OM_@S\M

FA CMSM
BVÊM @A\F_MC\@TM YM_M Y_FYM_M_\F
FN JFKG_ CMDÀ

RRR󰀡FU@B@OVFACMDF󰀡CGJ
Omr`stm fa cmsm
Ygr Fx`bê
Fx`b ê Oufa Cmdà

\fxtgs
Smor`am Cucun`mashy pmrm FU@BÊ OVFA CMDÀ Ifx`b`oufacmdf
Fl`c`óa
Tmnfr`m Semp`rm Ivmnfr`msemp`rm
Yrgbrmjmc`óa y l`sfýg l`b`tmn
Dflfr`cg Sgsm
L`sfýg brí﬍cg
Lma`fnm T`tmn` Il.v`tmn` y IlvlWl`sfag
Cggrl`amc`óa y prglucc`óa
Jmblmnfam Jmrqufv`ce
Jmrqufv`ce Ijmbb`fjm
Ijmbb`fjmrqufv`c
rqufv`ce
e
Dgtgbrm󰁤m y v`lfg
Y`nmr Tmrfnm Ip`nmrvdgtgbrm﬍m

Omr`stms y tgstmlgrfs `av`tmlgs

Mbustêa ]u`rgbm,
]u` rgbm, Dframalg
Dframalg Ngzmag, Rmntfr J`trf, Cer`st`ma
Our`t`cm, Dframalg
Dframalg @bnfs`ms,
@bnfs`m s, L`fbg Omftchfr,
Omftchfr, @sm Agufn,
Cmp`tmam lfn Fspmc`g, L`fbg Ngog, Kun`m Cmabm.

Ngcmc`óa pmrm dgtgs

Y`ma` Oy Nm Jmrbufr`tf Ip`ma`oynmjmrbufr`tf
Jmrhft`ab L`b`tmn
S`atgaêm L`b`tmn Is`atga`ml`b`tmnmr

=
Êal`cf

@atrglucc`óa <
Cójg nffr fstf n`org 5
Ynmyn`st 0

=. Fa nm ﬍acm =9

?. Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs ??

3. Fa cmsm 6?
3.= @atrglucc`óa m ngs jàtglgs 6<
3.? Yrf
Yrfasm
asm drmacfsm 6<
3.3 Cefjfx 65
3.< Jghm 4=
3.6 Fsprfssg 44
3.4 Cípsunm 2=

3.2 Jfn`
Jfn`ttm
ttm 2<
?
Êal`cf

3.5 Cmdftfr
Cmdftfrmm fnàctr`cm 22
3.00 T49
3. 5=
3.=9 Mfr
Mfrgprfss
gprfss 5<
3.== D`ntrg lf tfnm 52
3.=? Sypega 50
<. Cga nfcef 0?

6. Ofo`lms cga cmdà =93

4. Cóctfnfs cga cmdà ==4

2. Efrrmj
Efrrmj`fatms
`fatms =?<

5. Nffr nm ft`quftm =3?

 @atrglucc`óa

E mcf mn jfags uam làcmlm quf fn cmdà lfkó lf sfr sóng

fn brmag tgstmlg g nm ofo`lm fa ua pgc`nng. \glgs tg-
jmjgs aufstrm eujfmatf tmzm lf cmdà, fsm quf ags
rfcgadgrtm y ags mpgrtm cmn`lfz. Egy, fn cmdà ag sóng fs s`aóa`jg
lf jûnt`pnfs gpc`gafs lf cgasujg s`ag quf sf vgnv`ó ua prg-
luctg msp`rmc`gamn. Ygr fsg nf smcmjgs uam dgtg m ua `acrfêonf
nmttf mrtofo`lm
bgs fsm pmrm suo`r
lf nmm quf
nm rflfs, g cgjpmrt`jgs
ags bustmrêm cgatmatg
sfr pmrtf, aufstrgs mj`-
mn cgasu-
j`rnm fa uam cmdftfrêm cgjg mn prfpmrmrnm fa cmsm.

Nm aufvm vfrsmt`n`lml lfn cmdà ag t`faf

nêj`tfs. Egy pglfjgs l`sdrutmr lf fsf cmdà
fa tglms sus dgrjms; tmzm, vmsg, pgc`nng,
ofo`lm, cóctfn, cmn`fatf, drêg g emstm fa ua
pgstrf.

Fx`stfa jucems jís cmdftfrêms lf fs-

pfc`mn`lml, cmdàs lf s`fjprf cga jfkgrfs
brmags, aufvgs kubmlgrfs fa fn c`rcu`tg y
jucems jís gpc`gafs juy cfrcm aufstrg.

Emstm emcf pgcg, fn supfrjfrcmlg sóng

gdrfcêm pmquftfs lf cmdà tgrrmlg lf jmnm
cmn`lml, pfrg egy ags sgrprfalf cga uam
vmr`flml lf gpc`gafs fa brmag y jgn`lg, g
lf grêbfafs y fa dgrjmtgs pmrm prfpmrmrng fa

<
 @atrglucc`óa

l`dfrfatfs jíqu`ams y jàtglgs quf tfafjgs fa aufstrg egbmr.

Mn r`tjg lf fsm fvgnuc`óa, emcf gceg mýgs, fa Mrbfat`am,

amc`ó Fx`bê Oufa Cmdà. Yr`jfrg, cgjg nm ûa`cm Dfr`m lf Cmdàs
lfn pmês, nufbg cgjg ma﬍tr`gam lfn Cgacursg Amc`gamn lf Om-
r`stms y, jís tmrlf, lfn Cgacursg lf Nmttf Mrt y lfn Cmjpfg-
amtg lf Cmdà y Fsp`r`tugsms.

Fx`bê Oufa Cmdà duf tfst`bg y prgtmbga`stm lf nm fxpngs`óa lfn

jualg lfn cmdà fa Mrbfat`am y Nmt`agmjàr`cm.

Lurmatf fstgs mýgs, nm pnmtmdgrjm Fx`bê Oufa Cmdà sf vgnv`ó

rfdfrfatf lfn cmdà lf cmn`lml y cga su fqu`pg dgrjó omr`stms y
cgasuj`lgrfs m trmvàs lf c`fatgs lf cemrnms, cursgs y tmnnfrfs
l`ctmlgs pgr tglg lfn pmês.

Fs pmrtafr lf nms dfr`ms D`fstm lfn Cmdà y DFCM lf Oufags M`-

rfs y, lfslf su wfo, www.fx`b`oufacmdf.cgj, sf pgs`c`gam cgjg
fn ûa`cg s`t`g lf agt`c`ms y jfl`g lf cgjua`cmc`óa lfn cmdà.

Fa tglms sus mcc`gafs sf r`bf pgr fn j`sjg gokft`vg; quf tg-

lgs ngbrfjgs tgjmr fn jfkgr cmdà. L`dual`r y cgjpmrt`r cgagc`-
j`fatg cgjg ûa`cm jmafrm lf nnfbmr m nm cgjprfas`óa lf prg-
luctgs, prgcfsgs, eío`tgs y cunturm fs pmrtf lf su MLA.

Smofjgs quf nnfbó nm egrm lfn cgasuj`lgr, fsf tma fspfrmlg

jgjfatg lf pglfr fx`b`r oufa cmdà y cgasfbu`rng. Ygr fsg, fa
Fx`bê Oufa Cmdà, crfmjgs fstf foggh.

Omr`stm fa Cmsm ag fstí lfst`amlg m ngs prgdfs`gamnfs lfn

6
4
 @atrglucc`óa

cmdà.
mjmatfFs lf
uamfstm
buêm`adus`óa.
`al`spfasmonf y mccfs`onf
\f mcfrcm pmrm cumnqu`fr
nms efrrmj`fatms afcfsm-
r`ms pmrm jfkgrmr nm tàca`cm m nm egrm lf prfpmrmrtf tu cmdà. \f
fasfým cójg cgjprmr ngs jfkgrfs brmags, cójg jgnfrngs y nms
tàca`cms pmrm lgj`amr nm prfpmrmc`óa fa tu fqu`pg dmvgr`tg, lf
nm jmag lf rfcgagc`lgs fspfc`mn`stms lfn pmês. @acnuyf fxpn`cm-
c`gafs, dgtgs y v`lfgs lf tglgs ngs jàtglgs y or`alm lgcfams lf
rfcftms pmrm jfkgrmr tus ofo`lms y cóctfnfs m omsf lf cmdà.

Egy
Ymrm fs fn jgjfatg
l`sdrutmr pmrm cgavfrt`rtf
ngs jís r`cgs fa ua
cmdàs, ofo`lms omr`stm fa
y cóctfnfs cgacmsm.
nms
efrrmj`fatms quf tfaàs m jmag y fxtrmfr mn jíx`jg nm lunzurm
lf cmlm brmag.

Smor`am Cucun`mashy
L`rfctgrm lf Fx`bê Oufa Cmdà
. Mfrgw

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF

2
 Cójg nffr fstf n`org

O
mvfatur
mr`stm fa cmsm fs uam buêm junt`pnmtmdgrjm quf pglàs
lfscmrbmr y amvf
amvfbmr
bmr `atframjfatf.
Yglàs sfbu`r fn grlfa lf ngs cmpêtungs g fnfb`r tu prgp`m
mvfaturmm y rfcgrrfr
rfcgrrfrng
ng m tu bustg.

\mjo`àa pglàs emcfr cn`c fa cumnqu`fr cmpêtung y fn n`ah tf

nnfvmrí l`rfctmjfatf m su cgatfa`lg, g pglàs n`ahfmr ngs tfxtgs
quf fstía fa mzun m ng nmrbg lfn n`org y amvfbmr fatrf nms píb`ams.
Fa cmlm uam lf nms rfcftms y jàtglgs lf fnmogrmc`óa vms m
facgatrmrtf cga dgtgs quf jufstrma m ngs omr`stms jís rfcgagc`-
lgs lfn pmês fasfýmalg cójg prfpmrmr sus ofo`lms dmvgr`tms8 mn
cn`qufmr fa nm `jmbfa nnfbmrís mn v`lfg lfn pmsg m pmsg pmrm ag
pfrlfrtf a`abûa sfcrftg.

5
 Ynmyn`st

Y mrm quf nm fxpfr`fa-

c`m lfn cmdà fa cmsm
tfabm jucem
jmb`m, mrjmjgs fstm
pnmyn`st pmrm quf fscucefs
j`fatrms tf prfpmrís fn
tuyg.
Vam cmac`óa
ofo`lm pmrm cmlm
fnfb`lm.
]uf nm l`sdrutfs.

pgr Jmblmnfam Jmrqufv`ce

pmrm Omr`stm fa cmsm.
Ijmbb`fjmrqufv`ce

Spgt`dy
etps;//gpfa.spg`dy.cgj/pnmyn`s/99mT?To63?LpRTx26srr?7s`:lyB`W2wV_yGK4pk`
AdJ]5w

0
 󰀽

FA NM D@ACM

=9
 Fa nm ﬍acm

󰀽󰀡󰀽 NM YNMA\M LF CMDÀ

S f cgagcf cgjg cmdà m nm sfj`nnm quf sf facufatrm fa fn

drutg lf uam cfrfzm lfn cmdftg y m nm ofo`lm quf sf got`f-
af lf nm j`sjm mn ﬍amn lfn prgcfsg
prgcfsg mbrêcgnm f `alustr`mn.
Fn cmdftg, g Cg﬉fm, fs ua bàafrg lf pnmatms cnms`﬍cmlg lfatrg
lf nm brma dmj`n`m lf nms ruo`ícfms. Sf trmtm lf ua mroustg amt`vg
lfn Ídr`cm suotrgp`cmn y lfn sur lf Ms`m, quf lm ua drutg lfag-
j`amlg lrupm, sfjfkmatf m nm cfrfzm, cuyms sfj`nnms sf fjpnfma
(jgn`lms y tgstmlms) fa nm fnmogrmc`óa lfn cmdà.

[gams
Su cunt`vg sf lm fa nms zgams trgp`cmnfs lfn pnmaftm8 emy cmdà sóng
fa nm drmakm quf rglfm fn jualg fatrf ngs lgs tróp`cgs. Fa Cfatrg-
mjàr`cm, fn agrtf lf Sulmjàr`cm, fn agrtf lf Ídr`cm f @algafs`m.

Nms lgs fspfc`fs jís `jpgrtmatfs lf nm pnmatm sf nnmjma mrío`-

cm y rgoustm. Cmlm uam t`faf sus prgp`ms cumn`lmlfs, y sf cunt`vma
fa cn`jms y mnt`tulfs l`st`atms. Nm vmr`flml mrío`cm fs nm jís ut`n`-
zmlm fa nm fnmogrmc`óa lf cmdàs lf fspfc`mn`lml y bgurjft.

Nm l`dfrfac`m dualmjfatmn fatrf fstms fspfc`fs sf agtm mn

prgomrnm; nm cg﬉fm mrío`cm sf lfstmcm pgr ua mrgjm y mc`lfz
`atfasm y nm cg﬉fm rgoustm pgrquf t`faf jís cufrpg y fs jís
mjmrbm. Fstg sf lfof m nm mntm cgacfatrmc`óa lf cmdfêam quf
cgat`faf nm rgoustm (nm cmdfêam fs ua mncmng`lf y, cgjg tmn, smof
mjmrbg). Mn sfr jís mjmrbm su cunt`vg fs sfac`nng, ym quf rfpfnf

==
 Fa nm ﬍acm

fadfrjflmlfs y ma`jmnfs quf emo`tumnjfatf mtmcma m nm pnmatm.

Fa cmjo`g, nm mrío`cm afcfs`tm sfr pnmatmlm fa mnt`tulfs l`dfrfa-
tfs y cgatmr cga jmygrfs cu`lmlgs.

Fn cmdà quf sf prfpmrm cga mrío`cm fs;

• Jís sumvf.
• Jfags mjmrbg.
• Jís mrgjít`cg.
• Jís lfn`cmlg.
• Jfags mstr`abfatf.
• Cgatfa`lg lf cmdfêam; 9.5% m =.6%.

