Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2015
Objective: The purposes of this study were to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability... more Objective: The purposes of this study were to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of a photographic measurement of the sagittal postures of the cervical spine and shoulder, quantitatively characterize the postural alignment of the head and shoulders in the sagittal plane of Portuguese adolescents 15 to 17 years old in natural erect standing, and analyze differences in postural angles between sexes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 secondary schools in Portugal where 275 adolescent students (146 females and 129 males) aged 15 to 17 years were evaluated. Sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were measured with photogrammetry and the Postural Assessment Software. Results: For interrater reliability, all of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values for the 3 angles were higher than 0.85. For intrarater reliability, the ICC values for the sagittal head angle, shoulder angle, and cervical angle were 0.83, 0.78, and 0.66, respectively. Mean values of sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were 17.2°± 5.7°, 47.4°± 5.2°, and 51.4°± 8.5°, respectively. Anterior head carriage was demonstrated by 68% of the adolescents, whereas 58% had protraction of the shoulder(s). Males had significantly higher mean cervical and sagittal head angles. Conclusions: Forward head posture and protracted shoulders were common postural disorders in adolescents 15 to 17 years old, with females revealing a lower mean cervical angle. The intrarater and interrater evaluation of standing sagittal posture of the cervical spine and shoulders by photogrammetry was reliable.
In this case control study we aimed at characterizing elbow and shoulder muscular strength profil... more In this case control study we aimed at characterizing elbow and shoulder muscular strength profile in male judokas. Isokinetic variables pertaining to shoulder internal and external rotation and elbow flexion and extension were measured at 60 and 180 ◦ /s, in a group of 22 national male judokas and in a control group of 22 healthy participants. The judo athletes were significantly stronger than the non-athletes. The mean values of ER:IR ratio observed in the judokas group were lower than in the control group. The mean values of elbow Flex:Ext ratio were similar in both groups at 60 ◦ /s, but significantly higher at 180 ◦ /s in the judokas group. These findings indicate sport specific muscular adaptations in the dominant shoulder and elbow in male judo athletes. The results of this study provide information that may be of importance for developing training and rehabilitation programs for judo athletes.
| Background: There is sparse literature that provides evidence of cervical and shoulder postural... more | Background: There is sparse literature that provides evidence of cervical and shoulder postural alignment of 15 to 17-year-old adolescents and that analyzes sex differences. Objectives: To characterize the postural alignment of the head and shoulder in the sagittal plane of 15 to 17-year-old Portuguese adolescents in natural erect standing and explore the relationships between three postural angles and presence of neck and shoulder pain. Method: This crosssectional study was conducted in two secondary schools in Portugal. 275 adolescent students (153 females and 122 males) aged 15 to 17 were evaluated. Sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were measured with photogrammetry and PAS software. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Assessment (ASES) was used to assess shoulder pain, whereas neck pain was self-reported with a single question. Results: Mean values of sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were 17.2±5.7, 47.4±5.2, and 51.4±8.5°, respectively. 68% of the participants revealed protraction of the head, whereas 58% of them had protraction of the shoulder. The boys showed a significantly higher mean cervical angle, and adolescents with neck pain revealed lower mean cervical angle than adolescents without neck pain. 53% of the girls self-reported regular neck pain, contrasting with 19% of the boys. Conclusions: This data shows that forward head and protracted shoulder are common postural disorders in adolescents, especially in girls. Neck pain is prevalent in adolescents, especially girls, and it is associated with forward head posture.
