English-Pashto Phrase Book

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at
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_J
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THE
CONYEKSATION MANUAL,
IK
ENGLISH, HINDUSTANI, PERSIAN
AND
PASHTLT.
Digitized by
UOOQ IC
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THE
CONVERSATION MANUAL,
A COLLECTION OP
USEFUL PHRASES
670
AND PASHTU,
ENGLISH, HINDUSTANI, PERSIAN

WITH
SUMMARIES OF THE GRAMMARS OF THESE LANGUAGES,
VOCABULARY OP NEARLY
Jfox tty u*e
<rf
(Engineer fficer*
hM
1500
ati)er$
an
WORDS,
tf)e
fioxtfyWlttt
dfrontier antr in fnttta*
BY CAPTAIN
*y
Tf PLUNKETT,
Gtt
BOY1L ENGINEEBS.
'.'",'"
"
Eontton:
RICHARDSON &
&
13,
CO., 23, CORNHILL,

PALL MALL, S.W.
'
E.C.,
1875.
[All Bights Reserved.']
P
Icj
LONDON
PRINTED BY GILBERT AND BIVINGTON,
ST.
John's square, and whitefriars street,
Digitized by
e.c.
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CONTENTS.
PAET
I.
PAG&
The Alphabet
Digitized by
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PREFACE.
So long
as
England
retains her present position in Asia,
and
seems not unlikely to extend over other parts of the Continent

the influence which she already exerts in the countries bordering
on Hindustan,
the
very desirable that a .knowledge of Persian
it is
French of Asia, and the most widely-spoken language
from the Bosphorus
to the confines of China, a tongue under-
stood on the shores of the Caspian as well as in Kabul
should
Yarkand
Officers;
and that
and
be more generally diffused among British

this
knowledge should embrace a practical
acquaintance with the colloquial idioms, as well as proficiency in

the text-books used for the Examinations.
Pashtu
is
the language of Eastern Afghanistan, and, though
useless elsewhere, is
almost indispensable for those
who
are
employed on the North- West Frontier of India.
On
to
arriving for the
first
time in Peshawar, and attempting
converse with Kabulees and others in Persian, I found
myself frequently at a
loss for the
phrases required in ordinary
conversation and for technical words ; I also discovered
how very
advantageous even a slight knowledge of Pashtu must be to an

officer
serving in this district.
I therefore set to work, whenever I could spare time from

professional duties, to write
down a number
of sentences in
English, with their equivalents in Persian and Pashtu, some-
what
after the
model of the three or four Hindustani Manuals
already in use, but in a
comprehensive
more methodical manner and on a more
scale.
Believing that no such useful collection of phrases relating to

the occurrences of everyday
life,
as
well as to the special
Digitized by
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PEEFACE.
viii
occupations of Engineers,
to be found elsewhere, I have
is
added the Urdu, in the hope that

of service to brother officers
may
this
render the
Work
and others in India as well as on
the Frontier, and have prefixed such brief abstracts of the Hindustani,
Persian and Pashtu
Grammars
as will suffice for those
who
wish to obtain a colloquial knowledge only of any of these

languages.
sentences,
common
The Vocabulary, which

gives the equivalents
1500 words
in
use.
In compiling
Khadim
an index to the
also forms
of nearly
this little
Work
I have been aided
All, a subordinate of the Military
and I have received great
assistance
by Saiyad
Works Department
Mahmud Khan
from Kazi
Ehatak, the well-known teacher of languages in Peshawar, more

especially in the Pashtu, but also in the revision
and correction
of the whole.
I cannot expect that this Manual will be free from imperfections, either in the
Pashtu
a language in which almost as
many dialects are met with as there are tribes among the Afghans,
and of which the spelling has not yet been reduced to a regular
system
or even in the
Persian
may not be so numerous as to

for whom it is intended, and that
but can only hope that these
detract from its value to those

I
may be allowed
excuse for deficiencies or inaccuracies the very
which I have been able
to devote to this
to plead as
an
few Leisure hours
Work.
G. T. P.
Peshawar, February, 1875.
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PART
I.
THE ALPHABET.
THE POWERS OF THE VARIOUS LETTERS USED.
The Consonants.
3s;3
THE ALPHABET.
10
The foregoing
table is according to the
most approved method of
representing the various Consonants of the Oriental Alphabets
and symbols; thus the
English letters
respectively
the soft
Alphabets, and the hard
The h
to the Hindi and the
which
peculiar to the Hindi
is
common
strong aspirate of certain Arabic words.
Work is
to
only wishes to acquire a colloquial knowledge

as
t,
the
8, s,
and
s as *,
all,
The
Persian
and Pashtu.
and the h the
making
object of
to enable anyone to write out the
phrases correctly in the Oriental characters
represent
common
represents the soft aspirate
these distinctions in this
and the
by
and so on
but the learner
may
treat the
t, (,
who
and
he should, however, learn the
true sound of the gh (ghain) from the natives.

