fHB/26:3+(#,+ 5=#G6:3+(%5=6:$,/9+-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*9U/ +C+^ & 57DF:3/f6:s
} {
z |Vvd} { z |i} q } { z b |u} q
, , ,
5D ] } q/9+4:C$'&-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*U/ z \^5=6
(*#G:4#576%6/f$G$/ | (%/:4#_13/21)D%6
/05=D%$/Z6
5=#_13/rYDT&6
(#G$I
& a57DF$,/9+V%$'&?6
\3
/9+/f: } q $'&r-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*)U/ (%/):4#G13/21nD%6
/)a5=D%$,/C%$'&?6
\3
/ZYKDQ&?6
(#_$
I , &/26(U/ & ] , b %\95=H8H/p$,/)$57:C/9+4:"&
i ] \3Q&=YKD
/ZWN5=#,+(%/rk )05=D%$/9+s
b
} q v k ,
k
/2:s
b
} q v ,
k
!*5=#G:s
} { 2z |Vv z b |4} z |uz b |4} z b | z K|
k { , { ,
, k , ,
C6-05=D%141>&?#_:81*9U/ +35=D
(*13//26;2U/ 6 2U/ 1>&?$\9/2:4:3/ 9U/ YDT&:4#576u(%/1*9U/ \2D%1413/26
\9/7@Hg&?#+B#_$)/9+4:
-%$GD
+)1>&?-%#(%/8(%/E2U/ 14#Go
/21S(*#G13/^\2:3/2HB/26:r+4D%1Z$X`9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6 z K| YKD
/ } { z , |v Q k/9+4:
$'&+357$GD%:4#576YKD%#\9571413/9+4-a576(P& ] } fz |v Kj
:
ZY\M8 q D q ID SRG;
i > q 1: D TRL:
8 i #8w+( w>zV w!ww
_ ]
( wU
(ww8C8zpww8R/ w ^
\ | C6&p(%576\5=%:3/26DBD%6
/-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*U/ D%6%#GWN5714HB/7@\95=H8H/r&Z ] $X/>[F/213\2#,\9/r jRj6
\J&?$,\2D%$&?6Q&$5K;7D
/)(%5=6%6
/21>&(%5=6
\Z#GH8H9U/ (*#'&?:3/fHB/26:s
LNM { Ov k z |
/2:s
vLNM { Ob{LNM { O v z k b |>
&WN5=14H"D%$/ z | 2U/ :>&?#_:-%1*2U/ E#+4#_F$,/7j=kl6/2ma/f:^@?+35=#G: { $q&E7&?14#q&?%$/ &$fJU/ &:35=#_13M
/ 06
5=H"%13/
(%/a57DF$,/9+86
5=#_13/9+&?i D kTX#/2] HB/:4#G1>&7;K/ 2~ j &V/2:4:3/E7&?14#q&?%$/5= 2U/ #G:fU/ E#(%/2H8H/26:P& ] $q&
H/2h HB/Z$,5=#(%/S(*#+4:414#G%D%:4#576YKD
/ M { /f:C(%/Z-%$GD
+576&r:357D 5=D%13+s
M {
{
v k
&rWN5=14H"D%$/ z | V ( 9U/ \957DF$,/S&?$,5=13+C(%/9+9U/ ;&$G#_:*9U/ + LNM { { OVvLNM { OxL { OVv k
/2: LqM { OvL { O j
( | &57H8HB/ M { b { vxM { b Z5=6i(V9U/ (*DF#_:)YKD
/<s
o? B v o v z k b |>
&?#G6:3/26Q&?6:n&D k#X/2] H/:4#G1>&7;K/C#_$Ig&p:357D 57D%13+DF6
/C05=D%$/n6
5=#G13/K@D%6
/Ca57DF$,/
%$'&?6
\3
/p-%$_D! + k b )05=D%$/9+ %$'&6\3
/9+C57Dg6
57#G13/9+R9U/ YKD%#G-%1357T&%$/9+^j 5=6
\<s
} { z |v
{ B {
?
,
zz! 0H
w(J>R z 8 wx
wpw>
Ur
88>
: G n
(>
t/J
r \(
>wz
/ww/M C
ywwR/ u o1e e
i
e
w/wpz w 8\w+w/wUt p/Jw>w
O GH
wzw\8U r>M % w/~
UV/xn H
/% w
8!w
>( Az
-%1*9U/ +3/26:>&?:3/fDF1n/26
+4D%#G:3/ | j &?6
+$'&"+4:41>&?:*9U/ ;7#/ 045=6\3T&6
;K/C/f: 5=6R-%13/26
($q&-a5714:3/C6
5=6
5=D%E/214:3/V-T&1$/-%1*9U/ +3/26:>&:3/2D%1A2%@?5768&fU/ E#(%/2H8H/26:<\e
5=#,+4#"@d5=D &9E/9\V$'&Hi/2h HB/
-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:F7U/ @V Q j!#V576&i\e
5=#,+4#"@0$,/8-%1*9U/ +3/26:>&?:3/fDF1"(V2U/ HR&7+3YKD
/B 5=D @(%5=6
\
5=6i-F13/f6(*1>& 57 D 13/9+4-a/^\2:4#GE/2HB/26:Z/2:)576-0/213V ( HR&#++.#576&9E7&?#_:)\3
5=B#+4# @$/
-%1*9U/ +3/26:>&?:3/fDF1B &9I&?6:(V2U/ HR&=+3YKDU/ 5=6&?D%1>&#G:V6 9U/ \9/9+3+>&?#_13/2HB/26:-%14#,+ #G$/26E7&(%/
H/2h HB/Z+4#576&9E7&#G: #G6%#G:4#q&?$,/2HB/26:B \357#+4# j 5=6
\C$q&r-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:FZU/ (%/Z;&=;=6
/21 /^+.:n(%/
Q Q vU Q jkl6%13/2W.@Q(
&6+$'&B+4:4B 1>&?:*9U/ ;7# / 0.5=66/\eQ&6;/-Q&7+)(%/-05=14:3/ 2@%#_$
WX&?D%:C-05=D%1);&=;76/f1)YKD
/S$/r-%13/2H#/21Z\3
5=#G[+35=#_:$,/ra576 z -%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:F U/ Q | @(
&?6
+C$q&
+4:41>&?:*9U/ ;7# / 0.576\eQ&6;/S/2:)576-%13/26
($'&8-a5714:3/6
5=65=D%E/214:3/r-Q&?1$/S-%1*9U/ +3/26:>&?:3/fDFA1 2@
5=6i;&7;=6
/)+4#$/)-%13/2H8#,/21)\3
