History and Foreign Policy in France and Germany, 2015
States and countries, even if similar in a range of important respects or geographically close, f... more States and countries, even if similar in a range of important respects or geographically close, frequently differ significantly in how they think of themselves and their proper and seemingly natural role and place in the world. With the background of dissimilar historical experiences and rooted in dominant interpretations of their meaning and political implications, such particular types of domestic construction relate to prevalent views of self and purpose. These may be understood as domestic aspects of national role conceptions (NRCs). As internal reference systems, elements of national role and purpose affect the formation of national interests and foreign policies. They may do so through three distinct causal mechanisms: prescription, proscription, and influences on preferences for a particular process or style of interest definition and policy-making. The core elements and characteristic vocabulary of such historical domestic construction can be extracted from various types of empirical data.
ABSTRACT What are the consequences and implications of Brexit on the nature and character of Fran... more ABSTRACT What are the consequences and implications of Brexit on the nature and character of Franco-German ‘embedded bilateralism’ in Europe, the relative influence of Berlin and Paris in EU policymaking, and the EU's future trajectory more generally? Brexit brings into sharper relief three basic future scenarios for the EU: (1) German hegemony; (2) the decline of the European project; and (3) a rejuvenated Franco-German tandem at the union's centre – what we call ‘back to the future’. Which of these scenarios prevails will depend on the interaction of Brexit with other developments, most notably (1) the overall strengthening of Germany's relative standing, and (2) France's ability to overcome its economic and societal stasis with serious reforms. Though each of the three scenarios is possible, this paper holds that ‘back to the future’ is the most likely and plausible. Brexit thus might even further accentuate the historically influential Franco-German relationship, not least in union-level policy domains, such as security and defense, in which Britain has hitherto played a significant role.
Dieser Beitrag fragt nach der Bedeutung des französischen Partners und des deutsch-französischen ... more Dieser Beitrag fragt nach der Bedeutung des französischen Partners und des deutsch-französischen Bilateralismus für die Gestaltungsmacht deutscher Europapolitik und für die Fähigkeit Deutschlands, seine Interessen im europäischen Integrationskontext erfolgreich zu wahren. Um dies zu beantworten, werden zunächst zentrale Charakteristika und Institutionen des deutsch-französischen Bilateralismus analysiert. Sodann werden in der gebotenen Kürze wichtige Entwicklungsetappen dieser bilateralen Sonderbeziehung und ihre strukturierende Wirkung auf ihr europäisches Umfeld skizziert, bevor die Bedeutung des deutsch-französischen Bilateralismus nach dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts und zuletzt zentrale Herausforderungen für die bilaterale Sonderbeziehung analysiert werden. Diese Ausführungen münden in die Antwort auf die Frage, ob Frankreich als Partner zur Verfolgung deutscher europapolitischer Interessen im 21. Jahrhundert an Bedeutung eingebüßt hat.
Beneath the relations among states, and distinct from the exchanges of an autonomous regional or ... more Beneath the relations among states, and distinct from the exchanges of an autonomous regional or global civil society, there is another set of international practices which is neither public nor private but parapublic. The Franco-German parapublic underpinnings consist of publicly funded youth and educational exchanges, some two thousand city and regional partnerships, a host of institutes and associations concerned with Franco-German matters, and various other parapublic elements. This institutional reality provides resources, socializes the participants of its programs, and generates social meaning. Simultaneously, parapublic activity faces severe limits. In this paper I clarify the concept of "parapublic underpinnings" of international relations and flesh out their characteristics for the relationship between France and Germany. I then evaluate the effects and limits of this type of activity, and relate this paper's findings and arguments to recent research on transnationalism, Europeanization, and denationalization. 1 Herbst 1978. All translations from French and German into English in this article are my own. 2 Nonnenmacher 1997. 3 Grosser 1965, 26. 4 Delors and Lamers 1998. References to what I call parapublic underpinnings, in the Franco-German case, often come with terms such as the (social) glue, fabric, tissue, or cement of Franco-German relations. See, for example, Brigouleix 1987. 5 Friend 1991, XIX. 6 Work on Franco-German relations includes all aspects of Franco-German political bilateralism; a body of literature properly termed "France and Germany in Europe"; as well as studies on the history of Franco-German affairs and of common French and German history. Comprehensive standard works on postWar Franco
This course is mandatory for all first year students in SPS. Because this makes it a large course... more This course is mandatory for all first year students in SPS. Because this makes it a large course, we cannot allow visiting students to register for the class. If you want to write a term paper for this class as part of your general term paper requirements, you need to make significant use of the readings and topics on the syllabus and make a contribution to the discussion on qualitative methods (in other words, a draft of your prospectus is not an acceptable term paper). Those who wish to write a term paper should submit it to Professor Culpepper and Professor Krotz by email (with a cc to Martina Selmi) and in paper copy. The deadline for the submission of the paper is 15 January 2016.