It
ph
must be noted that p h,
th, dh,
&c,
are to be pronounced as the
in up-hilly the th in hot-house, the dh in mad-house, &c.
dot underneath
final
ah of
is
many
not to be sounded
Persian words in which the h
The vowel sounds
ip
with a
a final short a represents the

is silent.
THE ALPHABET.
as zh ; while the ts varies in sound
11
between s and
z.
It
is sufficient,
however, to learn the eastern dialect of Yusufzai, which
where
The inhabitants of Persia

thus, an, " that,"
is
instead of that in " fun

like our
syllable.
is
word
They
soften the a in
many words
pronounced un, and kaliydn,
and they sound the short a
go,"
is
every-
intelligible.
ballet,
like
" thus,
i(
into u
a pipe," kaliyun
the English short a in " fan,"
bale,
" yes,"
is
pronounced by them
but with a drawl, which lengthens the
also soften e into I ; for instance,
first
ml rawed, " you
pronounced ml rawld.
Digitized by
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13
ELEMENTS OF HINDUSTANI GRAMMAR.

There
is
no Article
Dative with ho
Part
II.).
I is
The Noun
in t and sh are also mostly feminine.

:
Plur.
Sing.
Norn., mard,
man
men
mard,
Gen., mard-hd -he
-hi,
of
man
mardon-hd -he
man
mard-ko, to
Dat.,
of
Nouns and
generally the feminine termination of
declined thus
is
(See Phrases, Nos. 38 and 39, Section
Nouns ending
Adjectives.
the in the Accusative Case, the
to express
used.
is
mardon-ho, to
Ace, mard-ko or mard, the man

Abl., mard se, &e, from man
Agent, mard ne, man
-7ci 9
of
men
men
[men
mardoh-ho or ward, the
men
or
mardon se, &c, from the men, or

mardon ne, men
[men
(used only with past tenses

of transitive verbs).
In fem. nouns,
(
table,'
&c.
Nouns ending
in a
oblique cases and plural

hutte,
'
nom. plural
to the
mezen, mezon
dogs
;'
lea,
&c.
and
a,
'
thus, mez,
bread,' rofit/dn, rotiyoh ha,
generally change these into e in the
thus, huttd,
huttoh ha } &c.
added en or yah
is
rofi,
a dog
;*
hutte ha,
'
of a dog
Adjectives in a similarly take
;'
in the
mard9 'a good man;' achchhi larhi, 'a good girl;'

and e in the oblique cases and plural, as achchhe mard ha larha, 'a
good man's son.'
fem., as achchhd
THE PEONOUNS.
Singular.
Nom., main, I
Gen., mera -e 4, my
Dat. and Ace, mvgh ho,
Abl., mvjh se, from me
Agent, main ne, I
Plural,
ham, we
[me
to
me
or
hamdrd
~e
ham
ham
ham
se,
from us
ne,
we
Plural,
Singular.
Nom.,
thou
tu,
Gen., terd
-e
-t,
thy
[thee
ko, to thee, or
Abl., tujh se, from thee

ne,
you
tumhdrd -e
turn,
Dat. and Ace, tujh
Agent, tu
our
-i,
ho, to us, or us
thou
-l,
your
turn ho, to you, or

turn se,
you
by you
turn ne, you.
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ELEMENTS OF HINDUSTANI GRAMMAR.
14>
Tih,
'this,' 'he,'
Singular.
she,' or 'it.'
'
Plural.
Nom. yih, Gen. is kd, Dat. is ko,&e.
Wuh,
'
that,'
'
ye, in kd, &c.
he,'
she,' or
'
it.'
Singular.
Nom. tdui, Gen. uskd,

Interrog.
who ?
A?at0t,
Dat. #*&>, &c.
Gen. kUkd, Ac.
town fon
Eelative, who, jo jiskd, &c.
that same,
Correl.
wia, &c.
100,
&c.
A:a,
jojinkd, &c.
&c.
*0, tfw&a,
*o, tfw kd,
&c.
Interrog. what ? kyd, Jcahe kd, &c.
Ap,
1
self,'
or
'
your honour.' Apnd
-e
-i,
'
own ;
koi,
'
any
;'
kuchh,
some.'
AUXILIARY VEEB.
lam;
Present, Sing, main hun,
ham
Plur.
turn ho,
Past, Sing, main thd (fern, thi), I was,
Plur. Aa
hai.
we
A#,
ft*
We were,
thin),
tffo fern,
wuh
tu hai,
We are
hain,
hain.
wuh
#tn the,
thd.
we
the.
EEGULAE NEUTEE VEEB.

CHrnd, to
fall
girt-d (fem.
gir-d (fem.
-0
-?, pi.
pi. -a
-i,
and
and
in), fallen
- in),
falling
root, gir.
Aorist.
Sing, main girun, I
Plur.
may fall, tu gire, wuh gire.

may fall, turn giro, we giren.
We
ham giren,
Future.
Main
girung-d,
-i,
I shall
tu gvreg-d,
fall,
&c.
-i,
Imperative.
Sing, gir,
Plur. giro,
fall.
The
Sing, main girt-d (fem.
Indefinite.
i), <&c.
main girt-d hun, &c.
fall,
Plur.
The Present.
Sing,
fall
I am
The Imperfect.
Plur.
ye.
&c.
ham girt-e
(fem. in),
<fec.
falling.
ham gvrt-e
I was
hain, &c.
falling.
Sing, main girt-d thd (fem. girt-% thi), &c.

Plur.
ham girt-e
the (fem. girt-i thin), &c.
Past.I
Sing, main gir-d (fem.
-i),
&c.
fell.
Plur.
ham
Digitized by
gir-e
(in),
Googk
&c.