5=#G[/^+.: HR&D%E7&?#+ z -%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FU/ R Q | j
E $*/9+4:p9U/ \f$'&?#_1>&?6:(%/<\95=6
+4#(V2U/ 13/21$,/-%135=%$X/2] HB/V&9E/9\/26
\95713/D%6
/lEK57#G:4D%13/lHR&#+ KK
-a5714:3/9+^@?$/ -F1F^U/ +e/f6:>&?:3/2D%1/26B5=D%E1>&6: D%DVrz :357D%:3/9++>&?D%WQ\9/2$G$,/YD/ E5=D
+&9EB/ \3
5=#,+.#,/
/2:CD%6
/&?D%:413/ | j!F&6
+C\3T&6
;K/2HB/f6:^@
E5=:413/S-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:F"U/ (%/r;&=;76/f1C/9+4:p(F/Rw P* K
&9EK/9\K@/2$_$/)(%/2E#/26: (%/ DVDVD P KK jKC6R(*#G1> & 0.YKD,&Z] $'&Z$G#_H8#G:3/:4/f14HB5*(*I6Q&?H8#,YKD
/ 2r$q&
-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FSU/ (%/Z;&7;=6
/21n/9+4: +.#5=66/S\3Q&?6
;K/)-Q&=+n/2:"Z+4#5=6\eQ&6;/7j
`Ma+bcbG d+e(f
?b tg& | /9+<#G6:3/26:4#5=6
+V(*D8-%1*9U/ +3/26:>&:3/2D%16
/ 57D
/26: &D\fDF615=h $/Kj
&pYD/^+.:4#,5=6B-05K+*9U/ /B2U/ :>&?6:%#/26R/26:3/26
(DrsYD/nWX&?#_:3/9+4E5=D
+l(
&6+$I-a5=:4/9] +3/n5D8 ] $q&
z 5=D$,/9+ | -a5714:3/ z + | 5=D%EK/f14:3/ z + | 6/"1*2U/ EQ/2] $,/ z 6: | -Q&=+)$q&E5=#_:4DF13/ o !Q#_$l/2$_$/I 2U/ :>&?#_:^@
$q&
+4:41>&?:*9U/ ;7#/ YKD
/E5=D
+l\3
5=#,+.#,+3+e/ /^+.:+>&?6
+#_6:*2U/ 1^/2h :sKEK57D
+V&9EKB/ -a/f13(D(F/ :35=D%:3/ WX+& \9* 576j
| &/f:l/>[%/213\2#\^/#G$G$_D
+.:413/V%#/f6r$q&WX&?D
+3+3/2:*U/ (*D1>&#+35=6%6
/2HB/26:\^5=D%1>&?6:s 04\95=HHB/
/6
/"+>&?#+n-Q&=+C(%/21414#X/2] 13/r$q&=YKD
/2$_$/"(%/9+)(%/2DF[-05=14:3/9+p+e/S:4135=D%E/$q&8EK57#G:4D%13/7@ &?#D%6
/
\eQ&6\^/Z+.D%1(%/2DF[(%/ZWX&?#_13/)$/Za576\3
5=#GG[ 2%j
U
2a
2a
x
N =7.
4 7 *N'
9vd
2
!*5=#G:/26D%:4#G$G#,+>&?6:n$X`9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6 z | @
9gvb 2 l+4#_6 2 2 v
Z!*5=#_: M { $q&gE7&?14#q&?%$/&?$fJU/ &?:357#G13c / 0`6
5=H"F13/R(%/8WN5=#,+r5D ] $ &#;=D%#_$G$/\95=D%-a/8D%6
/
(*135=#G:3//26 K \95=D%-
A+ 2%j!%&$,5=#
(%/C(*#+4:414#_FD%:4#,5=6/9+4:l%#G6
57H8#'&$/7jKkl: (%5=6
\ $X`9U/ \J&?14:4X:I-a/
13/2$'&:4#GW:3/26
(gE/213+ /f6 j E $WX&D(*1>&#G:(F576
\p1FfU/ - fU/ :3/21$,/9+:4#_1>&=;/9+ > S (%/p$5713(13/S(%/
(*# [gH8#G$_$/ZWN5=#,+-05=D%1&9EK57#G1 \e%#_mT13/9++.#,;=6%#Go
\J&:4#GWN+n+4DF1 j
=
U!*5=#_: } = z A | Ag$q&r-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FU/
# | (%/Z6 &9E5=#G1p&?D
\2D%6i-a5=#_6:n+4DF1n$/S+3/9;7HB/26:n(%/Z$5=6
;7D/fDF1nA/f:
#_# | DF6-a57#G6:+4D%1$,/+3/9;7HB/26:n(%/Z$576;7D
/2D%1 AYKD%#$/)-%135=$,5=6
;K/Kj
} = z A | A v b A = = A
] ^ B
C6&WX&?#_:r$,/-%135*(*D%#G:(F/^+r-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:F^U/ +r)#_6(2U/ -0/26
(
&?6:3/9+Z(%/6
/R-Q&=+8&9E5=#_1(%/
-a57#G6:+4DF1n$/S+3/9;7HB/26:(%/p$,5=6
;=D
/2D%1A/26 K :4#_1>&=;/9+-Q&?1n$'&"-F1357Q&?%#G$_#G:*"U/ (a &9EK57#G1"
-a57#G6:/>[&7\2:3/2HB/26:C+4D%1$,/Z+3/9;=HB/f6:C(%/)$,5=6
;=D
/2D%1 Aj
!#576-05K+3/ K Q v @
} = z A | A vZ A b A =
] ^ K
(%5=6:n$'&r$_#GH8#_:3/SYKDQ&?6
( K /9+4:s y
}8z A | A v) A
:(>
(->
> ( Cw w>/t C/Z
z C68E2U/ 14#_o/YKD
/ }z A |K A v 7 j | C68EK57#G:VYD/ }8z A | 9/ +4:HR&J[*#GH"DFH YKDQ&?6
(8A vx j
/Z\J&?$,\2D%$(%/ LNMPO /2:n(%/ LNM O 9/ +4:C+4#GH-F$,/<s
LNMPOVv B A }8z A | A v
1*9U/ +4D%$G:>&?:P2U/ E#,(%/26:i N7 z $'&(*#+4:>&?6
\9/8H5^I/26%6
/R/9+4:#_6E/213+3/2HB/26:-%135=-a5714:4#576F
6
/2$G$,/&" ] $'&(%/26
+4#G:FU/ | /2: s
LqM Ovx A }8z A | A v
5D] 576g:4#_13/YD/ v j
4
10
4
10
4
10
N(x)
4
10
3
10
0
0 20
40 60
y
x
y y
E \2# v " Q @(%5=6
\ }8z A |Vv Q
f/ : K z A |Vv " Q j
&V5=HHB/26:>&#G13/<s &-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:* U/ (%/8:4#_13/21rD%6P-a57#G6:(0 &?