The EU’s Global Engagement database (http://globalgovernanceprogramme.eui.eu/eu-global-engagement... more The EU’s Global Engagement database (http://globalgovernanceprogramme.eui.eu/eu-global-engagement-database/ ) was developed by a research team composed of Ulrich Krotz, Katerina Wright and Danilo Di Mauro within the Europe in the World programme of the Global Governance Programme. It provides a comprehensive overview of EU military operations and civilian missions under the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The primary purpose of the database is to fill the gap in existing empirical knowledge by providing the first centralized, comprehensive, and accurate database on the EU’s military operations and civilian missions worldwide. The database also provides some indicators of the level of the EU’s engagement globally. The database contains detailed information on all of the 32 military operations and civilian missions initiated from the first CSDP operation in January 2003 to December 2014. All of the 70 variables recorded for each of the 32 (completed or ongoing) operations h...
Since the end of the Cold War, counterterrorism has joined traditional counterintelligence concer... more Since the end of the Cold War, counterterrorism has joined traditional counterintelligence concerns at the top of the German diplomatic security agenda. Germany has designated diplomatic security predominantly as a responsibility of the police, and has tasked the German Federal Police (Bundespolizei) with the lead role in providing security for its diplomatic installations around the world. This chapter offers a brief review of the Federal Republic of Germany’s diplomatic activities and its efforts to maintain diplomatic security from the Cold War to the present. It then examines some of the main challenges to diplomatic security today, and how Germany has responded to them.
What are the implications of Brexit for the nature, role, and potential of Franco-German leadersh... more What are the implications of Brexit for the nature, role, and potential of Franco-German leadership in the EU? Brexit, we contend, is both an expression and a further cause of two broader underlying developments in the contemporary EU: First, a stronger and more prominent German part and position, and second, disintegrative tendencies in several EU policy fields and the EU polity as a whole. This, in turn, has major implications for Franco-German bilateralism and for Franco-German leadership in the EU. In light of a stronger Germany, a relatively weaker France, and significant centrifugal forces, the two largest EU member states must not only realign their bilateral relationship but must also act as a stabilizer in and for the EU. We show that during the EU’s recent crises, not least during the Brexit negotiations and the recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic, France and Germany did exercise joint leadership. We also show, however, that major discrepancies persist between the two coun...
Bilateral Franco-German cooperation in security and defence is characterized by a paradox. On the... more Bilateral Franco-German cooperation in security and defence is characterized by a paradox. On the one hand, France and Germany are closely connected institutionally, and consult across all key areas of foreign policy, security, and defence in highly regularized ways. On the other hand, the countries’ general orientations in security and defence, as well as their strategic postures and numerous policy preferences in these domains, often are disparate and, not infrequently, deeply divergent. This chapter outlines both the institutional underpinnings of the robust Franco-German bilateral connection and the enduring differences between France and Germany. It then explores how this ‘double logic’ of institutional cohesion versus preference divergence plays out across key areas in security and defence, including armament cooperation; nuclear forces; the Franco-German brigade and the Eurocorps; and military deployment. The chapter concludes by discussing where the Franco-German relationshi...
Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) operations, while still novel, are rapidly becoming a v... more Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) operations, while still novel, are rapidly becoming a vital means through which Europe projects physical power and influence beyond its borders. This chapter analyses the EU’s multilateral, intergovernmental military operations, examining where and how the EU has pursued its emerging strategic interests around the globe. It first surveys the history and politics of the thirteen CSDP mweilitary operations launched since 2003. It then dissects the nature and diversity of military missions. While the EU has deployed, on average, some 3,000 military troops around the world each day, operations have varied widely in their mandate, the number of troops involved, the number of participating member states, and the symmetry with which states support and staff these missions. The analysis underscores that CSDP operations will remain an integral part of European politics and Europe’s search for its role and place in twenty-first-century world politics.