Fn cmdà quf sf prfpmrm cga rgoustm fs;

•

Jís rfs`stfatf.

=?
 Fa nm ﬍acm

• Jís mjmrbg.
•

•
\`faf jís cufrpg.
Cgatfa`lg lf cmdfêam; =.2% m 3.6%.

󰀽󰀡󰀿CÓJG SF GO\@FAF FN CMDÀ󰀻 _FCGNFCC@ÓA

_FCGNFCC@ÓA
P OFAFD@C@GS
n cmdftg crfcf jfkgr fa nm sgjorm, pfrg puflf cunt`vmrsf
tgtmnjfatf mn lfscuo`frtg. Ngs cunt`vgs mn lfscuo`frtg, g lf

pufs cgasgn, sga jís f﬍c`fatfs lfslffnfncmdftg

puatgfslfjís
v`stm fcgaój`cg,

F
nm fxpgs`c`óa pfrjmafatf prgluct`vg.

S`a fjomrbg, mcmrrfm ua fxcfs`vg usg lf mbum y sufng, y ua

lfo`n`tmj`fatg lf nm smnul lfn cmdftg (ng emcf jfags ngabfvg y jís
prgpfasg m nms fadfrjflmlfs y pnmbms). Ngs cunt`vgs lf sgjorm sga
jís bfat`nfs cga fn jfl`g mjo`fatf y cga fn cmdftg, pfrg prglucfa
jfags cmat`lml.

_fcgnfcc`óa
Nm ﬏gr lfn cmdftg sf cgav`frtf
fa ua drutg jmlurg lfspuàs lf 3?
sfjmams (5 jfsfs) pmrm fn mrío`cm,
y fatrf 0 y == jfsfs pmrm fn rgous-
tm. Fstg lm `a`c`g m nm cgsfcem g
rfcgnfcc`óa. _fcgnfctmr sóng drutgs
jmlurgs `acrfjfatm nm cmn`lml lfn
cmdà prgluc`lg, pufs bmrmat`zm su
ua`dgrj`lml y rfcgnfcc`óa fa fn
jfkgr jgjfatg.

=3
=<
 Fa nm ﬍acm

sf Jmaumn; tmjo`àa
sfnfcc`gama nnmjmlmdrutgs,
ngs jfkgrfs p`ch`ab, fa fstf
ym quf t`pg lf cgsfcem
sf rfcgnfctma sóng ngs
jmlurgs, uag pgr uag. Lurmatf tglm uam kgramlm fn cgsfcemlgr
ngbrm nnfamr mpfams uags cumtrg omnlfs lf drutg jmlurg. Ygr ng
tmatg, fs ua t`pg lf cgsfcem jís cgstgsm, quf sf mpn`cm sóng pmrm
ngs cmdàs lf jfkgr cmn`lml.

Jfcía`cm; sf cgsfcema brmalfs

supfr﬍c`fs mn j`sjg t`fjpg brmc`ms
mn usg lf cgsfcemlgrms y trmctg-
rfs quf vma rfc`o`falg nms lrupms
cgsfcemlms. Fs ríp`lg, pgcg nmog-
r`gsg, t`faf omkgs cgstgs nmogrmnfs
y fs jfags prfc`sg fa cumatg m nm
cmn`lml rfcgnfctmlm.

Str`pp`ab; fs ua jàtglg jmaumn, pfrg fa vfz lf cgsfcemr

fn drutg uag pgr uag, ngs cgsfcemlgrfs smcma mn j`sjg t`fj-
pg tglgs ngs quf fstía fa nm rmjm y ngs lfkma cmfr fa uam ngam
l`spufstm lfomkg lfn cmdftg. S` o`fa fs jmaumn, fs jís ríp`lg y
jfags cgstgsg, muaquf gdrfcf uam cgsfcem lfspmrfkm.

Ofaf﬍c`g
Fn ofaf﬍c`g cgjprfalf tglgs ngs prgcfsgs afcfsmr`gs pmrm
cgavfrt`r ua drutg lf cmdà fa ua brmag lf pfrbmj`ag sfcg, cmpmz
lf mnjmcfamrsf y n`stg pmrm nm tr`nnm. Fx`stfa vmr`gs prgcfsgs lf
ofaf﬍c`g pgs`onfs, y sf fscgbf fn quf jís cgavfabm sfbûa nm fspf-
c`f cunt`vmlm, nm rfb`óa, fn t`pg lf rfcgnfcc`óa y nm l`spga`o`n`lml lf
mbum. Ngs lgs jís usmlgs sga fn amturmn y fn nmvmlg, muaquf fa

=6
 Fa nm ﬍acm

ngs
cgaûnt`jgs mýgs,oûsquflms
nms aufvms nms ﬍acms lf
qufsmogrfs
prglucfa cmdàs
lf nms lf cmn`lml
cmdftfrêms kuatg
lf fspf-
c`mn`lml prgpunsmrga aufvms tàca`cms.

Msê fs quf tmjo`àa sf emonm lf egafy (ua sfj`nmvmlg) y, fa

ngs ûnt`jgs t`fjpgs lf mamfróo`cg. M vfcfs, muaquf sfm nm j`s-
jm ﬍acm g fn j`sjg ngtf, fn rfsuntmlg ﬍amn lf nm tmzm puflf sfr
juy l`dfrfatf lfpfal`falg lfn t`pg lf ofaf﬍c`g mn quf duf
sgjft`lg fn brmag.

Nufbg lf rfmn`zmr fn ofaf﬍c`g sf got`faf fn cmdà vfrlf, nnm-

jmlg msê pgr fn cgngr quf got`fafa nms sfj`nnms nufbg lf ngs
prgcfsgs, n`stg pmrm mnjmcfamr y nnfvmr m tgstmr.

Nmvmlg g eûjflg; fn gokft`vg lfn ofaf﬍c`g pgr vêm eûjflm

fs lfsemcfrsf lf nm punpm lfn drutg pmrm pglfr sfcmr jís dí-
c`njfatf fn cmdà pfr
pfrbmj`ag
bmj`ag y lfspuàs pglfr mnjmcfamrng omkg
cgal`c`gafs quf msfburfa uam oufam cgasfrvmc`óa. Sf sfpmrma
pmrm n`jp`mr fa mbum (nms lfdfctugsms g vfrlfs ﬏gtma y nms rgkms
jmlurms quflma fa fn dgalg lfo`lg m su lfas`lml), sf rfmn`zm fn
lfspunpmlg, nufbg sf lfkm dfrjfatmr fa mbum (fatrf < y ?< es), sf
nmvm y sf prgcflf mn sfcmlg. Fstf prgcfsg sf usm trml`c`gamnjfa-
tf fa Cgngjo`m, @algafs`m, @al`m, pmêsfs
pmê sfs lf Ídr`cm cgjg Hfaym
Hfaym
y \mazma`m, y gtrgs lf Cfatrgmjàr`cm cgjg Cgstm _`cm y Bumtf-
jmnm, y tmjo`àa fa Jàx`cg.

Amturmn g sfcg; fa mnbuags pmêsfs cgjg Orms`n, fn cmdà sf suf-

nf sfcmr l`rfctmjfatf lfspuàs lf cgsfcemlg, s`a rfjgvfr nm
punpm. Fn prgcfsg
sf sfpmrma cgj`fazm
nms egkms, cgajmlfrm,
trgzgs lf ua nmvmlg y n`jp`fzm
p`flrms lgalf
y jubrf lf ngs
=4
 Fa nm ﬍acm

brmags lf cmdà. Nufbg, s`a lfspunpmr, sf lfkma sfcmr mn sgn m tfj-

pfrmturms fatrf ngs <6» C y 49» C 8 ngs brmags sfcgs sf sgjftfa
m ua prgcfsg lf lfscmscmr`nnmlg lgalf sf sfpmrm nm punpm y nm
císcmrmm lf nm sfj`nnm.
císcmr

Egafy; nufbg lf nm rfcgnfcc`óa, ngs drutgs sf sfpmrma fa cmam-

nfs lf mbum. Sf rft`rm nm punpm y sf lfkm fn jucênmbg, p`fn quf rf-
cuorf nms sfj`nnms `atframs, pmrm fn sfcmlg. Bfafrmnjfatf sf pg-
afa m sfcmr sgorf cmjms mdr`cmams, sga uam fspfc`f lf jfsms fa
mnturm cga jmnnms pníst`cms pmrm quf fn m`rf fatrf pgr mrr`om y pgr

=2
 Fa nm ﬍acm

momkg, y sfquf lf dgrjm pmrfkm. Nufbg sf lfscmscmrm y mnjmcfam.

Fs ua `atfrjfl`g fatrf fn nmvmlg y fn amturmn pgrquf nm cfrfzm sf
lfspunpm y nufbg sf sfcm mûa cga nm cmpm lfn jucênmbg quf quflm
fa fn pfrbmj`ag.

Mamfróo`cg; fs uam dfrjfatmc`óa omsmlm fa prgcfsgs quf sf

rfmn`zma s`a `atfrvfac`óa lfn m`rf, jís cgacrftmjfatf lfn gxêbf-
ag. Sf rfcgnfctma nms cfrfzms jmlurms, sf sfpmrma fa mbum y sf
rfmn`zm uam dfrjfatmc`óa s`a gxêbfag y m omkm tfjpfrmturm, nuf-
bg sf sfcm y sf rfmn`zm fn lfscmscmr`nnmlg.

Cmrmctfrêst`cms lf nm ofo`lm sfbûa ofaf﬍c`g;

•Nmvmlg; mc`lfz, lunzurm jfl`m y cufrpg jfl`g. Sga ngs têp`-
cgs sumvfs cgngjo`mags.
• Amturmn; ofo`lm jís luncf, mc`lfz omkm y jís cufrpg.
• Egafy; rfsmntma nm lunzurm, nm mc`lfz fqu`n`ormlm y ngs smog-
rfs drutmnfs quf gdrfcfa uam ofo`lm juy cgjpnftm y pgtfatf.
• Mamfróo`cg; rf﬍am nm lunzurm, nm mc`lfz y fn cufrpg lf fs-
tgs cmdàs. Nfs sujm agtms sfasgr`mnfs l`st`abu`lms, cgjg drutms,
cmrmjfng, cegcgnmtf fatrf gtrgs.

󰀽󰀡󰀳 FN CMDÀ LF FSYFC@MN@LML

F a nms ûnt`jms làcmlms, ngs prgluctgrfs lf cmdà sf ema

fadgcmlg fa gdrfcfr cmdàs fspfc`mnfs pmrm mqufnngs
cgasuj`lgrfs quf ouscma aufvms fxpfr`fac`ms sfa-
sgr`mnfs. Cgjg rfsuntmlg lf fstm `a`c`mt`vm amc`ó fn cmdà prf-
j`uj, tmjo`àa cgagc`lg cgjg lf mntm bmjm g fspfc`mn. Va

=5
=0
 Fa nm ﬍acm

cmdà lf cmn`lml
nm e`stgr`m y quf mpgrtm
y prglucc`óa aufvgs
lf fstm smofrfs rfnmc`gamlgs
ofo`lm. rfnmc`gamlgs cga

\glgs ngs brmags lf cmdà sf puflfa cnms`﬍cmr sgorf =99 pua-

tgs, fa ua prgcfsg pgr fn quf sf cmn`﬍cm mn brmag (cmtm). Sfbûa nm
Spfc`mnty Cg﬉ff Mssgc`mt`ga (SCM), fn cmdà lf fspfc`mn`lml fs
cmdà Mrío`cm cga uam puatumc`óa lf tmzm lf 59 + puatgs.

Fs lfc`r, s` sf fvmnûma cga jís lf gcefatm sga lf mntês`jm

cmn`lml. Ygr gtrg nmlg, fn p`nmr lfn cmdà lf fspfc`mn`lml fs nm
sustfatmo`n`lml y nm trmzmo`n`lml; meê pglfjgs cgagcfr tglgs
ngs pmsgs quf rfcgrr`frga fsgs brmags lfslf nm pnmatm emstm su
vfatm l`rfctm. Mlfjís, fa nm fspfc`mn`lml, fn cgjfrc`g kustg y nm
sustfatmo`n`lml bmama cmlm vfz jís tfrrfag.

Ngs cmdàs fspfc`mnfs sf rfcgnfctmrga fa su puatg kustg lf

jmlurmc`óa8 bfafrmnjfatf sga j`crgngtfs cgsfcemlgs jmaumn-
jfatf m ngs quf sf nfs mpn`có fn ofaf﬍c`g g prgcfsmj`fatg mlf-
cumlg pmrm fsm vmr`flml y zgam. Nufbg lfn sfcmlg pmsma pgr ua
cgatrgn
y meê sf lf cmn`lml
rfmn`zma nmsfaprufoms
fn quf lf
sf sfpmrma
cmtm pmrmngsfvmnumr
brmagsngs
lfdfctugsgs
mrgjms y
smogrfs. Mlfjís, fa su ft`quftm sufnfa lfscr`o`r fn pmês lf gr`-
bfa, nm ﬍acm, nms cmrmctfrêst`cms lfn nubmr, su ofaf﬍c`g y nms agtms
quf vms m pglfr facgatrmr fa tu tmzm ﬍amn.