+3\2#,+e+3/8A z 43 |
5D] V/^+.:D%6/26:4#/f1Z\95=H-F14#,+)/26:413/ /2: /9+4:p(F/R b j &8-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:F"U/ (0 &9EK57#G1
,
-a57#G6:3+Z(
&6+p\9/2:C#_6:3/214E7&$G$//9+4:):I-%#,YKD
/2HB/26:S(%576F69U/ /S-Q&?1)D%6
/r$,5=#(%/ 5=#,+3+e576j
kl: 5=6i& L , Ov Q Zv jC6RE5=#G: YD #\2#0$/9\+ h%D
\2:4DQ&?:4#,5=6
+ (F/$'&r(%/26
+4#G:FpU/ +e576:V(%/
$X5=13(*13/)(%/ WN57#+V+>&ZE7&?$/fDF1 HB5JI/26%6
/7_j &/9+4:V$5=14#,;=#_6/p(F/^l + 04;=14D%HB/J&DFG[ 2r(0 DF6RE1>&#
:4#G1>&7;K/S&?$fJU/ &?:357#G13/7j
R& | C6R&2U/ E#(%/2H8HB/f6: LNM qVk ' v /f: LNM^Ovx = vx j
5=6
\ )b v 7j
| /9] +YKDD%6(%/9+iA v @I vZ j 5=6
\$'&E7&14#'&F$,/P&?$f?U/ &?:35=#_13/ -%13/26
(*1>&
:35=D 5=D%13+)$q&E7&$/2D%1 @+>&?D%WV+4#:357D
+)$/9+SA E7&?$,/26: @&?D
YKD
/2$<\J&7+Z/2$G$,/E7&?D%: { @\9/
YKD%#&?1414#_EK/"&9EK/^\p$q&r-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:FU/ jaC6&8(F576
\<s
L MPOVvx%z b | { v
{ {
/)H/2h HB/<s
L M OVvxFz b | { vx {
{ {
5=6
\<s
M vx { b
&pE7&14#'&?6
\9/\2135h)_:V/>[-05=6
/26:4#,/2$G$,/2HB /26:&9E/9
\ k@%&?$,5=13+VYKD/f$G$/&?D%1>&?#_:82U/ :*)U/ /26 k+.# M
&9E7&?#G:2U/ :FZU/ $'&+e57H8HB/Z/2:n6
5=6$/Z-%135*(*DF#_:C(%/9+nA j
a E $T/^+.:<-%$GD
+V+4#GH8-%$/(%/C\J&$\2D%$/f1l$'&)-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:*CU/ \957H8-%$22U/ HB/f6:>&?#_13/7j
&i-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*g U/ -05=D%18YKD
/ -0/213+35=6%6
/9+6 &#/26:-T&7+$/H/2h HB/&?6%6%#GE/213+>&?#_13//9+4:
HR&?6%#_WN/9+4:3/2HB/26:(F/ $7#Q $K j 5=D%1 -a/f13+e576%6/^+C\9/2:4:3/"H/2h HB/"-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:F"U/ /9+4:)(%/
Q $K
$7# $ Q $ s=\7/^+.:V$,/C-%135*(*DF#_:n(F/^+-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*9U/ + z #G6
(V2U/ -a/f6(
&6:3/9+ | YKD
/)$/9+
(%/2DF[-%13/2H8#X/2] 13/9+l-0/213+35=6%6
/9+6 &#/26:-Q&=+l$,/Hi/fh HB/C&6%6F#_EK/f13+ &#G13/ -Q&?1$q&C-F1357Q&?%#G$_#G:*U/
YKD
/8$'&R:4135=#+4#X/2] HB/B&#G:ZD%6&6%6F#_EK/f13+ &#G13/B(*#Gm2U/ 13/26:"(%/8\3Q&=\2D%6~(F/^+(%/2DF[-%13/2H8#,/213+^j
57D% 1 k-0/213+35=6%6
/9+^@T\9/2:4:3/r-%1357T&%#G$G#_:*rU/ +3/21>&B(%/ $=G Q $ $ Q $/ c=z $KZb
k A| Q $ @/2:$q&-%135=Q&?%#G$_#G:FZ U/ \957H8-%$f2U/ H/26:>&?#_13/S+e/f1>&(%/
9v b
$= $ c?z K$ pb k |
v b K
$K { K { zK b k |
5D ] K v $K j
/1*9U/ +4DF$_:>&?:B/^+.:BD%6-0/2D{+4DF14-%13/26Q&6:s(a/9] +BYKD
/Xk @$q&i-%1357T&%#G$G#_:* U/ /9+4:
+4DF-2U/ 14#,/2D%13/& ] Kba j 57DF1 k v @l/2$_$/E7&?D%:B-%13/9+3YKD
/ DKba j\j6
/gWX&Y\9* 5=6~1>&?-%#(%/
(02U/ E7&$GD
/21<\9/2:4:3/nYKDQ&?6:4#_:*U/ /^+.:<(0 &-F-%$_#YKD
/21<$'&WN5714HrD%$/ (%/n!:4#G14$G#_6
;B& ] K ?/2: z K b k |
z 5=6R+4D%-%-a5K+3! / k4 K | @-%D%#+V(%/C(2U/ E/2$,5=-%-a/21+e5768$5;&14#G:4%HB/)&DB+3/9\9576(5=13(*13/C/26
k@#_$13/9+4:3/<s
K
b
9[ b
K k C
8
/9+ 2U/ EQ/f] 6/fHB/26:3+s=% % @ K%f @ f /f: % +3576:Z9U/ YKD%#G-%1357
Q&?$/^+9j /9+C-%135=Q&F#_$G#_:*9U/ +Z-a/2D%E/26:S(%5=6
\+3/\J&?$,\2D%$/21S\957H8HB/"1>&?-%-a5714:Z(*D6
57Hr%13/
(%/\?&=+VWX&9EK571>&?%$/9+&?D6
5=H"%13/r(%/Z\J&7+-05K+3+4#G%$/9+^j
n6&\2$q&?#G13/fHB/26:
& | 9vxU Q
| 9gv Q= j
(
| !#F5=6"+4DF-%-05K+3/lYKD
/$q&WN5=13\^/+^9U/ \214#_: v b , ; f@ $,/-a57:3/26:4#/f$*+3/21>&xu v =Q , J;
/2:+.#5=6-a5K+3/Z+4D%#GE7&6:$D
+>&=;
/ v , Q @576&
v 9 ; zT=|
/2:n$/9+R9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6
+n(F/)&H8#G$_:35=6i+35=6:
v 8;Svb9
L
L v v;
&/ZYDF#(%5=6%6
/)#GHH9U/ (*#'&:3/2HB/26: L
' ;ZvxF
;n
v 9
#;
&9EK/9\
v Bv b9
c
c v v ;
kl:(F576
\ z /fDF13/fD+3/2H/26: | ;S' v bnc j
h
& &?$\fDF$,5=6
+
.