History and Foreign Policy in France and Germany, 2015
States and countries, even if similar in a range of important respects or geographically close, f... more States and countries, even if similar in a range of important respects or geographically close, frequently differ significantly in how they think of themselves and their proper and seemingly natural role and place in the world. With the background of dissimilar historical experiences and rooted in dominant interpretations of their meaning and political implications, such particular types of domestic construction relate to prevalent views of self and purpose. These may be understood as domestic aspects of national role conceptions (NRCs). As internal reference systems, elements of national role and purpose affect the formation of national interests and foreign policies. They may do so through three distinct causal mechanisms: prescription, proscription, and influences on preferences for a particular process or style of interest definition and policy-making. The core elements and characteristic vocabulary of such historical domestic construction can be extracted from various types of empirical data.
ABSTRACT What are the consequences and implications of Brexit on the nature and character of Fran... more ABSTRACT What are the consequences and implications of Brexit on the nature and character of Franco-German ‘embedded bilateralism’ in Europe, the relative influence of Berlin and Paris in EU policymaking, and the EU's future trajectory more generally? Brexit brings into sharper relief three basic future scenarios for the EU: (1) German hegemony; (2) the decline of the European project; and (3) a rejuvenated Franco-German tandem at the union's centre – what we call ‘back to the future’. Which of these scenarios prevails will depend on the interaction of Brexit with other developments, most notably (1) the overall strengthening of Germany's relative standing, and (2) France's ability to overcome its economic and societal stasis with serious reforms. Though each of the three scenarios is possible, this paper holds that ‘back to the future’ is the most likely and plausible. Brexit thus might even further accentuate the historically influential Franco-German relationship, not least in union-level policy domains, such as security and defense, in which Britain has hitherto played a significant role.
Dieser Beitrag fragt nach der Bedeutung des französischen Partners und des deutsch-französischen ... more Dieser Beitrag fragt nach der Bedeutung des französischen Partners und des deutsch-französischen Bilateralismus für die Gestaltungsmacht deutscher Europapolitik und für die Fähigkeit Deutschlands, seine Interessen im europäischen Integrationskontext erfolgreich zu wahren. Um dies zu beantworten, werden zunächst zentrale Charakteristika und Institutionen des deutsch-französischen Bilateralismus analysiert. Sodann werden in der gebotenen Kürze wichtige Entwicklungsetappen dieser bilateralen Sonderbeziehung und ihre strukturierende Wirkung auf ihr europäisches Umfeld skizziert, bevor die Bedeutung des deutsch-französischen Bilateralismus nach dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts und zuletzt zentrale Herausforderungen für die bilaterale Sonderbeziehung analysiert werden. Diese Ausführungen münden in die Antwort auf die Frage, ob Frankreich als Partner zur Verfolgung deutscher europapolitischer Interessen im 21. Jahrhundert an Bedeutung eingebüßt hat.
Beneath the relations among states, and distinct from the exchanges of an autonomous regional or ... more Beneath the relations among states, and distinct from the exchanges of an autonomous regional or global civil society, there is another set of international practices which is neither public nor private but parapublic. The Franco-German parapublic underpinnings consist of publicly funded youth and educational exchanges, some two thousand city and regional partnerships, a host of institutes and associations concerned with Franco-German matters, and various other parapublic elements. This institutional reality provides resources, socializes the participants of its programs, and generates social meaning. Simultaneously, parapublic activity faces severe limits. In this paper I clarify the concept of "parapublic underpinnings" of international relations and flesh out their characteristics for the relationship between France and Germany. I then evaluate the effects and limits of this type of activity, and relate this paper's findings and arguments to recent research on transnationalism, Europeanization, and denationalization. 1 Herbst 1978. All translations from French and German into English in this article are my own. 2 Nonnenmacher 1997. 3 Grosser 1965, 26. 4 Delors and Lamers 1998. References to what I call parapublic underpinnings, in the Franco-German case, often come with terms such as the (social) glue, fabric, tissue, or cement of Franco-German relations. See, for example, Brigouleix 1987. 5 Friend 1991, XIX. 6 Work on Franco-German relations includes all aspects of Franco-German political bilateralism; a body of literature properly termed "France and Germany in Europe"; as well as studies on the history of Franco-German affairs and of common French and German history. Comprehensive standard works on postWar Franco
This course is mandatory for all first year students in SPS. Because this makes it a large course... more This course is mandatory for all first year students in SPS. Because this makes it a large course, we cannot allow visiting students to register for the class. If you want to write a term paper for this class as part of your general term paper requirements, you need to make significant use of the readings and topics on the syllabus and make a contribution to the discussion on qualitative methods (in other words, a draft of your prospectus is not an acceptable term paper). Those who wish to write a term paper should submit it to Professor Culpepper and Professor Krotz by email (with a cc to Martina Selmi) and in paper copy. The deadline for the submission of the paper is 15 January 2016.