Ngs smogrfs y mrgjms sf dgrjma fa lgs ftmpms lfn prgcfsg;

•Lfn drutg v`vg; pgr su jmlurmc`óa fa nm pnmatm, mnjmcfamkf,
cgj`fazg lf favfkfc`j`fatg. Sga rfmcc`gafs lf nms faz`jms.
•

Lfn prgcfsg lf tufstf; pgr su trmasd

jgnfcunmr. trmasdgrjmc`óa
grjmc`óa quêj`cm y

?9
 Fa nm ﬍acm

Cmdà fspfc`mn
•

Drutg jmlurg
• Sfcmlg cgrrfctg
• \ufstf cgrrfctg

Mrgjms y smogrfs lf ua cmdà lf fspfc`mn`lml

•Dngrmn
•Kmzjêa
•Drutms cêtr`cms
•Cmrmjfng. Fstg emonm lf ua drutg jmlurg y ua tufstf

•
fqu`n`ormlg.
Cegcgnmtf

Cmdà lf cmn`lml `adfr`gr

• Drutg vfrlf
• Jmn mnjmcfamlg
• Brmag v`fkg
• \ufstf `amlfcumlg

Smogrfs y mrgjms lf cmdàs `adfr`grfs fa cmn`lml

•
Mstr`abfac`m
•Smogr m cfnungsm/jmlfrm
cfnungsm/jmlfrm
•Bustg
Bus tg jfl`c`amn/
jfl`c` amn/quêj`cg
quêj`cg
•Musfac`m lf lunzurm
•]ufjmlg

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF

?=
 󰀿

NGSOÍS@CGS
Y_GCFSGS

??
?3
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

󰀿󰀡󰀽 NM FU\_MCC@ÓA LFN CMDÀ

Y mrt`jgs lf nm `lfm lf quf fs pfrdfctmjfatf pgs`onf prf-

pmrmr ua oufa cmdà fa cmsm, pfrg pmrm fsg afcfs`tmjgs
fatfalfr mnbuams cufst`gafs mcfrcm lf nm fxtrmcc`óa. Nm
prfpmrmc`óa lf cmdà fs fn prgcfsg lf fxtrmfr fn jmtfr`mn sgnuonf
lfn cmdà tgstmlg y jgn`lg.

Nm pmnmorm fxtrmcc`óa, fa cmdà, s`ba`﬍cm nm sustrmcc`óa lfn

jmtfr`mn sgnuonf lfn cmdà tgstmlg y jgn`lg cumalg sf l`sufnvf
fa mbum. Fs fa fsf jgjfatg fa fn quf cgj`fazm nm fxtrmcc`óa
lf ngs cgjpufstgs quf nf vma m lmr smogr y mrgjm m aufstrm
ofo`lm. Cmlm brupg lf fsgs cgjpgafatfs sfrí fn quf mpgrtf ngs
l`st`atgs mtr`outgs sfasgr`mnfs.

Fa fsgs brupgs fstía ngs íc`lgs, nms brmsms y nms smnfs, nufbg
ngs mzûcmrfs, ngs cmroge`lrmtgs y nms ﬍orms vfbftmnfs. Cmlm uag
gdrfcfrí su mpgrtfg fspfcê﬍cg
lunzurm, mjmrbgr crfjgs`lml.lfMnbuags
cufrpg, `atfas`lml, mc`lfz,
lf fstgs cgjpgafatfs
sf fxtrmfa matfs y gtrgs lfspuàs. Yr`jfrg smnfa ngs íc`lgs (quf
gov`mjfatf nf lma mc`lfz). Ngs mcf`tfs, nms smnfs y cgjpufstgs
mrgjít`cgs sga ngs s`bu`fatfs y gtgrbma mrgjms ﬏grmnfs y drutm-
nfs. Nufbg smnfa ngs mzûcmrfs, quf lma lunzurm y cufrpg, y ﬍amn-
jfatf nms ﬍orms vfbftmnfs, quf mpgrtma fn mjmrbgr cmrmctfrêst`cg
prgvfa`fatf lf nm cmdfêam.

Mn cgagcfr
fn mbum fstgs
(cgagcfr ngscgjpgafatfs,
pgrcfatmkfs lfy cmdà
mprfalfr cójgtfalrfjgs
y lf mbum) fxtrmfrngs nm
fa

?<
?6
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

p`stm mcfrcm lf cga quà vmjgs m facgatrmrags cumalg ofomjgs

aufstrg pgc`nng. Sga cgjpgafatfs quf sf nnmjma \LS (fn tgtmn lf
són`lgs l`sufntgs, pgr su s`bnm fa `abnàs) y rfprfsfatma nm cgacfa-
trmc`óa lf són`lgs cga rfspfctg mn vgnujfa lf nêqu`lg tgtmn.

·Ymrm
·Ymrmaufstrm
tfalrí quà agsofo`lm,
s`rvf smofrng7 Ymr
Ymrmmuam
g nm dufrzm, fatfalfr nm
n m `atfas`lml
lf nms vmr`matfs quf
dualm-
jfatmnfs pmrm gotfafr ua oufa pgrcfatmkf lf fxtrmcc`óa.

Fa uam tmzm lf cmdà, fn 02 pgr c`fatg fs mbum, y fn mbum tmjo`àa

t`faf fsgs \LS. Nm lfst`nmlm cgat`faf 9 y nms lf nm cma`nnm, ua prg-
jfl`g lf ?99. Fs lfc`r quf nms mbums cga jfags \LS t`fafa nm
cmpmc`lml lf mosgrofr jís cmat`lml lf jmtfr`mn sgnuonf lfn cmdà.
Cga fnnms gotfalrfjgs cmdàs sgorffxtrmêlgs, mqufnngs quf sga
juy mjmrbgs y mstr`abfatfs, quf lma rfsfquflml fa nm ogcm.
S`, fa cmjo`g, usmjgs ua mbum cga juceg \LS, fxtrmfrfjgs

?4
?2
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

jfags \LS lfn cmdà,

cmdà, quf sfrí suofxtrmêlg. S` fn mbum t`faf
jfags cmpmc`lml
puflf nnfvmr lf mosgrofr
m ua cmdà fn jmtfr`mn
s`a lunzurm. sgnuonf lfnprfsfatma
Ngs suofxtrmêlgs cmdà, ags
smogrfs mbr`gs `alfsfmonfs y efromnfs cga pgcg lunzgr.

Fa lf﬍a`t`vm, nm dufrzm g nm `atfas`lml lf nm ofo`lm fs nm cga-

cfatrmc`óa lfn smogr
smo gr,, lf﬍a`lm pgr nm
n m rfnmc`óa cmdà/pgrcfatmkf
cmdà/pgrcfatmkf lf
mbum fa nm tmzm.

Va cmdà o`fa prfpmrmrlg fqu`vmnf m uam fxmctm rfnmc`óa fatrf

nm
tg.cmat`lml lf mbum,
S` fstí o`fa fn t`pg, sfrí
fnmogrmlg,
fnmogrmlg lf jgn`falm y fn t`fjpg
luncf, crfjgsg,
crfjgsg lf cgatmc-
, omnmacfmlg fa-
trf fn mrgjm, nm mc`lfz, fn lunzgr y fn pfsg g fn cufrpg fa ogcm.

Fa sêatfs`s, nm sgnuo`n`lml y nm fxtrmcc`óa vmrêma sfbûa fn tm-

jmýg lf nm jgn`falm, nm j`afrmn`lml lfn mbum, fn t`pg lf tufstf,
nm vmr`flml lfn brmag y fn jàtglg quf fn`kmjgs pmrm prfpmrmrng.
Va jàtglg puflf duac`gamr pmrm ua t`pg lf cmdà y ag pmrm gtrg.

NmsNmftmpms lf fxtrmcc`óa
fxtrmcc`óa y sus
t`faf l`st`atms jàtglgs
ftmpms cmrmctfrêst`cgs
y fa cmlm uam sf lma rf-
mcc`gafs quf vma m jgl`﬍cmr nm bfafrmc`óa lf ngs smogrfs.

Cmlm jàtglg afcfs`tm ut`n`zmr mnbuam lf fstms dmsfs y pgr fsg

fs tma `jpgrtmatf fatfalfr quà lfofjgs tfafr fa cufatm pr`a-
c`pmnjfatf fa rfnmc`óa cga fn cmdà, fn mbum y fn t`fjpg mn ut`n`zmr
ua jàtglg u gtrg.

• @ajfrs`óa
Yrfpmrmr pgr `ajfrs`óa s`ba`﬍cm quf nms pmrtêcunms lf cmdà sf

?5
?0
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

sujfrbfa cgjpnftmjfatf fa mbum. Fn mbum nufbg fxtrmf fn cmdà

m jfl`lm quf pmsm fn t`fjpg.
Fn jàtglg lf `ajfrs`óa jís cgagc`lg fs nm prfasm drmacfsm.
\mjo`àa ng sga; Sypega, Mfrgprfss, @or`h, Jghm, ngs jàtglgs
pmrm emcfr cmdà drêg g cgnl orfw y nm tàca`cm usmlm pgr ngs cmtm-
lgrfs pmrm fvmnumr nm cmn`lml lf cmdà.

Nm `ajfrs`óa fs sfac`nnm y cgas`stf fa mbrfbmr mbum y fspfrmr fa-

trf 3 y 6 j`autgs sfbûa fn jàtglg y fn t`pg lf jgn`falm rfqufr`lm.

Fa bfafrmn, ngs jàtglgs lf `ajfrs`óa afcfs`tma nufbg quf

fn cmdà sfm ﬍ntrmlg, cgjg fa nm prfasm drmacfsm, fa lgalf sf
`acnuyf ua ﬍ntrg lf jftmn fa fn àjogng, g fn lf pmpfn, fa nm mf-
rgprfss. Fn ﬍ntrg s`rvf pmrm sfpmrmr nms pmrtêcunms lf cmdà lf nm
prfpmrmc`óa ﬍amn.

Nm fxtrmcc`óa fs nfatm y sf lm lurmatf tglg fn t`fjpg lf `a-

jfrs`óa j`fatrms
j`fatrms ngs són`lgs lfn cmdà sf l`sufnvfa fa fn mbum. Fn
mbum „sf nnfam‚ cga sgnuonfs lf cmdà.

• @adus`óa
Cumalg sf emonm lf jàtglg pgr `adus`óa sf emcf rfdfrfac`m
m quf fn mbum ﬏uym cgastmatfjfatf sgorf fn cmdà y fn ﬍ntrg. Nm
`adus`óa sf usm fa ngs jàtglgs nnmjmlgs „pgr bgtfg‚. Fatrf ngs
jmaumnfs fstía Jfn`ttm, Cefjfx g T49, y lfatrg lf ngs mutg-
jít`cgs, aufstrm qufr`lm cmdftfrm fnàctr`cm lf ﬍ntrg.

Fn lfsm󰁤g lf ngs jàtglgs jmaumnfs lf `adus`óa fstí fa nm

jmafrm lf vfrtfr fn mbum pmrm quf ag sf cmamn`cf ua surcg quf

39
3=
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

pmsf s`fjprf pgr fn j`sjg nubmr y sf fxtrm`bm cmdà sóng lf ua

cgstmlg. Gtrg tfjm
tfjm m tfafr fa cufatm, cgjg fa tglgs ngs jàtg-
lgs, fs nm brmaungjftrêm g fn tmjmýg lf nm jgn`falm. S` fn cmdà fs
juy ﬍a`tg, sf vm m tmpgamr fn ﬍ntrg, nfat`﬍cmr fn prgcfsg y gotf-
afr uam `acgrrfctm fxtrmcc`óa.

Cumalg sf usm nm `adus`óa jmaumn, jucegs rfcgj`falma quf

matfs lf vfrtfr fn mbum sf rfmn`cf uam prf`adus`óa, fs lfc`r, mbrf-
bmr pr`jfrg ua pgcg lf mbum y jgkmr ngs brmags pmrm ua`dgrjmr
y quf ag quflf amlm sfcg. Nufbg, fspfrmr <6 sfbualgs matfs
lfn vfrt`lg tgtmn pmrm msfburmr uam fxtrmcc`óa y ua smogr jís
fqu`n`ormlg.

• Yrfs`óa - Fsprfssg
Ymrm emcfr ua fsprfssg sf ut`n`zm nm `adus`óa, pfr
pfrgg su pr`ac`pmn
cmrmctfrêst`cm fs fn usg lf nm prfs`óa pmrm rfmn`zmr nm fxtrmcc`óa.
Mlfjís, su prfpmrmc`óa fs juy l`st`atm m nm lf bgtfg y rfqu`frf
uam rfnmc`óa fxmctm fatrf cmdà y pfsg lfn mbum pmrm gotfafr fn
fsprfssg pfrdfctg (sê, vms m afcfs`tmr uam omnmazm). Fn jàtglg lf
mfrgprfss pglrêm `acnu`rsf fa fstm cmtfbgrêm.

󰀿󰀡 󰀿 NMS TM_@MONFS
󰀿󰀡󰀿

Mbum – Tfrt`lg lfn mbum – Brmaungjftrêm

Nm tmzm lf cmdà quf ofofjgs t`faf sóng lgs `abrfl`fatfs;
cmdà y mbum. Sfj`nnms lf cmdà tgstmlg y jgn`lg8 y mbum pmrm l`-
sgnvfrnms. Ymrm prfpmrmr nm `adus`óa lf cmdà fx`stfa l`dfrfatfs
jàtglgs quf vma m lmr ofo`lms cga l`st`atgs mtr`outgs lf smogr,
cufrpg y mrgjms.

3?
33
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

Cumalg emonmjgs lf jàtglgs jmaumnfs pmrm prfpmrmr cmdà

ags rfdfr`jgs
rfdfr`jgs m ngs jàtglgs trml`c`gamnfs quf tglgs mnbuam vfz
prgomjgs, y quf egy vufnvfa m prgtmbga`zmr nms gpc`gafs lf
cmdà fa nms cmdftfrêms fspfc`mn`zmlms.

Matfs lf fatrmr fa nm tàca`cm lf cmlm dgrjm lf prfpmrmr fn

cmdà g cmlm jàtglg, rfcgrlfjgs quf ngs jàtglgs lf fxtrmc-
c`óa sf puflfa rfua`r fa lgs brupgs; `ajfrs`óa y ﬍ntrmlg (cm-
pêtung 0).