v =Q s ] v j0C69U/ \f14#G1>&B/26\95*5713(%5=6%6 9U/ /9+
5D`
+4-F2U/ 14#,YKD
/9+
+4#G6 2l\95+
v +4\9#G5K6+ 2l2 +4#G6
C6(V2U/ 14#_EK/S-Q&?1 1>&?-%-a5714:&M
] >@F#G$13/^+.:3/
v z +4#G6 2 2 |>
5=6
\
v z 2 |
. +4#G6 2
7
/2:
v i Tz b \^5K+E2 |>
u
E v v i 2*
2
9
ESv v +.#_6 2
9
!*5=#G:
v +4 G# 6 2
9
9
Qz b \95K+2 |>
/9+ 9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6
+(*DiHB5=D%E/2HB/26:p+^9U/ \214#_EK/f6:
v b9 v +4#G62 b
c v 2 v
c
h vb9 vx B
c
v v
L
C6:4135=D%E/S&?$5713+V(%/2DFh[u ^U/ YKDQ&?:4#576
+V(V^U/ \95=D%-%$f9U/ /^+s 9Sv 4)/f: 2 ' YKD%#a6
/)(V2U/ -a/f6(
YKD
/S(F/4F2 j B
/2Hg&?13YKD
/<sK$X &-%-F135^[#_HR&?:4#,5=6 04(%/9+l-a/f:4#G:3+HB57DFE/2HB/f6:3+A2rYKD%#Q13/9(%5=6%6
/$9U/ YKDQ&:4#5=6
(*D-a/f6(*D%$/S+4#GH-F$,/Z+4DF-%-05K+3/ 9Sd v j
| C6 & v v /2: ; j)C6/f6x:4#G13/PYKD
/
9v 5Di
] $'&B:41>& /^\2:35=#_13/r (
&?6
+)$/9+4-Q&=\9/"(%/9+)-%Q&=+3/9+#_6
(#,YKD 9U/ /l#;j $z & ]
;&D\3
/ | j
| E \2# v G ;Sv a@%+e57#G: ;Sv b /2: $'&%1>&6\3
/)(%/)-Q&?1>&?05=$,/
z &?DH8#G$_#/2D | j
| C6i+>&?#G: z &W$`9U/ YDT&:4#576 z T=|4| YKD
/
9
'
; v z
K|
p p p
q q q
N $ *4. X=' K=
Se nC 7 7'r
K
m z@"|Vvx ;
R 9vx z@db u
z ;|4|R;
E E
&1C(2U/ 14#_E7&?:4#,5=6+357 D + $/Z+4#,;=6
/Z 3+35= H8HB /
m R;
vx E z@ b u
z ;|4|
&1)&#G$_$/2D%13+n\95=H8H/
"
u
z ;|Vv
s
m
Cr>
(> J>wM
X ww( JM
w
R>w
mH
> >(z>l
ww>J> w
>/ (> >>xJX|R>w
0> m
\w
xxwxw( > y wJ(/
ZG!>J>\w>>
xw( (>/w>n8U r>nw
/~ V pw> > p(
i fe ehj(g m <e
%$
R;
s v z@db u
z ;|4| v
Z
/ 9
\ 2
/ 4
: 3
: S
/ %
( 2
/ 4
1 %
6 X
# 2
/ ] 3
1 Z
/ 3
1 2
/ q
$ ?
& 4
: ,
# =
5
6 7
5 g
6 :4#_13/Z-T&1#_6:*9U/ ;71>&?:4#576
R;
vx v m
.
E s
UT
(
&(V2U/ 14#_E9U/ /(%/$`9U/ YDT&:4#576 zX| -Q&?11>&-F-05=14:V&!] u{(F576%6/#GH8H9U/ (*#'&?:3/fHB/26:
m 9 K
v v
u , u
.
+35=#G: v v @576/26(V9U/ (*DF#_:CYD/ v ?
K . 2/ :\95=H8H/ ,
. j
9 u
,
5 +e576
+
K v K
K
* v K b K
5D ] K /2: K +35=6:13/9+4-a/9\2:4#_EK/fHB/26:Z$,/r6
5=H"%13/(%/+4-%#G6
+ z 0`DF-C2 | /2:Z(%/+4-%#G6
+
b z 0.(%(5 7C6 2 | j &$'&#G13/2H/26: v b * j # [%/21 \7/^+.:(F576
\oF[F/21 * @<57D K
z 5=D K @K-%D%#+3YKD
/ K /9+4:VoF[VU/ | j /6
5=H"%13/)(%/CH8#\f135=72U/ :>&?:3+V/9+4:-Q&1 \95=6
+*9U/ YKD
/26:$/
6
5=H"F13/S(%/S\e
57# [g(%/ K 5= /2:3+ -Q&?14H8# K j
!57#G:s
= =
v = v K
[
K K
B = K ] K
K ^ ] K ^
8
N Ln 2
6
T>0 T<0
4
S
2
0
10 5
E
0
5 10
Qq4 *!=f
Nn D K v 'nf=
'Q e NN=R27*'=
8
7
" N W9
\2135h)_:l&9E/9\ 4 D
+eYD'&C ] D%68HR&J[*#GH"DFH " K $_6 -05=D%1 vd @?-%D%#+$q&CWN5=6
\2:4#,5=6~fU/ :>&?6:
+4IH2U/ :414#,YKD
/7@_m z@"| (9U/ \f135?h)G: D
+3YKD,&S ] $X`fU/ :>&?: (%/)-%$GD
+ ;=1>&?6
(%/i2U/ 6
/213;7#/V K 5DB ] :35=D
+
b
$/9++4-%#G6
++3576: j?k<68/>[&H8#G6Q&6:$q&-a/f6:3/ (F/tm @
z
" | @=5=6"E5=#G:<YKD
/V$'&:3/fH8- 2U/ 1>&?:4D%13/
\2135h)G:(F/ &Z ] $X #G6%o%6F#@ *') J Q"> qN -a 5=D%1 vx @7-Q&7+e+3/"& ] r b /2:V\2135h)G:
.