ELEMENTS OP HINDUSTANI GRAMMAR.
Perfect.
Sing, main gird
ham gire
Plur.
I have
hun
I had
main gird thd (fem. girl
Plur.
ham gire
Present, main khdtd hun, &c.
main ne khdyd
thd, tu
The Passive Voice
thl),
&c.
the (fem. girl thin), &c.
Agent Case, with the Past, Perfect and
Transitive Verbs take the
Perfect,
hun), &c.
fallen.
Sing,
Pluperfect Tenses; thus, khdnd,
<fec. ;
fallen.
(fern, girl
hain (fem. girt hain), &c.
Pluperfect.
main ne khdyd
15
'to
eat;'
Aorist, main khdun.
Past, main ne khdyd, tu ne khdyd,
ne khdyd
hoi, tu
ne khdyd
hai,
<fec.
Pluperfect,
thd, &c.
formed by using the past participle with the

going,' gayd, gone ') thus, main khdyd
jdun (fem. khdl jdun) y I may be eaten ; ham khde jdenge (fem.
khdl jdengln), we shall be eaten.' Past, main khdyd gayd, I was
Yerbjdna,
'
to go
'
is
{jdtd,
'
'
eaten,' &c.
There are no Irregular Verbs in Hindustani
but in some cases
the Regular Past Participle has become obsolete, and the Past Participle
of another Verb, of similar meaning, and of which the Present
Tense has
jdtd,
fallen into disuse, is
going
;'
gayd,
used in
Some
gone.'
the sake of euphony, as from dend,
its
place; thus, jdnd,
are
'
to give,' dun,
named thus
Sunday,
itwdr.
somwdr, or plr.
mangalwdr.
"Wednesday,
given.'
Monday,
Tuesday,
to go;'
made for
I may give,' is
contractions are also
generally used instead of dlun, Past Participle dlyd,
The days of the week
budh.
Thursday,
juma'
Friday,
juma\
Saturday,
sanlchar.
rat.
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10
THE CARDINAL NUMBERS IN HINDUSTANI.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
ek
do
tin
char
panch
chha
sat
ath
nau
das
gyarab
barah
terah
chaudah
pandrah
solah
satrah
atharah
unis
bis
ikkls
ba, is
te, is
chaubls
pachis
26
27
28
29
untis
30
tis
31
32
33
34
35
iktis
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
chbattis
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
chhabbis
sata, is
atha, is
batis
taintis
59
60
chauritis
pairitls
untatis
cbalis
61
62
63
64
65
iktalis
66
be, alls
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
sairitis
athtis
tairitalis
chau,alls
paiiitalis
chhi,alis
sairitalls
artalis
unchas
pachas
ikawan
bawan
tirpan
chauwan
pachpan
chhappan
sattawan
athawan
unsath
sath
iksath
bilsath
tirsath
chausath
painsath
chlii, asath
satsath
athsath
unhattar
satfcar
ikbattar
bahattar
tihattar
chauhattar
pachhattar
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
cbhihattar
sathattar
athhattar
unasi
assi
ikasi
be, asi.
tirasi
chaurasi
pachas!
cbhi, asi
satasi
athasl
nau, asi
nauwe
ikanawe
banawe
tiranawe
chauranawe
pachanawe
chhi,
anawe
satanawe
athanawe
ninanawe
sau or
sai.
The Ordinal Numbers arepakla,

'third;'
8atwan,
'
'first;' dusrd, 'second;' tisra,

chauthd, 'fourth;' panchwan, 'fifth;' cMatwan, 'sixth;'
seventh ;' and so on, regularly, for the remaining numbers,
by adding wan to the Cardinals. They are declined like Adjectives;

and pdnchwdn become, in the oblique cases and plural,
pahle and pdnchwen, and in the feminine paUl and pdnchwin. For
the application of the Grammar, for instance, to learn when to use
thus, pahld
the genitive termination -he instead of -kd, or to put the Adjective

in the obbque case, the learner
Section
I.,
is
referred to the phrases in Part II.,
which may with advantage be written as
Digitized by
exercises.
Googk
1*
ELEMENTS OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR.

There
is
no Article
Dative (with ra)
is.
but to express the in the Accusative Case the
(See Phrases 38, 39, Section I.)
used.
genitive is formed
by adding
noun
thus, kitab
man,
'
i (after
the book of me,' or
'
my
plural ends in an for animate, ha for inanimate objects
mardan ;
suba,
'
kitab, Jcitabhd
or after a thus, banda,
The
a vowel e) to the governing
'
book.'
;
The
thus, mard,
a slave/
bandagan ;
a district/ subajat, &c.
PKONOTJNS.
Sing, man, I
mard, to
Sing, tu, thou
Kiy who or which
what
sort of ? or
me man
;
shuma, you
ki,
who
o,
? eh
or mard, me.
he, she, or
9
which
? or
Plur. ma, we, &c.

Plur. eshan, they.
it.
what
he
is.
kuddm, which
any ?
VERBS.
Sing, hastam, I
am;
thou art;
Aorfi,
hast,
Plur. hastem, hasted, hastand.
Also without the aspirate, astam, asti, ast, astern,

Also the simple affix, am, I, ast, em, ed, and.
budl, thou wast ; bud, he was.
Sing., budam, I was
asted, astand.
Plur., budem, buded, budand.
Rasidan, 'to arrive' (root, ras).
Bason, 'arriving;' rasida, 'arrived;' rasanda, 'an
arriver.'
Tenses from the Eoot.