@ajfrs`óa;
cgatmctg fs nm
l`rfctg lfnfxtrmcc`óa lf nmtglg
mbum, lurmatf pmrtffnsgnuonf
t`fjpglfn
qufcmdà
lurfpgr
fn
prgcfsg. Yrfasm drmacfsm, @or`h, Mfrgprfss.
Mfrgprfss.

D`ntrmlg; fs nm fxtrmcc`óa lf nm pmrtf sgnuonf cumalg fn mbum

pmsm m trmvàs lf cmdà. Cmlm bgtm lf mbum sóng pmsm lurmatf ua
t`fjpg lftfrj`amlg. Cmdftfrm lf bgtfg t`pg Jfn`ttm, cmdftfrm
`tmn`mam g jghm t`pg Tgnturag, Cefjfx, T49.

Ng `atfrfsmatf y l`vfrt`lg fs quf fa cmlm uam lf nms gpc`gafs

lf ngs jàtglgs sf puflf kubmr cga l`st`atms vmr`monfs quf vma m
jgl`﬍cmr fn smogr, fn mrgjm y fn cufrpg lf nm ofo`lm ﬍amn.

Fsms vmr`monfs sga fn t`pg lf mbum, nm tfjpfrmturm lfn mbum, fn

t`fjpg, nm jmafrm lfn vfrt`lg lf mbum y fn tmjmýg lf nm jgn`falm.

\`pgs lf mbum; mn emonmr lf cmrmctfrêst`cms, ags rfdfr`jgs m nm

lurfzm y ngs \LS (són`lgs l`sufntgs). Cgjg fn 05% lf nm ofo`lm
﬍am fstí dgrjmlm pgr mbum, fs fn pr`jfr dmctgr quf vm m jgl`-
﬍cmr fn smogr ﬍amn. Emy mbums cga ua mntg brmlg lf j`afrmnfs

3<
36
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

cgjg jmbafs`g y cmnc`g. Cgjg ym l`k`jgs, s` fn mbum fstí juy

smturmlm, nf cgstmrí
cmdà y fxtrmfrí jfagsjuceg jís lf
sgnuonfs l`sgnvfr ngs cgjpgafatfs
ngs lfsfmlgs, pgr ng quflfn
go-
tfalfrfjgs ua cmdà suofxtrmêlg
s uofxtrmêlg.. Yfrg
Yfrg s` fn mbum fxtrmf juceg
cmdà, fs ua mbum sumvf, fs prgomonf quf gcurrm uam sgorffxtrmc-
c`óa. Ymrm cmncunmr fstg ngs fxpfrtgs usma ua rfdrmctójftrg.

Yfrg pmrm emcfrng fa cmsm emy quf tfafr fa cufatm quf fn

YE y fn sgl`g lfn mbum sga dmctgrfs quf jgl`﬍cmría fn smogr. Fs
juy `jpgrtmatf usmr mbums quf ag tfabma smogrfs fxtrmýgs. Ng

jfkgr fs rfcurr`r m ua mbum fjogtfnnmlm, quf sfm omkm fa sgl`g

y j`afrmnfs.

Fn mbum lf nm cma`nnm sufnf tfafr smrrg (lurfzm lfn mbum) g

smogr m cngrg. Muaquf fs pgtmonf y mptm pmrm fn cgasujg fa
aufstrg pmês, ag t`faf nm j`sjm cmn`lml fa tglms pmrtfs y puflf
tfafr lfjms`mlm cmn, quf mlfjís lf mdfctmr mn smogr lfn cmdà
puflf mcujunmrsf fa tu cmdftfrm y fstrgpfmrnm.

Sfbûa ngs fstíalmrfs lf nm Msgc`mc`óa lf Cmdàs Fspfc`mnfs lf

Mjàr`cm, fn mbum `lfmn pmrm tu cmdà t`faf quf tfafr nms s`bu`fa-
tfs cmrmctfrêst`cms;

• Cngrg tgtmn : 9 jb / n`trg

• \LS : =69 jb / n`trg
• Mncmn`a`lml tgtmn : <9 jb / n`trg
• pE : 2.9

\fjpfrmturm; nm tfjpfrmturm mntm lfn mbum mcfnfrm fn prgcfsg

lf fxtrmcc`óa. Jís cmn`fatf, jís ríp`lg. Fs pgr fsg quf ngs cm-

34
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

dàs drêgs g cgnl orfw afcfs`tma juceg t`fjpg lf cgatmctg lfn

mbum cga fn cmdà pmrm fxtrmfrsf. Lfjgrm juceg jís y t`faf ua
smogr juceg jís sumvf quf uam prfpmrmc`óa cmn`fatf lf ngs
j`sjgs brmags.
cmdà‚. Fs dmnsg.
J`tg; „S` fn mbum fs juy cmn`fatf, qufjm fn cmdà‚.
Yfasfjgs quf fn cmdà sf tufstm m ?99 brmlgs, fs `jpgs`onf quf
sf qufjf pgr fn mbum e`rv`falg. Ng quf sê gcurrf fs quf mn fx-
trmfrsf jís ríp`lg -pgr nm mntm tfjpfrmturm- tfalrfjgs jfags
cgatrgn sgorf nm ofo`lm ﬍amn. Cga jfags t`fjpg pmrm prfpmrmr-
ng, fn mbum juy cmn`fatf bfafrmrí uam sgorffxtrmcc`óa (cumatg
jís cmn`fatf fstí fn mbum, jís ríp`lg sf fxtrmfa ngs cgjpufstgs
lgalf mpmrfcfría jís ngs smogrfs mjmrbgs). Fs afcfsmr`g tfafr
ua cgatrgn fa nm tfjpfrmturm pmrm pglfr cgatrgnmr ng quf vms m

32
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

fxtrmfr fa cmlm jgjfatg. Fa ua cmdà pr`jfrg sf fxtrmf nm cm-

df`am (mncmng`lf), nufbg ngs cgjpufstgs quf lma nm lunzurm y, mn
﬍amn, fn mjmrbgr. Fatgacfs, nm tfjpfrmturm mdfctm fn smogr y fn
mrgjm ﬍amn, y fs pgr fsg quf fn rmabg `lfmn fs lf fatrf ngs 09 y
06 brmlgs. M jfags lf 55 brmlgs
brmlgs sf p`frlfa mrgjms
mrgjms y fn cmdà
sfrí jís smnmlg y mbr`g. M jís lf 06 mpmrfcfría jís fn mjmrbgr
y nm mstr`abfac`m lf nm cmdfêam.

Cga nm tfjpfrmturm mlfcumlm ngbrmrís ua cmdà fqu`n`ormlg

cga cufrpg, lunzgr y mc`lfz omnmacfmlgs. Yfrg s` mlfjís mujfa-
tís fn t`fjpg
trmcc`óa lfn pmsg mnbuags
sf pgtfac`ma lfn mbummspfctgs
y omkís nms tfjpfrmturm,
pgs`t`vgs fas`a
lfn cmdà, nm fx-
quf nm
fxtrmcc`óa lf fsf cmdà lfkf lf sfr fxcfnfatf.

Fa bfafrmn, nms fxtrmcc`gafs orfvfs sga jís íc`lms y nms jís

nmrbms sga jís mjmrbms. Fs fa fstf puatg quf fatrm fa kufbg
fn jàtglg lf fxtrmcc`óa. Nm vfngc`lml lf pmsg lfn mbum pgr fn
cmdà, kuatg cga nm tfjpfrmturm mlfcumlm lfn mbum, lftfrj`ama
nm fxtrmcc`óa lf ua oufa cmdà.

\`fjpg; cgjg v`jgs, fn t`fjpg fs dualmjfatmn pmrm fxtrmfr

ua cmdà omnmacfmlg. Fa nm dgrjm lf usmr ngs jàtglgs lf `ajfr-
s`óa sgjgs agsgtrgs ngs quf lfc`l`jgs fn t`fjpg lf cgatmctg
lfn mbum cga fn cmdà. S`a fjomrbg, fa fn ﬍ntrmlg g vfrt`lg jm-
aumn ag pglfjgs cmncunmrng.

Fn vfrt`lg lfn mbum; nm jmafrm fa quf sf pgaf fa cgatmctg fn

mbum sgorf fn cmdà puflf bfafrmr l`vfrsms rfmcc`gafs quêj`cms
quf tmjo`àa mdfctmría fn smogr ﬍amn lf nm ofo`lm. Fs pgr fsg
quf sfbûa fn jàtglg quf sf ut`n`cf, ngs fxpfrtgs prgpgafa l`s-

35
30
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

t`atms vmr`monfs mn jgjfatg lfn cgatmctg lfn mbum y fn cmdà cga

fn gokft`vg lf ngbrmr c`frtg pfr﬍n lf tmzm.
Yrf`adus`óa; fn jgjfatg fa quf sf v`frtf ua pgcg lf mbum
sgorf fn cmdà jgn`lg pmrm ngbrmr eujflfcfrng tglg. Sf pgaf fn
lgonf lf pfsg lf mbum quf lf cmdà. S` fa nm prfasm drmacfsm pu-
s`jgs ?9 brmjgs, lfofrfjgs vfrtfr <9 brmjgs lf mbum y fspf-
rmr 39 sfbualgs matfs lf cgat`aumr cga fn nnfamlg lfn rfc`p`fa-
tf. Nm fxpn`cmc`óa fs quf mn e`lrmtmr fn cmdà sf fxtrmfa jfkgr sus
cgjpgafatfs.

Fn ﬏ukg lfn mbum; s` fs pgr `ajfrs`óa, ag pglfjgs jmafkmrng.

S` fs ua ﬍ntrmlg pgr bgtfg, lfofjgs msfburmrags lf ag rfomsmr
nm cmat`lml lf mbum. Ygrquf cga fn ﬍ntrmlg fn a`vfn vm omkmalg,
pgr ng quf s` nf pgafjgs jucem mbum quflmría pmrtêcunms lf
cmdà fa nm pmrtf jís mntm lfn ﬍ntrg. Cmdà quf nufbg ag sfrí tgcm-
lg aufvmjfatf pgr fn mbum y cgjg cgasfcufac`m ag sf rfmn`zmrí
uam oufam fxtrmcc`óa. Fn vfrt`lg lfof sfr egjgbàafg sgorf nm
nnmjmlm „cmjm lf cmdà‚8 cgav`faf fa cêrcungs lfn cfatrg emc`m
mdufrm pmrm fv`tmr pgafr fn mbum s`fjprf fa fn j`sjg nubmr lu-
rmatf juceg t`fjpg.

Nm cmjm lfn cmdà; sf lfof `acgrpgrmr fn cmdà fa fn ﬍ntrg lf

uam jmafrm egjgbàafm quf tfabm nm j`sjm mnturm mnrflflgr
lfn ﬍ntrg pmrm quf pmsf fn nêqu`lg lf jmafrm fqu`n`ormlm pgr
tglg fn cmdà.

Nm turounfac`m; s`ba`﬍cm rfjgvfr fn mbum vfrt`lm fa fn cmdà

pmrm tfafr uam jmygr fxtrmcc`óa. Fs oufam fa nm `ajfrs`óa,
pfrg ag sf rfcgj`falm fa ngs ﬍ntrmlgs.

<9
<=
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

Brmaungjftrêm
Fn tmjmýg lf nm jgn`falm sf lfagj`am brmaungjftrêm; sf rf-
﬍frf m nm jfl`lm fa quf sf jufnfa nms pmrtêcunms lf cmdà. Cmlm
jàtglg rfqu`frf gtrg t`pg lf tmjmýg y fsg lfpfalf lfn t`fjpg
lf cgatmctg y lfn pmsg lfn mbum pgr fn cmdà.

Fn tmjmýg lf cmlm jgn`falm vm m `a﬏u`r juy cgas`lfrmonf-

jfatf fa fn t`pg lf fxtrmcc`óa quf gotfabmjgs. M jfagr tm-
jmýg, nms pmrtêcunms t`fafa jís cmrms fa cgatmctg cga fn mbum8 m
jmygr tmjmýg, fn t`fjpg lf fxtrmcc`óa afcfsmr`g fs jmygr.
jmygr.

Fs pgr fsg quf cumalg rfmn`zmjgs ofo`lms fa jàtglgs lf `a-

jfrs`óa nm brmaungjftrêm lfof sfr jís brufsm (afcfs`tmjgs
3 j`autgs prgjfl`gs lf `adus`óa pmrm fxtrmfr nm ofo`lm). Fa jà-
tglgs cgjg fn fsprfssg, quf rfqu`frf sóng 39 sfbualg lf cgatmc-
tg fatrf fn mbum y fn cmdà, sf ut`n`zm uam jgn`falm jís ﬍am.

<?
<3
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

󰀿󰀡󰀳 FN \VFS\F

Y
rfpmrmr ua cmdà s`ba`﬍cm
fqu`n`ormr jucems vmr`m-
onfs. Lfn j`sjg jglg fa
quf cgas`lfrís fn jàtglg lf fx-
trmcc`óa y nm rfnmc`óa fatrf fn cmdà
y fn mbum, emy quf tfafr fa cufatm
fn pfr﬍n lf tufstf.

Fn jmfstrg
brmags vfrlfstgstmlgr cgngcm tgs-
fa su jíqu`am ngs
tmlgrm y pgr jfl`g lf l`st`atms
vmr`monfs ngbrm lftfrj`amlgs t`pgs
lf tgstmlg g pfr﬍nfs lf tufstf.

Emstm megrm fn t`pg lf tufstf

pmrfcêm fstmr rfnmc`gamlg sóng
cga uam cufst`óa lf lmrnf mn brmag jmygr g jfagr tfjpfrmturm,
y pmrm fsg sf gosfrvmoma ngs cmjo`gs lf cgngr lfn brmag emstm
nnfbmr mn cgngr lfsfmlg8 ng nnmjmoma „puatg lf tufstf‚.