D
+eYD'& ] j /9+a:3/2H- fU/ 1>&?:4D%13/9+6 9U/ ;&:4#GE/9++35=6:&7+e+35*\2#f9U/ /9+0&?DF[2U/ :>&:3+a$/9+-%$GD
+/>[F\f#G:*9U/ +
&V/2:4:3/+4#G:4DQ&?:4#,5=61>&13/R/9+4:(*D
/&DWX&#G:YKD
X / m 6/9+4:-T&7+^@0#\2#@DF6
/BWN5=6
\2:4#,5=6
\2135=#,+3+ &6:3/8(%/ jk[- 2U/ 14#GH/26:>&?$,/2HB/26:85=6P+>&?#_:S1*JU/ &?$_#+3/21&?-%-%135^[#GHR&:4#GE/2HB/26:(%/
:3/2$G$,/9+n+.#_:4DQ&?:4#576
+-0/26
(&6:(F/^+:3/2H8-
+nF13/fWN+9j
y
&$,5=#"(%/-%135=Q&?%#_$G#G:F~ U/ (%/ 9-#" v 9 /^+.:-F1357-a5714:4#5=6%6
/2$_$/& ]
$X #G6:F9U/ ;71>&?$,/ % $8 9 9 9 9 = 2U/ :3/26
(*D
/"&?Di(F57HR&?#_6
/
= 9
9 9
w z@b
b "|>
<
#G6:*9U/ ;=1>&:4#5=6i+4D%1 $ (%5=6%6
M
/ u = @F-%D%#+ -a57DF1\J&$\2D%$/f1$#_6:*9U/ ;=1>&$/Z13/9+4:>&?6:3/576\?&?$G
\2D%$/$,/EK57$GD%HB/ (%/$XI-a/213+4-%/2] 13/ (%/1>&fI5=6 db9 YD/$576(*#Gm2U/ 13/26
\2#,/21>&-Q&?1
1>&?-05=14:& ] j /9+4:3/8o%6Q&?$,/2HB/26:"-a57D%1$#_6:*9U/ ;=1>&$/R(%5=6%6Q&?6:S$q&g$57#V(%/8-F1357Q&?%#G$_#G:*U/
0; :
(C8w8(#(_8_w#wG!>zA> / Rw '& 8 8
: 88wUpwww
8 wzpw!>zA> GU8
w\
z_
H m
> > V wwz J
nw( G R
wpw8w (
V>
8wR>* )
%$
YKD
/2$YD/S\3
5K+3/Z(%/p-%1357-a5=14:4#,5=6%6
/2$V& ] s
K b
u =
= zX db 9 ,| + C + zX r|>
)+4IH8-%:35=:4#,YKD
/2HB/26: /26 K @K$'&S(VfU/ -a/26
(
&?6
\9//26 9 /9+4:V(%576\n/26 z b | + C + jkl:
\95=HHB/ [ Q7 , K z E5=#_1)$X/>[F/213\f#\9/R | @T&7+.IH8-%:35=:4#YD/fHB/26:p/26
\9 5=13/7@ }8z:9T| [
.
z b |
?
=.-
+ %
( =
5 6
\ [ 0/ j
y
C657F:4#,/26
(* 1>& z & ] D%6 \^5*/8FB\2#,/26:-F1^/^] + |i}8z:9 | /26#_6:*9U/ ;71>&?6:
% /21 3 54 76 +4DF1S:357DF:3/^+p$,/9+ y K E7&14#'&F$,/9+S(%/ $ /2:S$/9+ K b E7&14#'&?%$,/9+r(%/ 5
z :35=D%:3/9 +^@+>&?D%WV$'&-F13/fH8#X/2] 13/ 9 | j E $V13/^+.:3/&$5=13+ZD%6
/RYKDQ&?6:4#_:* U/ -%135=-05=14:4#,5=6%6
/2$G$,/& ]
% / @YKD576g6
5714HR&?$_#+3/21>&/26iHrD%$_:4#G-%$G#q&?6:-T&1 / j
3C6r-0/2D%:6
/ \9576+4#,(VfU/ 13/21YKDD%6
/-Q&14:4#\2D%$/V/f:^@=\95=H8H/Z&] $X/>[F/213\2#,\9/
-%1*9U/ \T9U/ (% /26:S576P5=%:4#/26
(*1>& }8z| /26#G6:F9U/ ;71>&?6:" 0/ 1 3 6 +4D%145V@aAP/2: j /9+4:3/
%/ YKD#_$+4GD F:C(%/Z6
5=14HR&$G#+3/21 ">" j
/^++4-%#G6
+R2U/ :>&?6:n#G6
(V2U/ -0/26
(&6:3+C/f:C(*#+4:4#_6;7DQ&?%$/9+
v =
5D ] 9/ +4:$q&rWN5=6
\2:4#,5=6i(%/p-Q&14:4#G:4#576\J&6
5=6%#YKD
/Z(0D%6+e/fDF$+4-%#G6rs
v w 0 / v /98 % /98 vx \95+4:
>
C6g:4#_13/(%/S+4D%#G:3/
vx = \95K+4 =
2U/ 6
/213;7#/)HB5JI/26%6/S/9+4:(%5=6%6 9U/ /)-Q&?1
L(Ov b $G4 6 v b
K :>&6F
] \95=H-T&13/21p&fE/9\Z$/Z\?&?$\fDF$0H8#\2135*\?&?6
5=6%#YD/S(%/)$X/>[F/213\f#\9/ j
9U/ +4D%$G:>&:"&
;
>/U>
zp#wwR/=<>w
zw?>|+> R>wC
/w
UT
] $,/9+C+4#_:3/9+C+35=6:C#G6
(V2U/ -0/26
(&6:3+ z /f:)(*#+3\9/214
4 &/^+.:nD%6-%135=%$X/f] HB/S5Dg
6Q&?%$/9+ | j 5=6
\#G$+4DGF:r(%/B\J&$\2D%$,/21 $'&RWN5=6
\2:4#,5=6P(%/-Q&?14:4#G:4#,5=6~(0D%6+4#_:3/8/2:"5=6
&
&?D%1> v = j
& | C6&
v w T@z "| % /
5D ] Qz@r| /^+.:p$'&B(V9U/ ;2U/ 62U/ 13/^+e\^/26
\9/r(*D6%#GE/J&D(02U/ 6
/213;7#/ z 57D/26
\95=13/"$'&8WN5=6
\2:4#,5=6
(%/p-Q&14:4#G:4#576H8#,\2135*\J&6576%#YKD
/ | j -a /2D%:n-F13/f6(*13/ E7&$/2D%13+
Ab @_9 @C9
Qz@r|
5=6
\
v w Tz@"| %/ x v %z \95K+4B @_9K|
/2:
L( b
Ov _
$ 6 vb*@C9 +4#G6%
@_9
\95+.C @C9
z #G$+.DF8:S(%/H"D%$G:4#_-F$_#/21S-Q&?1 K -a5=D%1"&9E5=#G1p$X`fU/ 6/f13;=#/(DP+4I*+4:9/2] HB/ | jC6EK57#G:SYKD
/
v @ (L OZv A b @C9z fU/ 6/f13;=#/8H#G6%#GH"D%H | /2:"YKD
/& ] :3/2H- fU/ 1>&?:4D%13/B#G6%o%6F#,/ L(OSv
.