1st, Aorist.
Rasam, 'I may
arrive;' rasi,
'thou mayest arrive;'
the
r#$<wZ,
may
arrive.'
\
Rasem, 'we may
arrive
rased,
'you may
arrive;' rasand,
they may
arrive.'
2nd, Present.
Sing.,
'
Mirasam,
am
arriving,' &c.
mirasi, mirasad,
Plur., mirasem, mlrased, mirasand.
3rd, Imperative.
Ras,
'
arrive thou
;'
plur., rased.
Digitized by
Googk
18
;:;
;
elements of peb8ian grammar.

Tenses from the Infinitiye.
The Past.
1st,
Rasidam,
I arrived
;'
rasidi, rasid.
Plur. rasidem, rasided, rasidand.
2nd, Imperfect.
Ml rasidam,
'
I was arriving ;' mirasidi, mirasid.
Plur. mirasidem, mirasided, mirasidand.

3rd, Past Potential.
might
arrive,'
See
(Seldom used.
&c.
Phrases 61 to 65).
Rasidame, rasidi, raside ; rasideme, rasidede, rasidande.
Section
I.,
4th, Future.
Khwaham
i&wdhi
rasid, 'I shall arrive;'
Plur. Jchwahem rasid, Jchwahed
r.,
khhwdhad
r.,
ihwhdhand
r.
Tenses from Past Participle.

1st,
Rasida am, rasida
i,
Perfect
rasida ast
2nd,
Rasida budam,.. .budi,
I have
arrived.*
'
; plur., rasida
Pluperfect. I had
'
. .
bud;
The Roots are formed

1. Infinitives in adan,
plur., rasida
as follows
em, rasida ed, rasida and.

arrived.*
budem,
buded,
. .
budand.
idan and ddan reject the termination
chidan, to collect, chin
come, a or ay;
firistddan, to send, firist ; pursidan, to ask, purs

give, dih
. .
sit ddan,
thus,
except, dddan, to
didan, to see, bin
zadan, to strike, zan
dmadan, to prepare, dmd;
dmadan, to
to seize, sit an ;
zddan, to bring forth, zd;
gddan, to
embrace, gd; kushddan, to open, Jcushd; dfridan, to create, dfrin;

shunidan, to hear, shunau ; guzidan 9 to choose, guzin.
2. Infinitives in
udan, change
for d or de, as situdan, to praise,
it
sitae or sitd: except, budan, to be,
bit
or bash; shudan, to be,shaw;
tanudan, to draw, tanau ; durudan, to reap, duru
zinau
3. Infinitives in
kan
zinudan, to mingle,
ghunudan, to sleep, ghunu.

rdan or udan reject the dan, as kandan, to
except, dwurdan, to bring, ar or
kardan, to do, kun
murdan, to
afshurdan, to press, afshar

to count,
dig,
bear, bar
mir; dzurdan, to vex, dzdr
sipurdan, to entrust, sipdr ; shumurdan,
shumdr; farkandan, to
4. Infinitives in
die,
awar ; bur dan, to
khtan take
dig, farkand;
z,
gandan, to rot, gand.
as andajdttan, to throw,. andaz
except, shindkhtan, to recognize, shinds ; farokhtan, to
Digitized by
sell,
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farosh
;:
ELEMENTS OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
19
gusikhtan, to break, gusil; dkhtan, to draw (a sword), dlch
to milk, dosh
dokhtan,
suJchtan, to weigh, sanj.
5. Infinitives in
stan reject the stan, as zistan, to live, zl
except,
ju; khdstan, to rise, khez

khwdstan, to wish, l$hwah; paiwastan, to join, paiwand; justan, to
Leap, jah ; rastan, to escape, rah ; rustan, to grow, ruy ; ristan, to
bastan, to bind, band; justan, to seek,
spin, ris ;
shustan, to wash, shuy
kdstan, to diminish, kah
make
6.
to
sit,
nishdn
nishdstan, to
nishin.
gard ; nawishtan, to
Ml; dghashtan,
ddr
low, kdr
write, navois
except,
hishtan, to
to accumulate, aghdsh; agjioshtan, to embrace,
Ighpsh ; qfrdshtan, to exalt, afrdz
7.
sit,
Infinitives in shtan take r, as dash tan, to have,
yashtan, to become,
juit,
nishistan 9 to
shikastan, to break, shikan
gusastan, to break, gusil
kushtan, to
rishtan, to spin, ris
hishtan, to
hush.
kill,
Infinitives inyfow take
b,
as t aft an, to Bhine,
or retain^ as
wftan, to weave, 5f : except, hhuftan, to sleep, Mw*p ; r oftan, to

jo, raw; giriftan, to take, y*r; guftan, to say, yo or yoy ; pa^lraftan
accept, pazir
huguft
to bore, suft
suftan,
shinuftan, to hear, shinau
ormed by lengthening the
The days
shuguftan, to blossom,
kaftan, to dig, haw.
Some
are
penult, as ruftan, to sweep, rob.
of the week are
named thus
in Persian
Sunday,
yak shanba (pronounced shambd).
Monday,
do shanba.
Tuesday,
sih shanba.
"Wednesday, chahdr shanba.