Introduction: Static posture analysis with the aid of specific software with images is beneficial... more Introduction: Static posture analysis with the aid of specific software with images is beneficial for large-scale studies and facilitates the diagnosis, planning and follow-up of any physiotherapy treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to determine test---retest and inter-rater reliability and validity of computerized photogrammetry using the Postural Assessment Software (PAS) in relation to goniometry. Materials and methods: Universal Goniometers were placed in a wall of the Lab, making it possible to obtain four angular measures. A digital camera was positioned on a tripod at a height of 147 cm and at a distance of three meters from the wall. A photo was taken with the four goniometers. Two more photos were taken, and the goniometer angles were changed within each photo, obtaining 12 different angular values. Each photograph was analyzed by the three raters using the Postural Assessment Software. Bland---Altman method was used to document the agreement between raters and between Goniometry and Postural Assessment Software. Results: There were no statistical differences between the two evaluation methods: goniometry and PAS software. The Bland---Altman graph supported the strong consistency between methods, with an average difference equal to 0.06. The use of PAS software was also shown to be intrarater reliable, with the three raters (A, p = 0.17; B, p = 0.31; C, p = 0.17) with no statistical significant differences between the first and the second measurement, and to have good interrater reliability with no statistical differences between raters. Conclusions: Postural Assessment Software is an accurate and reliable method when compared to the goniometry. software también mostró ser fiable intra-calificadores (los tres evaluadores no presentaron diferencias significativas entre la primera y la segunda medición) y tener una buena fiabilidad entre evaluadores, sin presentar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ellos. Conclusiones: Software de evaluación postural es un método preciso y fiable en comparación con la goniometría.
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2015
The purposes of this study were to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of a photo... more The purposes of this study were to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of a photographic measurement of the sagittal postures of the cervical spine and shoulder, quantitatively characterize the postural alignment of the head and shoulders in the sagittal plane of Portuguese adolescents 15 to 17 years old in natural erect standing, and analyze differences in postural angles between sexes. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 secondary schools in Portugal where 275 adolescent students (146 females and 129 males) aged 15 to 17 years were evaluated. Sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were measured with photogrammetry and the Postural Assessment Software. For interrater reliability, all of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values for the 3 angles were higher than 0.85. For intrarater reliability, the ICC values for the sagittal head angle, shoulder angle, and cervical angle were 0.83, 0.78, and 0.66, respectively. Mean values of sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were 17.2° ± 5.7°, 47.4° ± 5.2°, and 51.4° ± 8.5°, respectively. Anterior head carriage was demonstrated by 68% of the adolescents, whereas 58% had protraction of the shoulder(s). Males had significantly higher mean cervical and sagittal head angles. Forward head posture and protracted shoulders were common postural disorders in adolescents 15 to 17 years old, with females revealing a lower mean cervical angle. The intrarater and interrater evaluation of standing sagittal posture of the cervical spine and shoulders by photogrammetry was reliable.
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2015
Objective: The purposes of this study were to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability... more Objective: The purposes of this study were to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of a photographic measurement of the sagittal postures of the cervical spine and shoulder, quantitatively characterize the postural alignment of the head and shoulders in the sagittal plane of Portuguese adolescents 15 to 17 years old in natural erect standing, and analyze differences in postural angles between sexes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 secondary schools in Portugal where 275 adolescent students (146 females and 129 males) aged 15 to 17 years were evaluated. Sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were measured with photogrammetry and the Postural Assessment Software. Results: For interrater reliability, all of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values for the 3 angles were higher than 0.85. For intrarater reliability, the ICC values for the sagittal head angle, shoulder angle, and cervical angle were 0.83, 0.78, and 0.66, respectively. Mean values of sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were 17.2°± 5.7°, 47.4°± 5.2°, and 51.4°± 8.5°, respectively. Anterior head carriage was demonstrated by 68% of the adolescents, whereas 58% had protraction of the shoulder(s). Males had significantly higher mean cervical and sagittal head angles. Conclusions: Forward head posture and protracted shoulders were common postural disorders in adolescents 15 to 17 years old, with females revealing a lower mean cervical angle. The intrarater and interrater evaluation of standing sagittal posture of the cervical spine and shoulders by photogrammetry was reliable.
In this case control study we aimed at characterizing elbow and shoulder muscular strength profil... more In this case control study we aimed at characterizing elbow and shoulder muscular strength profile in male judokas. Isokinetic variables pertaining to shoulder internal and external rotation and elbow flexion and extension were measured at 60 and 180 ◦ /s, in a group of 22 national male judokas and in a control group of 22 healthy participants. The judo athletes were significantly stronger than the non-athletes. The mean values of ER:IR ratio observed in the judokas group were lower than in the control group. The mean values of elbow Flex:Ext ratio were similar in both groups at 60 ◦ /s, but significantly higher at 180 ◦ /s in the judokas group. These findings indicate sport specific muscular adaptations in the dominant shoulder and elbow in male judo athletes. The results of this study provide information that may be of importance for developing training and rehabilitation programs for judo athletes.