z $X5=14#,/26:>&?:4#,5=6/9+4:8&$2JU/ &:35=#G13/ | j $GD
+"- ^U/ \2#+*2U/ H8H/26:$,/R(VfU/ EK/2$,5=-%-a/fHB/26:i&g ] Q&?D%:3/
:3/2H8- 2U/ 1>&:4DF13/S(%5=6%6
/
L O [ b z@_9Q| z@C9T| " i
7
&?#_6:3/26Q&?6:n576& b 9
y
L 9 OVvL 9F?Ov
9
vx*
z 2U/ E#,(F/f6:C-Q&?1 1>&#+35=6i(%/+4IH2U/ :414#/ | /2:
%
| n6&rHR&#G6:3/f6T&6:
[ /ED +4#G62 2
+35=#G: JIK
[ +4#G6% L@C 9 @C9
/2:
@C9
L(Ov b
:>&6F @ 9
(%5=6:n$/Z(V2U/ E/2$57-%-a/2HB/f6:8&r ] Q&DF:3/Z:3/2H- fU/ 1>&?:4D%13/S/9+4:
L(O [ b z@C9Q| z@_9Q| " i
C6B\^5=6
+4:>&?:3/ YKD
/$,/-%13/2H8#,/21l:3/f14HB/C(*DB(V2U/ E/2$57-%-a/2HB/f6:Z&) ] Q&?D%:3/:3/fH8- 2U/ 1>&?:4D%13/
9# @
b \9(5 ' )G6
\2#(%/Z&9E/9\Z$/S\J&7+(*#,+e\f13/2:^j
\ | C6&D%1>&
D
z $'&B(V9U/ ;fU/ 6 fU/ 13/9+3\9/26
\9/S:4#/26:S\^5=H8-%:3/"(F/^+)\e
57# [(%/ K &?:357HB/9+)+4D%1)$,/9+ K +4#G:3/9+p(D
+4DF
+4:41>&?:^j | /\?&?$\fDF$
/>[*-F$_#\2#_:3/C(%/$q&Z+e57H8HB/n(%/$X`9U/ YK DQ&?:4#,5=6 %$ /9+4:#GH8H9U/ (*#'&?:3/ -Q&?1
$'&rWN5714HrD%$,/(*DiF#_65=h HB/S(%r / 5C8/ 7n:35=6
v /0eY =?`
2/ Hg&?13YKD
/<s 7*4=N 2 0f = W9*N bdQc S =
Nn S u2= qN7 n =0
qNNN= 4=Q 7T 7 W9 =
2 NNN%=Qq=i C 2fqeK
v w /'Y { / {
{ @
"
bgc
*'~J ' W9 v =?` 7* e 'Q` % QK7 >Z l e N QNN% C>N
ih
C6\J&?$,\2D%$/)HR&#G6:3/26Q&6:$,/S;=1>&?6
(R-a57:3/26:4#/f$
_
v b , . K $_6 /0eY
2 v L K O v 9z . | ^ /
bgc
&C/9+4:42&] (*#_13/7@F\9/2:4:3/ZWN57#+^@D%6
/Z(VfU/ -a/26
(
&?6
\9/R '" 7' /26 9 z . | j
U
`6f8b7fBJ $2n MoBp E91717fUe? n
d a
| &&$\2D%$aH#\2135*\J&6
5=6%#YKD
/7j !*5=#_: &] \J&$\2D%$,/21 v 9TU; j&/9+4:
q
r
'
$'&R+4DF14WX&7\9/ zN | (%/$/2$_$G#G-
+3/8(%/8(%/2H8#;=1>&6(%+Z&?[F/9+M v /f:" v j
5=6
\
v =o v b zX%K|
&(%/26
+.#_:*ZU/ (02U/ :>&:3+C(%5=6%6 9U/ /)-Q&?1 s E7&?D%:p(F576
\ j
& &?$,\2D%$\J&?6
576F#,YKD
/7j
v 9QR; 0 / qK v = v
C6&DF1>&#G:p&?D
+3+4#T%#/26i-%DD%:4#G$_#+3/21n$/Z1*9U/ +4D%$G:>&?:nH8#,\2135*\J&?6
576F#,YKD
/Z/26d^U/ \214#GE7&6:CYD/
vx %/
`6fBb7f3J $2n Mo K aE9 1717 fUe? n m
D
|
& &?$,\2D%$aH8#,\2135*\J&?6
576F#,YKD
/7j E
$ WX&D%:Hg&?#G6:3/26Q&?6:2U/ E7&?$_D
/21
v = 5 %$
3 q 4 r
57D%1C\J&$\2D%$,/21n\9/2:4:3/Z#G6:F^U/ ;=1>&?$,/S/2ma/9\f:4D 576
+$q&r:41>&? 6
+4WN5=14HR&:4#576
9 v gA v K 99 K
; v A v K K 99> K
q
!*5=#G: $,/ &=\957F#,/26i(F/Z\^/2:4:3/Z:41>&?6
+4WN5=14HR&:4#5=6j
= =
# # vutv lxwy
v
] ^
5=6
\
v ] ^
=
y v
] ^
=
= =
=
&57H8HB/ 4 = v @F13/9+4:3/S&$5=13+n+4#GH8-%$, /2HB/26:
K
v =
] ^ K
!*5=#G:
v
= m
] b ^ z K b | b
j:4#G$_#+>&?6:B$'&(2U/ o%6%#G:4#,5=6d(%/$'&:3/fH8- 2U/ 1>&?:4D%13/H8#,\2135*\J&?6
576F#,YKD
//2:R$'&WN5=14H"D%$/(%/
!:4#G14$G#_6
;B5=6i5=%:4#/26:
zK b | v"8
, /.