Thursday,
panj shanba.
Friday,
juma\
Saturday,
shanba.
b2
Digitized by
VjOOQIC
20
CAKDINAL NUMBEES IN PERSIAN AND PASHT&.
21
ELEMENTS OF PASHTU GRAMMAR.

The
All
Article
Nouns
feminine
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The
1.
2.
3.
wanting, as in
is
Urdu and
are masculine or feminine.
Persian.
The
following are usually
Nouns in ar nafdida, advantage.

Nouns in ai, as fopai, a hat.
Nouns in i, as badl, evil.
Nouns in ah, as zhibah, tongue or language.
Purely Pashtu Nouns in a, asjdrd, crying.
feminines are generally formed as follows
Masc. in
Masc. in
in ai
ai, fern,
as, spai,
a dog
spai, a bitch.
i, fem. in anra ; as, dobi, a washerman, dob anra.

Masc. in a consonant (except ah) add for fem. a ; as, ukh, a
camel, ukha.
4. Masc. having u in last syllable
as,
shpun, a shepherd, shpana
and masc. in
ah, fem. in
ana ;
gAobah, a cowherd, g&obana.
DEOLEN8ION OF NOUNS.
1st Declension
Masculine Nouns in ai
:
Plural.
Singular.
Nom.
sarai, a
Gen. da
sari,
man
of a
Dat.
sari ta, to a
Ace.
sarai,
Abl.
la sari na,
pa
pa
o
tar
man
man
da sariyo.
sariyo ta.
man
from a
sari.
man
la sariyo na.
man
man
man
sari (Jckhe) he, in a
upon a
sari pore, up to a
sari bdnde,
by a man
Oh, man
Agent
sari,
Voc.
ai Sariya,
2nd
sari.
pa
pa
sariyo (Jckhe) he.
sariyo bdnde.
tar sariyo pore.

sariyo.
ai sariyo.
Declension Masculine Nouns ending in a consonant, and

Nom. hor, a house plur. Tcoruna.
denoting inanimate objects
Gen. da kor, of a house ; plur. da koruno. &c.
:
Digitized by
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ELEMENTS OF PA8HTU GRAMMAR.
22
3rd Declension, Masculine

animate objects
Nouns
in a consonant, or
mar, a snake, da mar
as,
denoting
i,
mdran, da
plor.
tndrdno, &c.
N.B. Many such Nouns are declined

sion
as, as,
Nouns
4th Declension, Masculine
sounds;
declen-
ending in a consonant denoting
krap, a crunch, da krap;
as,
2nd
like the
a horse, dsuna, &c.
plur.
hrapahdr,
da-
krapahdro, &c.
1st Declension, Feminine
spal
Nouns
in at or i; as, spai, a bitch,
fa
da spo, &c.
plur. spai,
2nd Declension, Feminine
Nouns
in a;
woman,
ihaza, a
as,
da
ihaze ; plur. hhaze, da hhazo, &c.
Nouns
3rd Declension, Feminine

da ohldo,
plur. ahlet
4lh Declension, Feminine

road, da lare
Nouns
Adjectives ore declined

and case.
as, gld, theft,
like
ending
consonants
in
tauda, hot.
fern,
tod,
lar,
Nouns, and agree in gender, number,
following form their feminines irregularly
The
Masc.
da gMa\
da laro, &c.
plur. Idre,
in a;
<fcc.
Masc.
drana, heavy.
shin, fern. sAwa,
green.
tor,
...
forfl,
black.
...
drund,
...
trihh,
...
tarMka,bitter.
...
Tchog,
...
Jchwaga, sweet.
...
triw,
...
tarwd,
...
Jchor,
...
khwara, scattered
...
...
sour.
Degrees oe Comparison.
(See Section
I.,
Phrases 11
to 14).
Personal Pronouns.
Norn, zuh,
Plur. mung, we.
I,
Gen. dzama) n
,
_ J-of me,'
or 00 ma
j
Dat. wmfo, to me,
Ace. mo, me,
*a,
by me,
In.
dzamunga.
*
. . .
...
. .
td ta,
mung.
munga.
td,
iu me.
ma na
...
/a
munga
na,
'thee,
to thee,
thee,
by
a,
pa
you
stdso.
...
ta he
tdso ta.
...
ftwo.
thee,...
tfaso.
(Jckhe),
...pa tdso
he,
in thee.
[he,
from me.
data,
mung ta.
Loc. pa ma he (Jckhe) ...pa munga
Abl. la
thou, Plur. tdsoy
tuh,
std or
la td na,
from thee, ...la tdso
ai td,
oh, thou
Digitized by
...
ai tdso.
Google
na,
ELEMENTS OE PASHTU GRAMMAB.

Third Person Proximate.
2%tVrf Person Remote,
Nodi, and Ace. da or de} he, she or
hagha, he, she or
it.
it,
haghoi or hag ho.
dou
plur.
23
f Masc. hag&uh.
Oblique cases, da or
de, plur.
The following forms are

Section
Phrase 66)
I.,
do or
by thee, thine
him, by him, his
plur.
;
. .
{See Section
(See
mu, us, by us, our.

mu, you, by you, your.
ye,
...
affixes ta, to, Jce (Jshhe), in,
verbs, the following are used
war, him, her,
though seldom, used.
occasionally,
de, thee,
With the
(Fern, hag&e.
we, me, by me, mine
ye,
cfoyo.
by them.
&c, and
rd,
also in
me, us
comp. with
you ;
dar, thee,
The affixes are, however, omitted in speaking.