The EU’s Global Engagement database (http://globalgovernanceprogramme.eui.eu/eu-global-engagement... more The EU’s Global Engagement database (http://globalgovernanceprogramme.eui.eu/eu-global-engagement-database/ ) was developed by a research team composed of Ulrich Krotz, Katerina Wright and Danilo Di Mauro within the Europe in the World programme of the Global Governance Programme. It provides a comprehensive overview of EU military operations and civilian missions under the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The primary purpose of the database is to fill the gap in existing empirical knowledge by providing the first centralized, comprehensive, and accurate database on the EU’s military operations and civilian missions worldwide. The database also provides some indicators of the level of the EU’s engagement globally. The database contains detailed information on all of the 32 military operations and civilian missions initiated from the first CSDP operation in January 2003 to December 2014. All of the 70 variables recorded for each of the 32 (completed or ongoing) operations h...
Since the end of the Cold War, counterterrorism has joined traditional counterintelligence concer... more Since the end of the Cold War, counterterrorism has joined traditional counterintelligence concerns at the top of the German diplomatic security agenda. Germany has designated diplomatic security predominantly as a responsibility of the police, and has tasked the German Federal Police (Bundespolizei) with the lead role in providing security for its diplomatic installations around the world. This chapter offers a brief review of the Federal Republic of Germany’s diplomatic activities and its efforts to maintain diplomatic security from the Cold War to the present. It then examines some of the main challenges to diplomatic security today, and how Germany has responded to them.
What are the implications of Brexit for the nature, role, and potential of Franco-German leadersh... more What are the implications of Brexit for the nature, role, and potential of Franco-German leadership in the EU? Brexit, we contend, is both an expression and a further cause of two broader underlying developments in the contemporary EU: First, a stronger and more prominent German part and position, and second, disintegrative tendencies in several EU policy fields and the EU polity as a whole. This, in turn, has major implications for Franco-German bilateralism and for Franco-German leadership in the EU. In light of a stronger Germany, a relatively weaker France, and significant centrifugal forces, the two largest EU member states must not only realign their bilateral relationship but must also act as a stabilizer in and for the EU. We show that during the EU’s recent crises, not least during the Brexit negotiations and the recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic, France and Germany did exercise joint leadership. We also show, however, that major discrepancies persist between the two coun...
Bilateral Franco-German cooperation in security and defence is characterized by a paradox. On the... more Bilateral Franco-German cooperation in security and defence is characterized by a paradox. On the one hand, France and Germany are closely connected institutionally, and consult across all key areas of foreign policy, security, and defence in highly regularized ways. On the other hand, the countries’ general orientations in security and defence, as well as their strategic postures and numerous policy preferences in these domains, often are disparate and, not infrequently, deeply divergent. This chapter outlines both the institutional underpinnings of the robust Franco-German bilateral connection and the enduring differences between France and Germany. It then explores how this ‘double logic’ of institutional cohesion versus preference divergence plays out across key areas in security and defence, including armament cooperation; nuclear forces; the Franco-German brigade and the Eurocorps; and military deployment. The chapter concludes by discussing where the Franco-German relationshi...
Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) operations, while still novel, are rapidly becoming a v... more Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) operations, while still novel, are rapidly becoming a vital means through which Europe projects physical power and influence beyond its borders. This chapter analyses the EU’s multilateral, intergovernmental military operations, examining where and how the EU has pursued its emerging strategic interests around the globe. It first surveys the history and politics of the thirteen CSDP mweilitary operations launched since 2003. It then dissects the nature and diversity of military missions. While the EU has deployed, on average, some 3,000 military troops around the world each day, operations have varied widely in their mandate, the number of troops involved, the number of participating member states, and the symmetry with which states support and staff these missions. The analysis underscores that CSDP operations will remain an integral part of European politics and Europe’s search for its role and place in twenty-first-century world politics.
Uploads
Papers by Ulrich Krotz