S`a fjomrbg, ngs aufvgs prgdfs`gamnfs lf cmdàs fspfc`mnfs l`-

sfýma ua pfr﬍n lf tufstf lftfrj`amlg pmrm cmlm cmdà. Mquê nms
vmr`monfs m tfafr fa cufatm sga; nm jmsm lf cmdà vfrlf m tgstmr
(fs lfc`r, fn tmjmýg lf nm omcem), nm eujflml rfnmt`vm, fn t`pg lf
ofaf﬍c`g (amturmn, nmvmlg, egafy) y fn vmr`ftmn.

Nufbg lf tfafr fa cufatm fstgs dmctgrfs, lurmatf fn prgcfsg

lf tufstf sf lfof cgatrgnmr nm tfjpfrmturm `a`c`mn8 fn ﬏ukg lf

<<
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

m`rf, nm fafrbêm mpn`cmlm g nm „nnmjm‚, cuíatg cmngr sf nf `jpr`jf,

nm tfjpfrmturm ﬍amn, fn t`fjpg tgtmn lf tufstf y pgr ûnt`jg fn
mctrga, quf fs fn maín`s`s lf cgngr jfl`matf uam jíqu`am.

Fn tufstf y j` cmdà
M nm egrm lf emcfrtf tu ofo`lm, s` usís nms j`sjms prgpgrc`g-
afs lf mbum y cmdà pfrg tfaàs lgs pfr﬍nfs lf tufstf l`dfrfatfs,
vms m sfat`r smogrfs l`st`atgs.

Ngs tufstfs cnmrgs lfkma fn brmag jfags pgrgsg quf ngs gscurgs8
fatgacfs,, ngs cgjpufstgs lfn cmdà sf fxtrmfr
fatgacfs fxtrmfría
ía jís nfatmjfatf.
nfatmjfatf.
Ygr fstm rmzóa ngs tufstfs cnmrgs sf prfpmrma m jfaulg cga jàtg-
lgs jís nfatgs, cgjg ua vfrt`lg g ﬍ntrmlg. Fstg fs pgrquf ngs brm-
ags puflfa pfrjmafcfr fa cgatmctg cga fn mbum pgr jís t`fjpg
quf fa ua jàtglg lf fxtrmcc`óa jís ríp`lg,
ríp`lg, cgjg fn fsprfssg
fsprfssg..

Cgjg ym l`k`jgs, cumatg jís pfrjmafcf fn cmdà fxpufstg mn

mbum, emy jís t`fjpg l`spga`onf pmrm quf gcurrm nm fxtrmcc`óa,
mnbg quf tfaàs quf tfafr fa cufatm m nm egrm lf fnfb`r tu jàtglg.
Fn
pgrfsprfssg t`faf
ng quf ua sóngcnmrg
tufstf uam tmn
gpgrtua`lml
vfz ag sfmorfvf, lf gpc`óa.
nm jfkgr 39 sfbualgs,

\rfs t`pgs
N`bfrg g sumv f; fn tufstf n`bfrg pmsm pgr uam cgcc`óa quf vm
su mvf;
lf =29 m =09 brmlgs8 fn smogr ﬍amn lfn cmdà fs jís luncf y cga
jís mc`lfz. Fstf tufstf, tmjo`àa nnmjmlg „ruo`g‚ fs fn prfdfr`lg
fa ngs pmêsfs lf Furgpm lfn agrtf y lf Mjàr`cm lfn agrtf. Ngs
brmags cga tufstf n`bfrg sga rfcgjfalmlgs pmrm `adus`gamr. Fa
ngs cmdàs rfmn`zmlgs pgr fn jàtglg lf ﬍ntrmlg g bgtfg sf rfsmntm

<6
<4
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

fn smogr y ngs mrgjms pgcg `atfasgs, pgr ng quf vms m afcfs`tmr

ua tufstf sumvf. Fn rfsuntmlg; ofo`lms jís or`nnmatfs y cga smog-
rfs jís íc`lgs.

\ufstf jfl`g; fn tgstmlgr nnfvm mn brmag emstm ngs ?99 – ??9

brmlgs. Fstgs sga brmags quf mûa prfsfrvma fn mjpn`g fspfctrg
lf sfasmc`gafs mrgjít`cms gr`b`amnfs lf ngs cmdàs fspfc`mnfs. Fn
tufstf jfl`g fs usmlg fa fn agrtf lf @tmn`m y fa Drmac`m.

\ufstf gscurg g lmrh rgmst; sf sgjftf fn brmag m uam tfjpf-

rmturm lf@tmn`m,
fn sur lf emstm Fspmým
?<9 brmlgs. Fstf t`pg
y Ygrtubmn, lf tufstf
lgalf fs mprfc`mlg
prf﬍frfa fsprfssgsfa
jís dufrtfs y mjmrbgs.

Fdfctgs lfn tufstf

Lurmatf fn tufstf sf lma jûnt`pnfs cmjo`gs fa fn brmag lf
cmdà y fstgs sf puflfa l`v`l`r fa cmjo`gs v`s`onfs f `av`s`onfs.

T`s`onfs
•

Fn cgngr
fn a`vfn cmjo`m,
lf tufstf vm lf vfrlf pín`lg m jmrróa gscurg, sfbûa
lfsfmlg.
• Fn vgnujfa mujfatm.
• Fn pfsg l`sj`auyf.

@av`s`onfs
• Cga fn prgcfsg lf tufstf sf ouscm rfmnzmr lf dgrjm mrjóa`cm
ngs mtr`outgs amturmnfs lfn cmdà cgjg smogr, drmbmac`m, cufrpg y
mrgjm.
• M jfagr tgst`óa sf s`fatf jmygr mc`lfz, jfagr cufrpg y
jfagr mjmrbgr. Mn cgatrmr`g, cumalg fn tufstf fs jís gscurg

<2
<5
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

mujfatm nm pfrcfpc`óa lf ng mjmrbg, omkm nm mc`lfz y fn cufrpg

sf jmat`faf fa fn jfl`g.
Ng `lfmn
Va cmdà fqu`n`ormlg fa fn quf pglmjgs pfrc`o`r ngs l`st`atms vm-
r`monfs lf jmafrm omnmacfmlm. Ymrm cmlm gr`bfa lf cmdà y pmrm
cmlm jàtglg lf fnmogrmc`óa lfofrfjgs tfafr fa cufatm ua tufstf
l`dfrfac`mlg quf lfstmquf su gr`bfa y jàtglg lf ofaf﬍c`g.

󰀿󰀡󰀼 NM @JYG_\MAC@M LF NM JGN@FALM

N m jgn`falm fs ua prgcfsg dualmjfatmn fa nm fnmogrmc`óa

lf nm ofo`lm lf cmdà. Su pr`jfr gokft`vg
gokft`vg fs l`sj`au`r fn
tmjmýg lfn brmag pmrm mujfatmr fn írfm lf cgatmctg
lf àstf cga fn mbum. Fs fa fsf jgjfatg cumalg sf lf﬍af fn
tmjmýg lf nms pmrtêcunms quf sf vma m ut`n`zmr, ua tmjmýg quf
s`fjprf fstí fa rfnmc`óa cga fn jàtglg lf prfpmrmc`óa fnfb`lg.
Lfn tmjmýg lf nm jgn`falm vm m lfpfalfr nm jmafrm fa quf sf
fxtrmfría ngs cgjpgafatfs mrgjít`cgs y sgnuonfs y pgr ng tmatg,
nm cmn`lml lf prgluctg ﬍amn.

Sfbûa nms cmrmctfrêst`cms lf nm jíqu`am, fn jàtglg y fn t`fj-

pg lf cgatmctg fatrf fn mbum y cmdà sf afcfs`tm ua tmjmýg lf
jgn`falm l`st`atg. Ygr fkfjpng, s` nm jgn`falm lfn brmag fs jís
brufsm, sf afcfs`tmrí jís t`fjpg lf cgatmctg cga fn mbum pmrm
ngbrmr uam jfkgr fxtrmcc`óa.

Ymrm `nustrmr; pfasí quf tfaàs quf pmsmr mbum m trmvàs lf trfs

<0
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

fnfjfatgs l`st`atgs; p`flrm, mrfam y emr`am. Ygr nm p`flrm vm m

﬍ntrmr jís ríp`lmjfatf quf pgr nm emr`am, pgr ng quf vms m af-
cfs`tmr quf nm p`flrm fstà jís t`fjpg fa cgatmctg cga fn mbum.

Fstg sucflf, oís`cmjfatf, pgrquf nm p`flrm t`faf jfags pmr-

tfs fa cgatmctg cga fn mbum. P nm emr`am t`fafa jucems jís, pgr
ng quf nm fxtrmcc`óa lfofrêm emcfrsf jís ríp`lmjfatf pmrm ag
sgorfcmrbmr nm ofo`lm. Nm mrfam fstí fa fn jfl`g.

Tgnv`falg mn cmdà; nm p`flrm sfrêm ua jgn`lg brufsg, cgjg fn

quf
tgs lfafcfs`tm
cgatmctgnmcga
prfasm drmacfsm,
fn mbum. qufsfrêm
Nm emr`am rfqu`frf jís lf
fn fsprfssg g nmtrfs j`au-
jghm, fa
lgalf fn mbum pmsm jfags lf 39 sfbualgs pmrm ngbrmr nm ofo`lm.

Mnbuags fkfjpngs

Jàtglg \`pg lf jgn`falm Cgatmctg cga mbum

Fsprfssg,, Jghm
Fsprfssg D`am 39 sfbualgs (mprg
(mprgx)
x)

Yrfasm Drmacfsm Brufsm < j`autgs

D`ntrg lf tfnm, Cefjfx, Jfl`m < m 4 j`autgs
T49, Jfn`ttm, Cmdftfrm
egbmrfým fnàctr`cm

\fa`falg fa cufatm quf fa nm prfpmrmc`óa lfn fsprfssg fn

mbum pmsm m ua prgjfl`g
prgjfl`g lf 0 g jís omrfs
omrfs lf prfs`óa,
prfs`óa, sf af-
cfs`tm uam jgn`falm ﬍am quf embm nm su﬍c`fatf rfs`st
rfs`stfac`m
fac`m mn
mbum pmrm ngbrmr uam fxtrmcc`óa quf pfrj`tm uam ofo`lm luncf,
omnmacfmlm y juy mbrmlmonf. Yfrg s` nm jgn`falm fs lfjms`mlg

69
 Ngs prgcfsgs oís`cgs

﬍am, mpfams sf ngbrmría uags pgcgs j`n`n`trgs lf uam ofo`lm

sgorffxtrmêlm, lf smogr mjmrbg mstr`abfatf y lfsmbrmlmonf.
Ygr fn cgatrmr`g, s` nm jgn`falm fs juy brufsm, nm ofo`lm ag
tfalrí cufrpg, sfrí `asêp`lm, mjmrbm y s`a nm crfjm cmrmctfrês-
t`cm lfn fsprfssg.

Ymrm prfpmrmc`gafs pgr `ajfrs`óa, cgjg nm prfasm drmacfsm,

vms m afcfs`tmr uam jgn`falm brufsm pmrm quf ag sf bfafrf uam
ofo`lm sgorffxtrmêlm y cga sfl`jfatgs l`󰁤c`nfs lf fn`j`amr.

\@Y

Cumalg cgjprís cmdà jgn`lg bfafrmnjfatf l`cf fa fn pmquftf

pmrm quà jàtgl
jàtglg g tf vm
vm m sfrv`r.
sfrv`r. S` vms m cgjprmr
cgjprmrng
ng m
uam t`falm g m uam cmdftfrêm lf fspfc`mn`lml, ng jfkgr fs lfc`rnf
mn vfalflgr cga quà jàtglg pfasís prfpmrmrtf fn cmdà, pmrm
quf tf ng fatrfbufa n`stg pmrm cgasuj`r.

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF

6=
 󰀳

FA CMSM

6?
63
 Fa cmsm

󰀳󰀡󰀽 NGS JÀ\GLGS

C mlm jàtglg g jíqu`am pmrm emcfr cmdà rfqu`frf su rf-

cftm fspfcê﬍cm pmrm ngbrmr ua ofo`lm omnmacfmlm.
Ygr fsg, m cgat`aumc`óa tf vmjgs m cgatmr nm e`stgr`m lf
cmlm jàtglg, nm jmafrm lf prfpmrmrngs cgrrfctmjfatf, fn cmdà
fnmogrmlg pgr ua fxpfr`jfatmlg omr`stm cga fsm efrrmj`fatm y
ua v`lfg quf tf jgstrmrí cójg rfmn`zmrngs fa cmsm.

Mnní vmjgs.

󰀳󰀡󰀿 Y_FASM D_MACFSM

\mjo`àa cgagc`lm cgjg cmdftfrm lf àjogng, nm pr`jfrm pmtfa-

tf quf sf cgagcf fs nm lf ngs drmacfsfs Jmyfr y Lfndgrbf (=56?).
Fa =0?0, nm jfkgrma ngs `tmn`mags Mtt`n`g Cmn`jma` y B`un`g Jgaftm.
Nm quf cgagcfjgs
lma`a`, egy nm `avfató
nm agjoró Cemjogrl y sf -fa
e`zg=065- fn su`zg
pgpunmr Dmn`frgomkg
fa Drmac`m Oga-nm
jmrcm Nm Cmdft`årf. Nufbg, nm l`amjmrqufsm Ogluj cgjpró ngs
lfrfcegs lf l`str`ouc`óa y nm nnfvó pgr fn jualg.

Fn l`spgs`t`vg cgastm lf cumtrg fnfjfatgs; ua vmsg c`nêalr`cg, uam

tmpm, ua ﬍ntrg lf mcfrg `agx`lmonf y uam tmpm lf pníst`cg g jftmn.

Fstf jàtglg fs lf `ajfrs`óa y cufatm cga ua ﬍ntrg lf jmnnm

jftín`cm. Cgjg nm jmygrêm lf ngs mcf`tfs quflma fa nm fxtrmc-
c`óa sf got`fafa cmdàs cga juceg cufrpg.