Phrases 44 and 45).
it.
I.,
Demonsteative Pbonouns.
Nom. and
Ace. dagha or da, this
plur. daghdi or de.
Oblique
dagha or da ;
dagko or deo.
...
The Personal Pronouns hag&a and de are used for * that
khpul*
* own/ corresponds to the Hindi ffp/w.
' :
The
bat (bul) yo,
"
Which
compounds are in common use

" Other one,"
fern, bala yuwa; " all the rest,'* nor pi, fem. nore (ole.
following
yo, fem. huma yuwa ; " many more," nor cfer,

" Every one," Aar yo, fem. Aara ^wwa. Also, bul
hum
one,"
fem. ttore fer&
"other person;" bul tsa, "other thing:" nor tsok, "who

else?" nor tsa, " what else?" har tsok, "every body;" har tsuh,
" every thing " hets tsoh na, " nobody ;" har tso, " however many."
tsoh,
The Auxiliary Vebb

Indicative.
Future.
Present.
Zuh yam,
Tuh ye,
zllag&a
dai,
I am,
Thou
He
\lagka dah, She
is,
We are,
Miiny yu,
Tdso yai,
You
Haghoe
They
de,
art,
is,
are,
are,
Tarn, "lam,"
ELEMENTS OF PASHTU OBAMMAB.
24
The Intbansjtive Auxiliabt Verb
Kedal, " to become."
Mood.
Indicative
Future.
Imperfect.
I shall become,
I was becoming, &c.
Present.
&c.
Kegam, I become,
ha kegam,
kedalam or Jcedam.
JST<?y<?,
Thou becomest,
ha kege,
Jcedale or i<fe.
ifoyi,
He
becomes,
ha kegl,
keduh, fem. kedala, Tcedah.
Kegu,
"We become,
ha kegu,
kedalu, Jcedu.
Kegal,
Tou
ha kegai,
Jcedalai, kedal.
-fiT<?y,
They become,
ha kegl,
kedal, fem. Jcedale.
become,
Gerund, kedun, fem., kedana, "the becoming."

Present Part., keduh, fem. kedala, " becoming."
Active
Part.,
or
Noun
of
Agency,
kedunkai,
(fem.
i),
"i
becomer."
The Intbansitive Auxiliabt Vebb
Shwal," to become," or "to be/
>
elements of pashtu gbammab.
25
Tbansitiye Vebb.
wahal, " to strike."
Active Voice
Indicative Present
strike,
Sing, waham, wahe, wahi
Aorist
I may
Future
strike,
thou
strikest, &c.
Plur. wahu, wahai, wahi.
&c, wu toaham, wu wahe, &c.

&c, wu ha waham, &c, or, with Pronoun,
shall strike,
wu
zuh ba
toaham, &c.
The Imperfect, Past, Perfect and Pluperfect require the Agent Case
instead of the Nominative, and the Verb agrees with the object.
The Imperfect.
Thou, you,
eta tdso,
>i
he, she, it
[was (were) striking
or they,
me
^haghp
us
I,
we, he,
she, it
mung wahalu.
...
cmd
-\
mung,-\
or was (were) striking thee Xhaghuh ovyta toahale.
they,
^hagho
thou)
[ was
or you,
tdso
you
(him) ma mungi)
.
I, we,
-\
haghuh or \zuh wahalam.
(were) striking-!
(them
(wahal.
<
>
haghoi
...
(.them (fem.))
The
Thou, you,
he, she,
or they,
(have) struck
me
...
mung wahali yu.
similarly:
has or have struck thee,
tuh wahalai ye.
you,
tdso wahali yal.
him or
(them,
hagha wahalai dah.
her,
haghoe wahali
them (fem.) )
is
~\
haghuh ot> zuh wahalai yam.

^hagho
)
us
The Past
(toahale.
And,
<
Perfect.
Cta tdso,
it has
wahalai.
Cwahuh.
\hagha]
(wahala.
td or taso)
>
(;ber )
haghe wahali
formed from the Imperfect by prefixing
di.
di.
wu
td zuh
wu
wahalam, " thou didst strike me."
The
1
*"
\
Continuative Past
is
formed thus
Ma
ba hagha voahuh, " I
used to strike him/'
The
Pluperfect thus
The Doubtful
Ma
Pluperfeot
hagha wahalai wuh, u I had struck him."
Hagha ba zuh wahalai yam, " He might
have struck me."

Digitized by
Google
)
26
"
ELEMENTS OF PASHTU GBAMMAB.
The Imperative :
" Strike," wu waha;
Plur.
" Let him strike," wu de wahi ;
The Subjunctive Mood
is
...
wu wahai.
wu de wahi.
formed by prefixing kaf "if," to the
Indicative.
The Potential Mood, corresponding

formed from the Past Part.
shwal thus,
to the use of sakna in Urdu, is
the Present with the Present of
Wahalai sham, " I can strike ; " wdhalai she, " thou canst
strike " wahalai shu, " we can strike," <fcc.
;
In the Past the Verb agrees with the

the Indicative
Thou, you,.
he, she,
it
C could
(tdtdsohaa&a')
,
T
7
7
,
have struck me, i