| Background: There is sparse literature that provides evidence of cervical and shoulder postural... more | Background: There is sparse literature that provides evidence of cervical and shoulder postural alignment of 15 to 17-year-old adolescents and that analyzes sex differences. Objectives: To characterize the postural alignment of the head and shoulder in the sagittal plane of 15 to 17-year-old Portuguese adolescents in natural erect standing and explore the relationships between three postural angles and presence of neck and shoulder pain. Method: This crosssectional study was conducted in two secondary schools in Portugal. 275 adolescent students (153 females and 122 males) aged 15 to 17 were evaluated. Sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were measured with photogrammetry and PAS software. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Assessment (ASES) was used to assess shoulder pain, whereas neck pain was self-reported with a single question. Results: Mean values of sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were 17.2±5.7, 47.4±5.2, and 51.4±8.5°, respectively. 68% of the participants revealed protraction of the head, whereas 58% of them had protraction of the shoulder. The boys showed a significantly higher mean cervical angle, and adolescents with neck pain revealed lower mean cervical angle than adolescents without neck pain. 53% of the girls self-reported regular neck pain, contrasting with 19% of the boys. Conclusions: This data shows that forward head and protracted shoulder are common postural disorders in adolescents, especially in girls. Neck pain is prevalent in adolescents, especially girls, and it is associated with forward head posture.
Introduction: Static posture analysis with the aid of specific software with images is beneficial... more Introduction: Static posture analysis with the aid of specific software with images is beneficial for large-scale studies and facilitates the diagnosis, planning and follow-up of any physiotherapy treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to determine test---retest and inter-rater reliability and validity of computerized photogrammetry using the Postural Assessment Software (PAS) in relation to goniometry. Materials and methods: Universal Goniometers were placed in a wall of the Lab, making it possible to obtain four angular measures. A digital camera was positioned on a tripod at a height of 147 cm and at a distance of three meters from the wall. A photo was taken with the four goniometers. Two more photos were taken, and the goniometer angles were changed within each photo, obtaining 12 different angular values. Each photograph was analyzed by the three raters using the Postural Assessment Software. Bland---Altman method was used to document the agreement between raters and between Goniometry and Postural Assessment Software. Results: There were no statistical differences between the two evaluation methods: goniometry and PAS software. The Bland---Altman graph supported the strong consistency between methods, with an average difference equal to 0.06. The use of PAS software was also shown to be intrarater reliable, with the three raters (A, p = 0.17; B, p = 0.31; C, p = 0.17) with no statistical significant differences between the first and the second measurement, and to have good interrater reliability with no statistical differences between raters. Conclusions: Postural Assessment Software is an accurate and reliable method when compared to the goniometry. software también mostró ser fiable intra-calificadores (los tres evaluadores no presentaron diferencias significativas entre la primera y la segunda medición) y tener una buena fiabilidad entre evaluadores, sin presentar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ellos. Conclusiones: Software de evaluación postural es un método preciso y fiable en comparación con la goniometría.
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 2015
The purposes of this study were to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of a photo... more The purposes of this study were to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of a photographic measurement of the sagittal postures of the cervical spine and shoulder, quantitatively characterize the postural alignment of the head and shoulders in the sagittal plane of Portuguese adolescents 15 to 17 years old in natural erect standing, and analyze differences in postural angles between sexes. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 secondary schools in Portugal where 275 adolescent students (146 females and 129 males) aged 15 to 17 years were evaluated. Sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were measured with photogrammetry and the Postural Assessment Software. For interrater reliability, all of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values for the 3 angles were higher than 0.85. For intrarater reliability, the ICC values for the sagittal head angle, shoulder angle, and cervical angle were 0.83, 0.78, and 0.66, respectively. Mean values of sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were 17.2° ± 5.7°, 47.4° ± 5.2°, and 51.4° ± 8.5°, respectively. Anterior head carriage was demonstrated by 68% of the adolescents, whereas 58% had protraction of the shoulder(s). Males had significantly higher mean cervical and sagittal head angles. Forward head posture and protracted shoulders were common postural disorders in adolescents 15 to 17 years old, with females revealing a lower mean cervical angle. The intrarater and interrater evaluation of standing sagittal posture of the cervical spine and shoulders by photogrammetry was reliable.
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