6<
 \@Y

S` fs l`󰁤c`n omkmr fn ﬍ntrg, nm

jgn`falm fs lfjms`mlg ﬍am8
s` fn ﬍ntrg sf eualf y ag emy
jucem rfs`stfac`m, fatgacfs fs
lfjms`mlg brufsm.

66
 Fa cmsm

rfcftm pgr Ríntfr J`trf

Ijgtgdfcm

Jgn`falm; brufsm
Lgs`s; 39 br lf cmdà
Mbum; 669 jn g <69 br (sfbûa lurfzm lfn mbum)
\fjpfrmturm lfn mbum; 03 brmlgs
\`fjpg lf fxtrmcc`óa; 3 j`autgs
_mt`g; =;=6

Cgngcmr fn cmdà fa nm prfasm y mbrfbmr 49jn lf mbum

_fvgnvfr cga uam cucemrm, y emcfr uam prf`adus`óa pgr mprgx`jmlm-
jfatf 39 sfbualgs.
Vam vfz ﬍amn`zmlm nm prf`adus`óa, cgjpnftmr cga fn mbum y vgnvfr m rf-
vgnvfr.
Cgngcmr fn àjogng y omkmrng emstm matfs lf lgalf fstí fn cmdà sfrv`lg.
Lfkmr `adus`gamr lurmatf 3 j`autgs y omkmr fn àjogng nfatmjfatf pgr
cgjpnftg.

Msê gotfafjgs aufstrm ofo`lm fa prfasm drmacfsm.

T`lfg
N OM_@S\M
\M
MN T@LFG LF
LMNF YNMP
Lmnf pnmy mn v`lfg lfn omr`stm;
omr`stm;

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF

64
62
 Fa cmsm

󰀳󰀡󰀳 CEFJFU

N m l`sfýó fn quêj`cg mnfjía Yftfr Scenujogej, quf lf-

smrrgnnó jís lf 399 pmtfatfs, lfslf cgctfnfrms emstm mu-
tgjóv`nfs, cga nm `lfm lf emcfr quf ngs gokftgs cgt`l`mags
dufrma jís duac`gamnfs, mtrmct`vgs y mbrmlmonfs lf usmr.

Muaquf pmrfzcm cgacfo`lm fa nm frm omr`stm, nm Cefjfx sf

dmor`cm lfslf =0<=. @atfbrm cgnfcc`gafs lf `jpgrtmatfs jusfgs,
cgjg fn JGJM lf Aufvm Pgrh.
Scenujogej crfó fstm kmrrm lf v`lr`g lf ogrgs`n`cmtg sgpnm-
lg m jmag `asp`rmlm fa nm Omuemus, mlgramlm cga ua cgnnmr lf
jmlfrm y ua cgrlóa lf cufrg. Fn c`fatê﬍cg fstul`ó nm quêj`cm
lftrís lf nm fxtrmcc`óa lf smogr y cmdfêam lf ngs brmags lf cmdà.

Duac`gam pgr bgtfg. Fn mbum pmsm m trmvàs lfn cmdà y lf ua ﬍n-

trg lf pmpfn. Fn pmpfn lf Cefjfx fs jís brufsg quf gtrgs, pgr

ng
qufquf rft`fafuam
got`faf jís cmat`lml
ofo`lm lf mcf`tfs
n`jp`m, or`nngsmyycgjpgafatfs, cgaomkg.
lf cufrpg jfl`g ng

rfcftm󰀩pgr Cer`st`ma Our`t`cm

Icer`st`maour`t`cm

Jgn`falm; jfl`m ﬍am.

Lgs`s; ?6 brmjgs lf cmdà.
\fjpfrmturm lfn mbum; 03».
\`fjpg lf fxtrmcc`óa; < j`autgs.

65
60
 Fa cmsm

Cgngcmr fn ﬍ntrg sgorf fn jàtglg, fs `jpgrtmatf quf s`fjprf

fn nmlg lfn ﬍ntrg quf t`faf jís pn`fbufs (3 cmrms lf ﬍ntrg) quflf sgorf
fn nmlg lfn p`cg vfrtflgr.
Nufbg emy quf purbmr fn ﬍ntrg
﬍ntrg,, fs lfc`r
lfc`r,, pmsmrnf mbum cmn`fatf
pmrm n`jp`mrng y lf pmsg prfcmnfatmr fn jàtglg.
\`rmrr fn mbum cga fn quf sf e`zg nm n`jp`fzm.
\`rm
Cgngcmr ngs ?6 b lf cmdà cga jgn`falm jfl`m sgorf fn ﬍ntrg eujflfc`lg.
Emcfr uam prf`adus`óa cga fn f n mbum m 03 brmlgs, fs lfc`r,
lfc`r, vfrtfr sgng
26jn lf mbum y lfkmr rfpgsmr <6 sfbualgs.
Fa nm prf`adus`óa fjp`fzm m smn`r fn bms lfn cmdà jgn`lg. Cumalg
sf tfrj`am lf ﬍ntrmr nm prf`adus`óa y lfkm lf smn`r fn bms (quf vfjgs
cgjg ouroukms) emy quf vfrtfr ngs 3?6 jn lfn mbum rfstmatf.
Mn sfbu`r fstgs pmsgs, nm fxtrmcc`óa lfofrêm tfrj`amr fa trfs
j`autgs y jfl`g emstm cumtrg jíx`jg.
Vam vfz ﬍amn`zmlg fn bgtfg y fn t`fjpg, rft`rmjgs fn ﬍ntrg, y
l`sdrutmjgs lf aufstrm ofo`lm.

T`lfg
LMNF YNMP MN T@LFG LFN OM_@S\M

Bmjf
S@ EMCÀS CN@C󰀮 YGLÀS KVBM_ P MPVLM_ M SCENVJOGEJ M M\_MYM_
NGS B_MAGS YM_M EMCF_ SV CEFJFU E\\Y󰀻/
E\\Y󰀻//RRR
/RRR󰀡CEFJFU\EFBMJF󰀡CGJ/
󰀡CEFJFU\EFBMJF󰀡CGJ/

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF

49
 Fa cmsm

󰀳󰀡󰀼 JGHM

L
lfslf Pfjfa
f `avfac`óa `tmn`mam f `asp`rmc`óa fa fn jgv`j`fatg Mrt
Làcg lf ngs mýgs c`acufatm, su agjorf rfj`tf mn pufrtg
Jghm, lfslf lgalf fa fn s`bng UT@@@ smnêm fn cmdà tgstmlg
Pfjfa emc`m fn jualg gcc`lfatmn. Matfs lf nm `atrglucc`óa
lfn jàtglg, fn cmdà fa fn egbmr tfaêm ua cgasujg rfluc`lg, pfrg nm
cmdftfrmm prgpusg ua fst`ng lf cmdà „`tmn`mag
cmdftfr „`tmn`mag‚‚ fjunmalg mn fsprfssg
fa cmsm pmrm ngs cgasuj`lgrfs lf tglg fn jualg.

Sf dmor`cma lf e`frrg g mcfrg `agx`lmonf y t`fafa lgs p`fzms

quf sf b`rma cga ua cfatrg ﬍kg. Nm `adfr`gr cgat`faf fn mbum y
nm supfr`gr mnjmcfam fn cmdà ym prfpmrmlg. Fa fn cfatrg fstí fn
﬍ntrg pmrm fn cmdà. Nm cmdftfrm sf pgaf sgorf uam dufatf lf cmngr
quf cmn`fatm fn mbum lf nm pmrtf `adfr`gr emstm crfmr vmpgr lf
mbum quf mujfatm nm prfs`óa y emcf quf fn mbum suom m trmvàs
lfn fjoulg, pmsmalg pgr fn cmdà, fxtrmyàalgng y emc`falg nnf-
bmr ﬍amnjfatf nm ofo`lm m nm cíjmrm supfr`gr, fa nm quf sf mnjm-
cfam pmrm sfr sfrv`lm.

Fa Mrbfat`am sga cgagc`lms nms lf jmrcm Tgnturag, quf cgat`-

aûma s`falg dmor`cmlms mrtfsmamnjfatf - cgjg emcf jfl`g s`bng
- fa nm c`ulml ogamfrfasf lf Cmsfrgs. Cgjfazó cga nm nnfbmlm
lfn `aj`brmatf `tmn`mag Matga`g Tmrr`mnf8 sf msgc`ó cga Matga`g
Gaglm y Maêomn Lmnn‐Mafsf pmrm prgluc`rnms.

Nms Tgnturag fstía rfmn`zmlms fa dual`c`óa lf mnuj`a`g. Ng

fn`bfa sgorf fn mcfrg pgr nm fxcfnfatf cgalucc`óa tàrj`cm quf
t`faf, ng quf pfrj`tf ua fxtrmcc`óa mlfcumlm lfn cmdà, s`a nnfbmr
m qufjmrng.

4=
4?
 Fa cmsm

rfcftm pgr Cmp`tmam lfn Fspmc`g

I nmo`c`.cmdflffspfc`mn`lml
Jgn`falm; jfl`m ﬍am
Lgs`s; ?9br lf cmdà (lgs cucemrms sgpfrms cgnjmlms)
Mbum; ?99br g ?69 jn lf mbum
_mt`g; =;=9
Dufatf lf cmngr; egramnnm m bms g fnàctr`cm
\mjmýg cmdftfrm; pmrm 4 pgc`nngs

Ygafr ?69 jn lf mbum (g ?99br,

?99br, sfbûa lurfzm) fa nm pmrtf `adfr`gr lf nm
Tgnturag.
Cgngcmr ?9b lf cmdà rfc`àa jgn`lg fa fn ﬍ntrg.
Mrjmr nm cmdftfrm `tmn`mam sgorf nm egramnnm facfal`lm y fspfrmr lf 39
sfbualgs m = j`autg cgjg jíx`jg.
j íx`jg.
Jmatfafr nm tmpm mo`frtm pmrm cgatrgnmr fn jgjfatg fa quf cgj`fazm
m smn`r nm ofo`lm pmrm fv`tmr quf fstà lfjms`mlg t`fjpg fxpufstm m ju-
cem tfjpfrmturm, ym quf puflf lmr cgjg rfsuntmlg uam ofo`lm sgorf-
fxtrmêlm y juy mjmrbm. Cumalg cgj`fazm m smn`r nm ofo`lm pgr nm pmrtf
supfr`gr cfrrmr nm tmpm, fspfrmr 6 sfbualgs y mpmbmr fn dufbg.
Ag emy quf lfkmrng lfjms`mlg t`fjpg fa cgatmctg cga fn cmngr lf nm
egramnnm, sóng emstm quf nm ofo`lm ym vm suo`falg.
Gpc`gamn; pgafr ua cgncegac`tg lf mbum drêm fa fn dgalg lf nm pmrtf
supfr`gr,, ym quf nm tfjpfrmturm ﬍amn lfn cmdà fs omstmatf fnfvmlm
supfr`gr f nfvmlm fa
rfnmc`óa cga gtrg jàtglgs lf ﬍ntrmlg pgr bgtfg.

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF T`lfg
LMNF YNMP MN T@LFG LFN OM_@S\M

43
4<
 Fa cmsm

\@Y
S`fjprf dufbg jglfrmlg. Ag prfs`gafs fn cmdà
lfatrg lfn fjoulg. Auacm usfs cmdà sgnuonf.
Ag usfs nm jma`km pmrm fargscmr. Cgatrgní quf ag quflf
cmdà fa nm rgscm. Nmví nm cmdftfrm nufbg lfn usg,
sfcmnm o`fa y bumrlmnm lfsmrjmlm, tf vm m lurmr
juceês`jgs mýgs.

@adg
E\\YS󰀻//TGN\V_AG󰀡CGJ󰀡M_/

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF

46
 46

Fa cmsm

󰀳󰀡󰀶 FSY_FSSG

F n fsprfssg fs fn puatg lf pmrt`lm lf nm jmygrêm lf nms prf-

pmrmc`gafs cga cmdà; cmppucc`ag, nmttf, ﬏mt we`tf, y ju-
cems jís. Ygr fsg fs `jpgrtmatf mprfalfr m prfpmrmrng
cga lfstrfzm y usmalg brmags lf cmn`lml rfc`àa jgn`lgs. Cgatrgnmr
fn t`fjpg lf fxtrmcc`óa y nm prgpgrc`óa mbum-cmdà fs dualmjfatmn.

Sfbûa
(ROC pgrlf﬍a`c`gafs
sus s`bnms falfn Cmjpfgamtg
`abnàs), Jual`mn
ua fsprfssg lf ofo`lm
fs uam Omr`stmslf
ua vgnujfa lf fatrf ?6 y 36 jn (`acnuyfalg nm crfjm), prf-
pmrmlm cga vmr`gs brmjgs lf cmdà, lfpfal`falg lfn cmdà y su
jgn`lg, m uam tfjpfrmturm lf fatrf 09.6 y 04 brmlgs, cga uam
prfs`óa lf 5.6 m 0.6 mtjósdfrms y t`fjpg lf fxtrmcc`óa lf ?9 m
39 sfbualgs.

S`jpnf, lgonf g tr`pnf; sga prfpmrmc`gafs quf vmrêma pgr su

tmjmýg, cgjfazmalg cga nm prfpmrmc`óa ̍ oís`cm lf fsprfssg
quf ut`n`zm fatrf =9 y =? brmjgs lf cmdà fa 39 jn. lf mbum. Fn
fsprfssg lgonf usm lf =< m ?? brmjgs y 49 jn, y fn tr`pnf lf ?? m
39 br fa 09 jn. Fn t`fjpg lf fxtrmcc`óa
fxtrmcc`óa fa cmlm uag fs fn j`s-
jg, ym quf ng quf vmrêm fs fn tmjmýg lfn pgrtm﬍ntrg g nm cmamstm
y nm cmat`lml lf cmdà.