\zuh wahalai shwam.
or they )
ovha
<*
mung wahall
us,
...
shuri.
(md, mung ")

she,
(could have struck thee, j hagha or r tuh wahalai shwe.
or they
)
^haa&o
we,
I,
it
he,>.
tdso wahall ihwal.
you,
...
I,
object, as in the past tenses of
him irnamung
we, thou")
or you
)
her
them
...
marians say
is
itself,
(haghol wahall shwal

(shwu).
^haghol wahall shwe.
wahalai
according
a curious anomaly, and some
impossible, but the
it is
...
(fem.) )
The change of termination of the Verb

to the gender of the object
haghawahalaishuh.
( td or tdso ) haaha wahall shwa.
them")
...
~)
Gram-
Afghans certainly give the in-
flection.
The Potential Future
is
formed with
ba, as
zuh ba
tlai
sham, I shall
be able to go.
wahun, fem. w ahan a, " striking ; "
Pres. Part., wahuh, fem. wahala, " striking 5"
Noun of Agency
wahunkai or wahunai, " a striker
Gerund
Past Part., wahalai, fem. wahall, "struck."
Passive Voice.
Wahalai kedal, "to be struck."
The Passive Voice
is
formed by conjugating the Past Participle
with the auxiliaries kedal and shwal, and making the usual changes
for
number, gender, and person.
Gerund, wahalai Tceduh ; Past.
Part., wahalai
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ELEMENTS OF PASHTU GEAMMAB.

Indicative
Mood.
27
"
ELEMENTS OP PA8HTU OBA1CKAB.
28
Imperative.
Sing.,
wu
wu
hhwazega, u move
de J&wazegi, " let
"
wu ihwazegai.
wu de l&wazegi.
plur,
him move ; "
...
Gerund, hhwazedun, " a moving

Pres. Part., khwazeduh, "moving."
Noun of Agency, ihwazedunkai, " a mover ; "
Past Part., bhwazedalai, " having moved."
;
Potentials
Present, khwazedalai shanty &c.

Past,
thwazedalai shwam, &c.
Future,
khwazedalai ha sham, &c.
Kawul, "
The Tbansitite Auxiliary

Indicative.
Present.
Plural.
Singular.
I doj
katvam or Tcram
Thou
He
Jcawu or kru,
dost, kawe, or Tcre
Tcawal or krai.
kawi, kri or kande
does,
to do."
kawi, kri or kande.
Imperfect.
In agreement with the objects in number and gender

Masc.
Ma td, &c.
Fem.
The Future
is
kawuh ;
plur. kawal.
kawala;
kawale.
...
formed by prefixing ha to the Present
zah ha
karam, &c.
Imperative.
Sing.
Do
thou,
Let him
wu kra
do,
or
wu ka ;
plur.
hag&a de wuh ka
Subjunctive.
...
wu
krai or
wu
kai.
h agh a de wu kri or kande.
Present.
Plural,
Singular.
If I do, ka kawam,
ka kawu.
ka kawai.
ka kawi or kande.
If thou doest, ka kawe,

If he does, ka kawi,
Past.
Masc. ka karai wai

ka kari wai,
Fem.
ka kari wai.
f
j
ka kari wai.
(See Phrase 62, Section I.)
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ELEMENTS OP PASHTU GRAMMAS.
The Future Subjunctive

karam (or ham), &c.
The
is
formed by prefixing
Irregular Yerbs in Pashtu are very
useless to attempt any explanation of
difficult,
them in
29
ba,
as ha ba
and
it
wu
would be
this "Work.
For the Numerals, see end of " Elements of Persian Grammar,"

page 20.
Digitized by
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Digitized by
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31
PART
II.
SENTENCES.
Note.
In most of the Phrases one word
of the four languages, to
assist the
is
printed in
in
I.,
Phrase 2,
Persian,
Phrase 28,
tifl ;
it is
it is
in each
student in picking out rapidly
the equivalents of the several English words

tion
italics,
seen at once that boy
is
for instance, in Sec-
in Hindustani, lar-Jca;
Again, in Section L,
and in Pashtu, halak.
seen that has he must in this and similar phrases be
rendered in Hindustani by us he pas hain and in Pashtu by da

9
haghuh dzalcha d% both of which mean, " are in his possession."

this
means the idiomatic
shown
instead of only the
Vocabulary.
many
For
cases, differ
"By
translation of the English expression is

literal,
which
this reason the
is all
that can be given in a
words given in the Vocabulary, in
from those given in this Part.
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MILITARY TEEMS.
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95
PART
III.
VOCABULARY AND INDEX.