] \J&D+3/)(%/Z$X #G6
(V2U/ -a/f6(
&6\^/(%/9+n+4-%#G6
+s
& &?$,\2D%$\J&?6
576F#,YKD
/7j
vz | = v
=
D
| &&$\2D%$aH#\2135*\J&6
5=6%#YKD
/7j /9+82U/ 6
/213;7#/9++3576:VYKDQ&?6:4#Go 9U/ /9+V-Q&?1 { v z k
| jTC6i/26(V9U/ (*D%#G:
@ 5D ] k9/ +4: D%6/26:4#/21
k v
b
b
&C/9+4:V$/C6
57Hr%13/ z (*#+3\213/2: | -05K+3+4#G%$/)(0`2U/ :>&?:3+ (0`2U/ 6
/213;7#/C#_6%WJ2U/ 14#/2D%13/B& ] j
n657+3/214
EK/f1>&YKD
/B+>&:41>&=(*D
\2:4#,5=6P\95=6:4#G6D
/R\95=1413/^+.-05=6
(&?D~\J&7+Z\2$'&7+e+4#,YKD
/ z 9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6 V| j
kl6/2m0/2:^@Q$q&WN576\f:4#5=6\95=6:4#_6D
/8YKD%#V&-%-F135*\3
/&DH8#/fD*[$'&BWN5=6
\2:4#576 A z -Q&14:4#/
/26:4#X/2] 13/S(F/SA | /^+.: v A b Q= /f:6
5=6 8v Aj 576 \ k v j
& &?$,\2D%$\J&?6
576F#,YKD
/7j /<\J&?$,\2D%$K(%/ /9+4:a#_H8H9U/ (*#'&:^@^\7/9+4:D%6/<+*2U/ 14#/;9U/ 5=H2U/ :414#YKD
/
\95=6EK/213;/26:3/
v w 0 /,{ qJ { v +4#G6%B
{ @
{ q
C6/26(V9U/ (*DF#_:-Q&1C/>[%/2H8-%$/SYKD
/
L(OVvb $_6 v
, .
|
& &?$,\2D%$aH8#,\2135*\J&?6
576F#,YKD
/7j C6&
v w = z k |
@
5D
] $,/9+k +35=6:)(%/9+)/26:4#/213+
j 5+35=6
+* v k j C6& v z K Q7Z * | j
#G[F/21 /9+4:(F576
\)o*[%/21* @F$`2U/ 6
576\Q) U/ WN5=D%146%#G:p&?$5713+#_H8H9U/ (*#q&?:3/2HB/f6:C$q&r1*2U/ -a576
+e/
v z K z K b * | b * |
75 D%1\957H8-Q&?13/21&D\J&7+r\2$q&=+3+4#YKD
/B576E7&+4D%-%-a5K+3/21 K oF[R U/ /2: * z Q&?D%:3/
2U/ 6
/213;=#,/ | jaC6&-%-F135^[#_HB/21>&8(%5=6
\4* /2: z K * b | +3/2D%$,/2HB/26:
[ z K b | z K * * b | = M| =
|
b |
C6g13/2H-F$q&=\9/ ] K -Q&1) = @F#_$13/9+4:3/Z\95=H8H/p:3/f14HB/S(F57H8#G6Q&6:
* ^
=
zK b |*
[ = [
zK b | ] ^
D7
&/SYKD%#(%5=6%6
/21>&-a57D%1$q&:3/2H8- 2U/ 1>&?:4D%13/"H8#\2135*\?&?6
5=6%#YD/ z &8 ] $q&$G#GH#G:3/"(F/^+Q&?D%:3/9+
"
2U/ 6
/213;=#,/9+ |)z K b | , . v j 9U/ +4DF$_:>&?:"& ] \957H8-Q&?13/21p&?Di\J&7+\2$q&=+3+4#YKD
/7j
| & &$\2D%$\J&6
5=6%#YKD
/7j /9+R\J&?$,\2D%$+R+35=6:^@V\95=H8H/:35=D 5=D%13+^@<0/J&?D
\957DF--%$_D+
+4#GH8-%$/^+9j
=
v V= v
+4#G6%F { q
C6\9576+4:>&:3/YD/$'&$_#GH8#_:3/u& ] Q&DF:3/:3/2H- fU/ 1>&?:4D%13/ " 13/9(%5=6%6
/$,/\J&=+
\2$'&7+3+.#,YKD
/7jTC6i5=%:4#/26:C/26
\95713/SYKD
/ L( Ov K , /. j
} >
8U >y>
zN
w w8\>z
tMz>
w8F~ x MMR>w
>/
&
~MzD
O | 9O
&
>p>wp
\
z
>/w8 | 9E
~XfD : 9
z &
J
| 9O | E &
RL +w > \ SwJGHzp% | 9
E>
/p8>U8 / _E>
4
/ w G JGHAz)(P% E Rc:6 wt>/J>!6zwx% (h H8
w w>!>>6y E> hH
8wU >wzJw>wl >Jw ( 8 tw-
>)H(x
P ERL: c>
ww p8% w
/>p> /(wpw( (Z >
z8
z
& Dw &
a
| 9E y{
| 99
hH
(Gw >w~M/xJ
r>~! ( 8 5N
\x
> \w!>
H
R 8A
~ D : &
w E
&J@Q
J
y { |
%
C8
O DH t R>w( >
z
~MzD : w & &OQ &OQ J
y{
| % | }T %
0=(GM!zt8 P %t8wYVw>lBw> wJGH
>> n P \
8U Rwb
LNGY8>w>w> +> >wU>>Ywz#_
>
>
%
8
~ D &
M w>>
zC ~ x
D%$
9
f ] . \9576+4:>&6:^@576& 9 v j 5=6
\n$'&r\^5=H8-%13/9+3+4#G%#G
u
u
$G#_:*U/ (*#_EK/213;/"&?D-a5=#_6:\214#G:4#,YKD
/7j