Mjfr`cmag; fs ua fsprfssg mn quf sf nf mbrfbm mbum cmn`fatf m

tu bustg lfspuàs lf sfrv`lg. Su tmjmýg agrjmnjfatf fs lf =99
jn y =69 jn. Cmlm tgstmlgr g omr`stm t`faf su prgp`m rfcftm, y
fsg vm m lfpfalfr lfn fqu`pg quf ut`n`zm, nm cmn`lml lfn mbum,
 44

\@Y

Gosfrví nm vfngc`lml lf nm fxtrmcc`óa,

fn cgngr lf nm crfjm y fn vgnujfa lf nm ofo`lm.
Fn rfsuntmlg lfof sfr uam ofo`lm cga uam crfjm
mvfnnmam rgk`zm, mt`brmlm fa nm supfr﬍c`f.
 42

Fa cmsm

fn t`pg lf cmdà y sus prfdfrfac`ms pfrsgamnfs. \glg fsg mdfctm nm

fxtrmcc`óa
fxtr mcc`óa y fn smogr. Ymrm
Ymrm uam ofo`lm fstíalmr
fs tíalmr,, emy cmat`lmlfs
cmat`lmlf s
oís`cms, pfrg s` qufràs emcfr ua fsprfssg cga sfnng prgp`g, pg-
làs prmct`cmr cga nms l`st`atms vmr`monfs s`a jgl`﬍cmr nm tàca`cm.

Yrfpmrmc`óa
=. _ft`rí fn pgrtm﬍ntrg lfn brupg lf nm jíqu`am. S` prfpmrmstf
ua cmdà cga matfr`gr`lml, lfsfceí nm pmst`nnm quf qufló y n`j-
p`mng.
?. Sfnfcc`gaí fn pgrtm﬍ntrg sfbûa nm cmat`lml lf ofo`lm m prf-
pmrmr; fn sfac`nng pmrm ua fsprfssg
g fn lgonf pmrm lgs (g ua fsprfssg
lgonf).
3. Jgnà y mbrfbí fn cmdà mn pgrtm-
﬍ntrg, tfa`falg fa cufatm nms prg-
pgrc`gafs lf 5 m =? brmjgs pmrmpmrm ua
fsprfssg lf 39 jn. G =< m ?? pmrm fn
pgrtm﬍ntrg lgonf.
<. _fcgr
_fcgrlí
lí jgnfr ûa`cmjfatf nm
cmat`lml lf cmdà quf afcfs`tís.
6. Lgs`﬍cí, l`str`ouê, a`vfní y mp`sg-
aí fn cmdà fa fn pgrtm﬍ntrg.
4. Matfs lf `atrgluc`r fn pgrtm-
﬍ntrg fa fn brupg lf nm jíqu`am lf
fsprfssg, mcc`gaí fn ogtóa lf prf-
pmrmc`óa pgr lgs g jís sfbualgs, emstm quf fn mbum smnbm n`jp`m
y s`a lfsfcegs lf nm prfpmrmc`óa matfr`gr.
2. @asfrtí fn pgrtm﬍ntrg fa nm jíqu`am y gpr`jê `ajfl`mtmjfa-
tf 5.
fn Vo`cí
ogtóa lf prfpmrmc`óa.
fn pgc`nng g ngs pgc`nngs, lfomkg lfn l`spfasmlgr. Lf-
45
 40

Fa cmsm

ofa pmsmr lf < m 4 sfbualgs fatrf fn jgjfatg fa quf sf gpr`-

jf fn ogtóa y fn jgjfatg fa quf mpmrfcfa nms pr`jfrms bgtms
lf cmdà fa nms ogqu`nnms. Fstf t`fjpg fs su﬍c`fatf pmrm tgjmr fn
pgc`nng g pgc`nngs y uo`cmrngs lfomkg lfn pgrtm﬍ntrg.
0. Fspfrí lf ?9 m 39 sfbualgs y lftfaà fn prgcfsg mn mncma-
zmr ua vgnujfa lf 39 jn.

_fcftm pgr Kun`m Cmabm

Cmabm
Ip`ma`oynmjmrbufr`tf

Jgn`falm; ﬍am
Lgs`s; =0br lf cmdà (lgs cucemrms sgpfrms cgnjmlms)
Ygrtm ﬍ntrg; s`jpnf
\`fjpg lf fxtrmcc`óa ?4 sfbualgs.
Ofo`lm ﬍amn lf <? b g 39 jn.

Cgngcmr =0 b fa ua pgrtm﬍ntrg s`jpnf cga uam jgn`falm ﬍am. _fmn`zmr

fn tmjpfmlg cgrrfctmjfatf. Yurbmr nm nnuv`m. Cgngcmr fn pgrtm﬍ntrg y

mcc`gamr fn ogtóa.
Fatrf ?4 y 39 sfbualgs lfspuàs sf gotfalrí uam ofo`lm ﬍amn lf <?
brmjgs g uags 39 jn. Va fsprfssg `lfmn pmrm l`sdrutmr fa cmsm!

Lmnf pnmy mn v`lfg

v`lfg lfn omr`stm;
T`lfg
LMNF YNMP MN T@LFG LFN OM_@S\M

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 29

Fa cmsm

󰀳󰀡󰀴 NM CÍYSVNM

N m jgaglgs`s lf cmdà cgjfazó cga ngs smqu`tgs `al`v`-

lumnfs, ouscmalg ua cgasujg pfrsgamn pmrm qu`fafs fa
fn egbmr ag qufrêma tfafr uam kmrrm nnfam lf cmdà.
Oís`cmjfatf fs uam pgrc`óa lf cmdà jgn`lg favufntg fa uam
cípsunm lf jftmn g pníst`cg, g fa uam ognsm lf ﬍ntrg.

Fn lfsmrrgnng lf nm cípsunm ngbró fn `abrfsg lfn cmdà fsprfssg,

ag sóng fa cmsm s`ag tmjo`àa fa fn íj-
o`tg nmogrmn. Mn `bumn quf nm jíqu`am lf
fsprfssg, fn cmdà jgn`lg fstí cgjpmctmlg
fa nm cípsunm, m trmvàs lf nm cumn nm cmdf-
tfrm `ayfctm mbum m brma prfs`óa, ng quf
prgvgcm quf nm ofo`lm sf v`frtm `ajfl`m-
tmjfatf fa aufstrm tmzm. Fn prgcfsg fs
juy ríp`lg y mpfams lurm uags sfbualgs.

Su amc`j`fatg cgjfrc`mn sf prglukg m

jfl`mlgs
nng lf uam lf ngs gcefatm
cmdftfrm cga fn lfsmrrg-
cga cípsunms lf Afst-
nà, fa Su`zm, @tmn`m y Kmpóa. Yfrg fn lfs-
pfbuf lf Afsprfssg, pr`jfrm fjprfsm
fa gdrfcfrnms, sf l`g rfc`àa fa fn ?999 kuatg cga nm mpfrturm lf
sus t`falms y fn pgs`c`gamj`fatg lf nm cípsunm cgjg uam aufvm
fxpfr`fac`m fa fn cgasujg lf cmdà.

Fn rfsurb`j`fatg lfn cmdà fsprfssg, quf vfaêm bmamalg fspm-

c`g lfslf ngs 09, tmjo`àa bfafró fn `abrfsg lf gtrms jmrcms lf
jíqu`ams cga cípsunms y nm mpmr`c`óa lf jgaglgs`s mntframt`vms
2=
 2?

Fa cmsm

mfnAfsprfssg, cgjg
jfrcmlg. Egy Lgncfemstm
fx`stfa Bustg, Nmvmzzmrfcmrbmonfs
cípsunms f @nny pmrm cgjpft`r fa
mntframt`vms.

Fs `jpgrtmatf quf fn lfpós`tg lf mbum s`fjprf tfabm nêqu`-

lg. Fn jmatfa`j`fatg oís`cg lf fstms jíqu`ams sf rflucf m nm
lfscmnc`﬍cmc`óa
lfscmnc`﬍cmc`óa pfr`ól`cm y m uam n`jp`fzm lfn lfpós`tg y lf nm
ogqu`nnm quf s`rvf fn cmdà.

Sufnfa sfr jís n`jp`ms y sfac`nnms lf jmatfafr quf gtrms.

_fcftm

Lgs`s; uam cípsunm

\`pg lf fxtrmcc`óa; prfs`óa - fsprfssg
\`fjpg; 39 sfbualgs

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 23

Fa cmsm

󰀳󰀡󰀲 JFN@\\M

F a =095, nm mnfjmam Jfn`ttm Ofatz tuvg uam brma `lfm. Fnnm

l`sdrutmom fn cmdà pfrg fstmom cmasmlm lf tfafr quf n`j-
p`mr nm gnnm y smcmr tglgs ngs rfs`lugs quf quflmoma pfbm-
lgs fa ngs cgstmlgs. Emstm fsf jgjfatg, sóng sf emcêm cmdà fa nm
gnnm, cga fn jàtglg gr`fatmn, g fn s`dóa lf v`lr`g.

Msê quf
vmr`gs cmlmquf
`atfatgs jmýmam pfasmom
drmcmsmrga fa quf
emstm ua jàtglg lf ﬍ntrmlg.
ua lêm mrrmacó E`zg
ua pflmzg
lf pmpfn sfcmatf lfn cumlfrag quf su e`kg usmom pmrm nm fscuf-
nm y ng jft`ó fa uam v`fkm gnnm fa nm quf emoêm pfrdgrmlg mnbuags
mbukfrgs. Mýml`ó fn cmdà jgn`lg y nf mbrfbg mbum cmn`fatf fac`jm.
Nm ofo`lm bgtfó m trmvàs lfn pmpfn y cmyó l`rfctmjfatf fa nm tmzm.
\`ró fn ﬍ntrg usmlg lf pmpfn m nm omsurm y n`stg.

Msê amc`frga ngs pgrtm﬍ntrgs Jfn`ttm, quf sf puflfa usmr cga

aujfrgsms gpc`gafs lf ﬍ntrgs lf pmpfn cgjg ngs ngcmnfs Lgjfst`c.

rfcftm pgr L`fbg Ngog

Icmdfpufrtgonfst

Jgn`falm; jfl`m brufsm (s`j`nmr m nm smn fatrf﬍am)

Lgs`s; =6br lf cmdà
Mbum; ??6jn lf mbum omkg sgl`g
\fjpfrmturm; m puatg efrvgr
_mt`g =;=6
2<
 26

Fa cmsm

Fn ﬍ntrg lf pmpfn t`faf lgs pn`fbufs, ua pn`fbuf egr`zgatmn y uag vfrt`-

cmn. Lgonmr y cgngcmr fa
f a fn cgag pníst`cg.
_fjgkmr fn ﬍ntrg lf pmpfn pmrm fn`j`amr smogrfs y rfs`lugs.
Cgngcmr ngs =6 b lf cmdà.
Tfrtfr 39 jn lf mbum cmn`fatf lf jmafrm nfatm. _fvgnvfr y fspfrmr =6
sfbualgs. Ng quf sucflf mquê fs ng quf sf lfagj`am Onggj, lgalf emy
uam lfsbms`﬍cmc`óa lfn cmdà, uam n`ofrmc`óa lfn l`óx`lg lf cmrogag.
Ygr ûnt`jg emy quf vfrtfr fn mbum cmn`fatf rfstmatf, fs lfc`r =06 jn lf

mbum, lf dgrjm nfatm, fa cêrcungs g cgjg fsp`rmnfs. Fv`tmr pfbmrnf m nm

pmrfl lfn cgag.
N`stg fn cmdà.

T`lfg
LMNF YNMP MN T@LFG LFN OM_@S\M

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 24

Fa cmsm

󰀳󰀡󰀵 NM CMDF\F_M FNÀC\_@CM

N m cmdftfrm lf ﬍ntrg, tmjo`àa nnmjmlm lf bgtfg g pfrcgnm-

lgr, fs uam cmdftfrm fnàctr`cm cgacfo`lm pmrm usg egbmrf-
ýg crfmlm uam làcmlm lfspuàs quf nm cmdftfrm fsprfssg.
Cgas`stf fa ua lfpós`tg lf mbum quf sf cmn`fatm y pmsm m trmvàs
lfn cmdà jgn`lg lfpgs`tmlg sgorf ua ﬍ntrg lf pmpfn g lf jmnnm
lf jftmn. Cmf bgtm m bgtm -pgr brmvflml- emstm uam kmrrm. Fa nms
jís cnís`cms
tma cga fn rfc`p`fatf
uam kmrrm fs lfngv`lr`g
tàrj`cm quf y nmscmn`fatf.
jmat`faf jís jglframs cufa-

Nm `lfm fs ngbrmr quf fn cmdà jgn`lg fa fn ﬍ntrg dgrjf uam cmjm

egjgbàafm cga uam prgdual`lml lf 3 m 6 cj pmrm gotfafr uam
fxtrmcc`óa f﬍c`fatf. Nm jfl`lm lf nm tmzm prgpufstm pgr nms cmdf-
tfrms fnàctr`cms fs lf =<5 jn. Ymrm uam tmzm sf usm uam cucemrmlm
mn rms, quf sga 6 br. Ymrm 4 tmzms, nm rfnmc`óa fs lf <,6 cucemrmlms
mn rms8 pmrm < tmzms vms m afcfs`tmr 3 cucemrmlms g =6 brmjgs.