Note.
The
numbers
column opposite to any word
in the second
indicate the Section and Phrase where
but owing to the
it
may be found
in Fart II.,
difference of idiom it will often occur that the
translation there given will not agree with that given in this Vocabufor instance: the Urdu for "To have" is given in the
Vocabulary as rakhnd, but on referring to I. 28 it will be seen that
the affix " kepds" with the Verb "To be" is idiomatically used instead.
Some English words can only be rendered by a Phrase, as the
Neuter Verbs " To hurt " and " To lighten" and in these cases the
stands for the Hind, karnd.
reference will supply the translation.
Pers. kardan, Push, hawal, " To do." When a Hindi word has been
lary;
used in Persian (as being current in Kabul) the
English.
letter
H is affixed.
96
English.
TOCABULABX AND INDEX.
English.
97
98
English.
VOOABULABT AND INDEX.
English.
09
100
English,
'
VOCABULABY AND INDEX.
Bef.
Urdu.
iv.
18
ab o hawa
baran ko|
xi.
34
English.
Climate
Cloak
Clock
Close
Cloth
Cloth Beller
Clothes
Cloud
Coarse
Coat
Cocoa-nut
13
68
i. 50
iv. 14
i.
i.
ghanta
nazdik
kapra
kapre wala
kapre
badal
mota
i.
kurta
naryal
41
Cock, of gun
Cock, fowl
ghora
murgh
Coffee
iii.
Cold
Cold weather
iv.
11
kafi
jara
thanda
17 zukam
Cold, illness
xiii.
Collect, to
ix.
Colour
ii.
56
98
jama' k.
Come, to
ii.
rang
kanghi
ana
Command
ii.
58
hukm
Commencement
xiii.
Comb
ibtida
Common
'am
Comparison
nisbat
Compass
kampas
96
parkar
mudda'I
pura
xi.
sharj
xi.
50
muwafik
77
16
EQU:
x.
Compasses,
pair of
Complainant
Complete
Condition, a
Conform, to
xi.
Consent(agree)
Consequence
Constipation
Contract
Contractor
ii.
xiii.
theka
thekadar
Contrary to
Contented
Cook, to
iii.
Cook
ii.
Cool
iii.
thanda
Coolie
ii.
kuli
Copper
Cord
ktilaf
razi
23
13
19
71
vi. 17
x. 6
pakana
bawarcbl
tanba
dori
k.
Persian.
101
102
English.
VO0ABULABY AND INDEX.
English.
103
104
English.
YOCABULA.BY AND INDEX.
VOCABTJLABY AND INDEX.
English.
Escape
Estimate
Even (adv.)
Evening
Exactly
Examine, to
Excavation
Excellent
Extinguish, to,
bachao
tahmina,
timat
iv.
47
v.25
xi. 74
viii.
52
xi.
put out
Extreme
Eve
Eyebrow
x.
Face
Fair
i.51
Fall, to
Fall into, to
False
ix.
Family
ii.
Famine
Fan (punkha)
Urdu.
Bef.
89
48
54
ii.
bhi
sham,
thik
105
Pashtu.
Persian.
bach,
rihai
18-
taHimmlkimat takhmini
ham*
sham
ham.
'ain
barabar.
makham.
khodal
mulahaga
tândak
bihtar
ktub
kandana.
khuh.
bujhana
gulk.
marawal.
akhirl
abiri
wrustanai.
ankh
bhawen
chashm
starga.
abru
barwate.
munh
ru
ma&fe.
gora
girna
milna
ihuth
sufed
spin.
uftadan
prewatal.
gadedal.
darogh.
mulahaga
k.
*i-
mat.
k.
raftan
darogh
katal.
kutumb
kabila
tabar.
kal
kahj
jp*h$.
na'lband
na'lband
na'lband.
garandai.
Far (distance)
Fare (hire)
Farrier
Fast
Fat
Fate
Father
Fault
49 jald
charbi
ix. 21
kismat
iii. 31
bap
ûsur
i. 4
viii.
Fear
Fear, to
Feed, to (act.)
Feed,
ix.
ii.
74
69
charbi
wazda.
kismat
padar
nasib.
gunah
kbauf
kusur.
plar.
tarsidan
wyara.
wyaredal.
kburanidan
khurawal.
char i dan
tap
tsaredal.
taba.
to, as
birds
Fever
viii.
xiii.
Few
Field
Fig
dar
darna
khilana
zfid
chand
lag.
kisht
kafai.
iii.
anjir
indzar.
viii.
suhan
pur k.
suhan.
dakawal.
yaftan
jurimana
mundal.
tawan.
barik
barik.
i.
File
Fill, to
Find, to
Fine, a
Fine
Finish, to
75 chugna
bukhar
3
thora
khet
20 anjir
54 retl
bhar dena
vi. 26
pana
vii. 12
jurimana
ii. 3
mahin
ii. 101
tamam k.
v. 23
tamam
pura k.
k.
Fire
ag
atish
or.
Fireplace
angithi
atish fchana
ngiiarai.
Digitized by
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106
English.
VOCABULABY AND INDEX.
English.
107
108
English.
VOOABULABY AND INDEX.
YOCABULABY AND INDEX.
J&nglish.
109
110
English.
VOCABULABY AKD
I1H)EX.
VOCABUXABT AND INDEX.
English.
Ill
112
English.
VOCABULARY AND
IITOEX.
VOCABULARY AKD HTDEX.
English.
113
114
EnglUh.
TOCABULABT AND INDXX.
TOCABULAET AND INDEX.
English.
115
116
English.
VOCABCLABT AND INDEX.
YOCABTTLAEY AHD INDEX.
English.
117
11%
Engltih.
T0CA.B1TI.ABT ABTD INDEX.
TOCABULABT AND INDEX.
English.
119
120
English.
YOCABFLABY AND INDEX.
VOCABULABT UTD
English.
IlfDII.
121
122
"English,
English.
128
124
English.
VOCABCLABY AND INDEX.
VOCABULARY
English.
JLSD INDEX.
125
126
English.
128
English.
VOCABULARY AKD INDEX.
Englith.
129
130
English.
YO0ABULABY
ANT) INDEX.
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