/9+n\95=6
(*#G:4#,5=6
+ vx /2: vd (F576%6/f6:13/^+.-0/9\2:4#_EK/2H/26:s
h , b vd
z b / . k | Vk
,
. b vxF
z b k |
] 5=6:4#G13/K@/26-%13/26Q&?6:B$/1>&-F-05=14:^@\k v
5D @ , /.a v RT /2: 9 v RT @
9
-%DF#,+$q&WN5714HrD%$/ z K| jC613/2HR&13YKD
/YD/$,/YKD
5=:4#,/26: YKD%#ZE7&?D%: } 6
/
k
(V2U/ -a/26
(8-Q&=+V(* D h%D%#(%/7@1*9U/ +4DF$_:>&?:VYDF#Q6/9+4:-Q&=+<HR&?$
E2U/ 14#_o pU/ , /> [.a- 2U/ 14 #GH/26:>&?$,/2HB/26: >" j
&Co;7D%13/C+4D%#GE7&?6:3/HB576:413/$,/9+l:4135=#,+l#+357:4/f14HB/9+(%/2HR&6
(V^U/ /9+^j & 9576
/5D ]
3
h
T/Tc=1.25
T/Tc=1
T/Tc=0.875
2
P/Pc
l g
0
0 1 2 3 4
V/Vc
Nn x W9%qN7e XK" =
K J=eK=
"J R*N > ' h
* . .0 . v .0 . .a
=
h
/9+4:R2U/ E#(%/2HHB/26: 6
5=6-%I*+4#YKD
/7j%kl$G$,/S&2U/ :*)U/ \21F^U/ /)-T&1 $X &-%-F135^[#_HR&?:4#,5=6(*D\3Q&?H8-
= B GH :L 8H
NUw( 8tRw > wRp >p w> ( Uw
R
:
w8>( \R- U
K
HB5JIK/f6j%C68-a/fDF:HB5=6:413/f1 YKD#G$
WX&?D%:<13/2H8-%$'&7\9/21D%6
/-05=14:4#576B(%/$q&p\^5=D%14a/ -Q&?1$q&
-Q&?1>&?$_$X/2] $,/8& + u z \9576+4:414D
\2:4#,5=6(%/ &JU[ 7 /2$_$ | @*(F/):3/f$G$/Z+35714:3/)YKD
/)$/9+n&#G13/9+
] $ &?[F/)(%/9J
(V9U/ \95=D%- 9U/ /C-Q&1 \9/2:4:3/Z(*135=#_:3/)(%/)-T&14: /2:n(0 &?D%:413/)(%/)$#+357:4/f14HB/ z & ] . .0 | +35=#,/26:
9U/ ;&$/9+^j
B S M
/
rw
/>
w M E->_ w MR>w
z>8
@H +:
R*>> rxww %N> > 8wzynwz>
(w
> ( Jwx
H
> w (> '\7<Y>+w
>(8wwtdN(-p
>
J+
z>/w Y :
w w> +Z >
v m; ! k b , . $G6 /0 { Y
C6gE7&:4#_13/21C$q&r13/2$'&:4#576(0 &D%:35*\95= 2U/ 13/26
\9/Z(*DiWX&?#G:nYKD
bY /
k vL k Ov b v /% { Y
Xj bY/% { Y
&/ZYDF#(%5=6%6
/ bY
/0 { Y v b zX |
k
C6rE5=#_:l\957H8HB/26:$,/-a5=:3/f6:4#/2$%\3%#GH8bY#, YKD
/ (VfU/ :3/214H8#G6
/ $'&C(%/26
+4#G:FU/ H5^I/26%6
/ j 5D ]
$X`9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6(0`2U/ :>&?:
b v b ;m! k b $G6 z b k |Vv49 s zXK|
_ ,
.
kl:p&?D
+3+.#@%#/26+KD%h 1^@ v K j
] WX&#G%$/Z(%/26
+4#G:FSU/ /2 :n-a57DF1 !
vx 5=613/2:4135=D%E/$9U/ YKDQ&:4#5=6(%/9+;& )-Q&?14WX&#G:3+
87 W9 2 x ] D%6
/)(*#GHB/26
+4#576@7$,/)+4I*+4:9/2] HB/C6
/C-0/2D%:V-a/213\957$/21 YD/p+.# 9iv49 v K@
\9/ZYKD%#/9+4: DF6\J&=+ D%6-0/2Dg-Q&:457$5;=#YD/Kj
C6R-a/fDF:VH5=6:413/21 -%$GD
+V;2U/ 6 2U/ 1>&?$,/2HB/26: YD/p+.D%1VD%6 0e&14F13/2 (F/p\95*5=13(*#G6Q&6\^/
@F$,/Z\J&?$,\2D%$/>[&=\f: (%5=6%6
/ 9 vz Sb | j
] _^ ] h^
(wR>z (
nwz>
~ //ww (>w# p>U >8U RU
pwU>>
_
8w#(G> w(>wU>/xJ >Rw/ t!z:i
K $
\
n6-a/2D%:^@?%#/f6B+KD%h 1^@?+3/V\9576:3/26:3/f1(%/VE2U/ 14#Go
/21<$/ 1*9U/ +4D%$G:>&?:^j &#+5=6
/
5=D%14#,/21 (%/ 8
-a/2D%:n&D+3+4#%$/)(2U/ H5=6:413/21n/26B#_6:4135*(*D%#+>&?6:V$q&:41>&6+4WN5714H9U/ /C(% } z A | @
} v } -Q&?1n1>&?-%-a5714:& ] Ai+3/2D%$/2HB/f6: z n/9+4:&?$,5=13+ D%6-Q&?1>&H/2] :413/ | jT!*5=#_:
y
}8 z Z | v ? }8z AZ | A
, =
&1:41>&6
+.WN5714HR&?:4#,5=6i(%/57DF14#,/21^@F$X`9U/ YKDQ&?:4#,5=6(F/r#\S\(F/fE#/26:
}
v b ! }
,