]uà ouscmr fa uam cmdftfrm

•S`stfjm lf cgnmlg ríp`lg y f﬍c`fatf quf fxtrm`bm fn jíx`jg
smogr y mrgjm lfn cmdà m nm tfjpfrmturm `lfmn.
•]uf sf mpmbuf mutgjít`cmjfatf
mutgjít`cmjfatf mn tfrj`amr fn c`cng lf cgnmlg.
•]uf tfabm nm pgs`o`n`lml lf prgbrmjmr fn t`fjpg lf ﬍ntrmlg.
•Nms kmrrms tàrj`cms jmat`fafa fn cmdà cmn`fatf pgr egrms s`a
tfafr quf rfcmnfatmrng.
•]uf tfabm ua s`stfjm lf ﬍ntrg lf mbum pmrm jfkgrmr fn smogr.
•@lfmn; quf puflms prgbrmjmrnm pmrm lfspfrtmrtf cga fn mrg-
jm m cmdà.
22
 25

\@Y
Nm cmat`lml lf cmdà
﬍ntrmlg
﬍ntrmlg s`fjprf
s`fjprf vm
m sfr jfagr m nm
cmat`lml lf mbum
vfrt`lm fa fn lfpós`tg
pmrm mbum. Fstg sf
lfof m nm mosgrc`óa
lf mbum quf
emcfa ngs brmags
lf cmdà.
 20

Fa cmsm

rfcftm pmrm cmdftfrm Gstfr pgr L`fbg Omftchfr

Iemcf.cmdf

Jgn`falm; jfl`m
Lgs`s; ??b lf cmdà (lgs cucemrmlms lf sgpm cgnjmlms)
Mbum; 699 jn lf mbum ﬍ntrmlm

Mor`r nm bmvftm lf pgrtm ﬍ntrg lf nm cmdftfrm fnàctr`cm y cgngcmr fn ﬍ntrg

quf v`faf cga nm cmdftfrm.
Mýml`r nm cmat`lml lf cmdà rfcgjfalmlm y smcul`r sumvfjfatf pmrm
a`vfnmr fn cmdà.
Cgngcmr nm bmvftm fa su nubmr.
Nnfamr fn lfpós`tg lf mbum cga ngs 699 jn lf mbum ﬍ntrmlm.
Cgngcmr nm kmrrm tàrj`cm fa su nubmr lf nm cmdftfrm, s` ag ag sf vm m cg-
nmr fn cmdà.
Vam vfz rfmn`zmlgs fstgs pmsgs, prfs`gamr fn ogtóa CGNM_ MEG_M, quf
sf facfalfrí y lfstfnnmrí pmrm `al`cmr quf nm cmdftfrm fstí facfal`lm
f acfal`lm y

cgnmalg.
Fa uags j`autgs pglrís l`sdrutmr lf nm ofo`lm y tmjo`àa prgbrmjmrnm
pmrm quf nm tfabm n`stm fa ua egrmr`g lftfrj`amlg.
lftfrj`amlg.

T`lfg
_@S\M
\M
YNMP MN T@LFG LFN OM
LMNF

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 59

Fa cmsm

󰀳󰀡
󰀳󰀡󰀰
󰀰 T󰀴󰀹

E mr`g duf dualmlm fa \gh`g fa =0?= y, fa pr`ac`p`g, prglu-

cêm prgluctgs lf v`lr`g pmrm nmogrmtgr`gs quêj`cgs. Em
rfc`o`lg c`fatgs lf prfj`gs lf l`sfýg. Yfrg su `avfatg
jís dmjgsg duf fn T49, nmazmlg emcf qu`acf mýgs. Fn agjorf prg-
v`faf lf vfctgr 49, fn íabung lf 49 brmlgs lf su cgag.

Mn `bumn quf gtrgs l`spgs`t`vgs lf bgtfg g ﬍ntrmlg, sf pgaf ua

﬍ntrg lf pmpfn sgorf fn cgag quf sf cgngcm sgorf uam tmzm g kmrrm.
Fn íabung lfn cgag fs lf 49», pgr fsg su agjorf, ng quf pgs`-
o`n`tm quf fn mbum ﬏uym emc`m fn cfatrg lf nm jgn`falm y prgnga-
buf fn t`fjpg lf cgatmctg. Cufatm cga ua mbukfrg brmalf quf
rflucf fn fstmacmj`fatg lfn cmdà, j`fatrms quf gtrgs t`fafa vm-
r`gs pfqufýgs. Sus fstrêms fa fsp`rmn pfrj`tfa nm smn`lm lf m`rf,
ng quf jfkgrm nm fxpmas`óa lf nm jgn`falm lf cmdà.

tmn.Fstf jàtglg
Nm ûnt`jm sf dmor`cm
fl`c`óa fs uafajglfng
cfríj`cm, v`lr`g, pníst`cg y fa jf-
lf cgorf.

rfcftm pgr @sm Agufn

Inmttfatfcmdf

Jgn`falm; `atfrjfl`m
Lgs`s; ?9b cmdà (lgs cucemrms sgpfrms cgnjmlms)

\`fjpg; ? j`autgs
Mbum; 3?9 jn y jfl`g.
5=
 5?

Fa cmsm

\fjpfrmturm mbum; 09 brmlgs

_mt`g; =;=4

Matfs lf pgafr fn cmdà fa fn f n ﬍ntrg, emy quf jgkmr cga mbum cmn`fatf tglg
fn ﬍ntrg pmrm fxtrmfr fn gngr y fn smogr m cfnungsm. Lfscmrtmr fn mbum.
Nufbg cgngcmr fn cmdà jgn`lg.
j gn`lg.
Cmnfatmr fn mbum m 56 - 09 brmlgs y emcfr ua onggj`ab. Fs lfc`r, jgkmr
ngs brmags lf cmdà prfv`mjfatf m nm fxtrmcc`óa cga 09 jn lf mbum. Fn
onggj`ab sf rfmn`zm pmrm quf sf morma ngs brmags.
Ymsmlgss ngs 39 sfbualgs lf rfjgkg
Ymsmlg rfjgkg,, sf v`frtf fn
f n mbum rfstmatf y sf lfkm
quf nm fxtrmcc`óa s`bm ﬏uyfalg emstm quf tfrj`af lf cmfr tglg fn cmdà.

T`lfg
LMNF YNMP MN T@LFG LFN OM_@S\M

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 53

Fa cmsm

󰀳󰀡󰀽󰀹 MF_GY_FSS

M nma Mlnfr, fn `avfatgr lfn Dr`soff, duf qu`fa fa ?996 crfó

nm Mfrgprfss pmrm nm cmaml`fasf Mfrgo`f. Fstm cmdftfrm
cgjo`am fn jàtglg lf ﬍ntrmlg cga fn lf `ajfrs`óa tgtmn.
Fs ua tuog lf pníst`cg y gtrg c`n`alrg jís pfqufýg, cgjg uam kf-
r`abm, quf s`rvf lf àjogng pmrm prfs`gamr fn cmdà lurmatf fn prg-
cfsg. Fs pgr fsg quf t`faf c`frtm s`j`n`tul cga nm prfasm drmacfsm,
pfrg cga ua ﬍amn juy l`st`atg.
Fstf jàtglg gdrfcf uam ofo`lm cga cufrpg, s`j`nmr fa `atfa-
s`lml y cgacfatrmc`óa m ua fsprfssg, cga pgcg mjmrbgr y omkm
mc`lfz. T`faf cga ﬍ntrgs lf pmpfn, pfrg tmjo`àa sf cgas`bufa jf-
tín`cgs.

Su pgcg pfsg y nm sfac`nnfz lf prfpmrmc`óa nm vufnvfa `lfmn

pmrm usmr fa cmsm g cumalg vmjgs lf pmsfg.

Sf sufnfa fjpnfmr lgs jàtglgs lf fxtrmcc`óa; fn trml`c`gamn

y fn `avfrt`lg. Fa fn pr`jfrg sf lfspfrl`c`ma ngs pr`jfrgs sgr-
ogs lfo`lg m quf cgj`fazm m ﬍ntrmrsf s`a emofrsf `adus`gamlg.

Yrfbuatmnf m Mlnfr; fa fstf n`ah pgrlàs jmalmrnf tu prfbuatm

mn `avfatgr

@adg
E\\YS󰀻//MF_GY_FSS󰀡CGJ/VSF󰀪@\󰀪AGR/MSH󰀪MNMA/
5<
 56

Fa cmsm

rfcftm pgr Dframalg Ngzmag

Idufbgtgstmlgrfs

Jgn`falm; brufsm
Jgn`falm;
Lgs`s; ?9b lf cmdà (lgs cucemrms sgpfrms cgnjmlms)
Mbum; =59jn
\fjpfrmturm lf mbum;
mb um; 09 brmlgs
\`fjpg; 3 j`autgs
\àca`cm; mfrgprfss `avfrt`lg
Vsg lf turounfac`m fa nm prf`adus`óa

Mrjmr nm Mfrgprfss fa dgrjm `avfrt`lm. Cgngcmr ?9b lf cmdà

cga jgn`falm brufsm.
Yr`jfrg vfrtfr 59jn lf mbum y rfvgnvfr ua pgcg (turounfac`m).
Lfkmr `adus`gamr pgr 39 sfbualgs.
Mýml`r ngs =99jn rfstmatfs lfn mbum y lfkmr lgs j`autgs y jfl`g.
Vam vfz pmsmlgs ngs 3 j`autgs tgtmnfs emy quf cgngcmr nm tmpm
lf nm Mfrgprfss cga su cgrrfspgal`fatf ﬍ntrg.

Cfrrmr nm Mfrgprfss y lmr vufntm pmrm vgncmr nm ofo`lm sgorf nm tmzm.

Sf rfcgj`falm s`fjprf purbmr fn ﬍ntrg lf pmpfn cga ua pgcg
lf mbum cmn`fatf pmrm fn`j`amr `jpurfzms.

T`lfg
OM_@S\M
\M
NF YNMP MN T@LFG LFN
LM

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 54

Fa cmsm

󰀳󰀡󰀽󰀽 D@N\_G LF \FNM

M nbuam vfz ng efjgs usmlg tglgs y sufnf bumrlmrsf fa fn

cmkóa lf ngs cucemrgafs. Fs ua jàtglg juy lfdfal`lg
tmatg pgr nm nmrbm v`lm ût`n lfn ﬍ntrg lf tfnm cgjg pgr su
o`glfbrmlmo`n`lml (m l`dfrfac`m lf ngs ﬍ntrgs lf pmpfn). Su rfquf-
r`j`fatg lf fafrbêm fs jêa`jg y fstf jàtglg lf bgtfg g cgnmlg
gdrfcf nm pgs`o`n`lml lf prfpmrmr ua cmdà lf cmn`lml.

Matfs lf cgjfazmr emy quf fakumbmr fn ﬍ntrg cga mbum, sgorf

tglg s` fs aufvg. Fstg sf emcf lfkíalgnm ﬏u`r pgr mjogs nmlgs lfn
﬍ntrg. Nufbg lf su usg, lfof sfr nmvmlg juy o`fa y sóng cga mbum.

Jgn`falm; brufsm
Lgs`s; =5b cmdà (fk; =9 brmjgs; cucemrm sgpfrm cgnjmlm)
Mbum; 369 jn lf mbum g ?29 br, sfbûa lurfzm lfn mbum.
\fjpfrmturm; 06 brmlgs

\`fjpg; 3 m < j`autgs

Cgngcmr fn cmdà jgn`lg sgorf nm jfl`m.

Fa uam pr`jfrm ftmpm emy quf vfrtfr 69 jn lf mbum pmrm emcfr fn
onggj g prf`adus`óa y fspfrmr 39 sfbualgs.
sf bualgs.
Nufbg cgjpnftmr cga fn mbum rfstmatf (399 jn lf mbum) fa ua sgng
vfrt`lg cgastmatf y jmatfa`falg fn a`vfn.
Fn t`fjpg ﬍amn pmrm gotfafr nm ofo`lm fs lf trfs j`autgs y jfl`g.i
j fl`g.i

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 52

\@Y
Fs rfcgjfalmonf
cgasfrvmr ngs
﬍ntrgss usmlgs
﬍ntrg
fa rfjgkg y mbum
n`jp`m emstm quf sf
afcfs`tfa lf aufvg,
g fa nm efnmlfrm
fa uam ognsm
 55

Fa cmsm

󰀳󰀡󰀽󰀿 SPYEGA G CMDF\F_M LF TMCÊG

F stf jàtglg cgjo`am uam prfpmrmc`óa lf `ajfrs`óa cgj-

pnftm (cgjg nm prfasm drmacfsm) cga ua ﬍ntrg (cgjg Jf-
n`ttm), lmalg cgjg cgjg rfsuntmlg uam tmzm n`jp`m y lf
oufa cufrpg. Nms pr`jfrms cmdftfrms lf v`lr`g mn vmcêg sf usmrga
fa Mnfjma`m fa =539. Su pgpunmr`lml sf fxtfal`ó m gtrms pmrtfs
lf Furgpm. Cumalg sf jglfra`zó su
fstàt`cm, fn jàtglg pmsó lf sfr usmlg
ûa`cmjfatf
cgjg gokftgfa lfnml`sfýg
cgc`amfapmrm nuc`rsf
fn cgjflgr.
Nufbg, nms rgturms drfcufatfs lfn v`lr`g
nms vgnv`ó pgcg pgpunmrfs.

Fa nms ûnt`jms làcmlms, nm cmdftfrm

lf vmcêg g sypega fxpfr`jfató jfkg-
rms y ua rfamc`j`fatg `jpunsmlg pgr
ngs mjmatfs lfn cmdà y qu`fafs sf s`fa-

tfa mtrmêlgs
làcg. pgr su mtrmct`vg
Fa nm mctumn`lml sga ngsl`sfýg mrt
ms`ít`cgs
ngs quf prglucfa fn jàtglg y pgr fsg
sf ng cgagcf cgjg s`dóa kmpgaàs.

Cgas`stf fa lgs rfc`p`fatfs lf v`lr`g, y m jfl`lm quf sf

cmn`fatm fn mbum fa fn rfc`p`fatf `adfr`gr sf fscmpma bmsfs quf
crfma ua vmcêg y jufvfa fn cmdà emcêm fn rfc`p`fatf supfr`gr.
Cumalg sf mpmbm nm nnmjm, sf fadrêm fn m`rf lfn rfc`p`fatf `adf-
r`gr gcms`gamalg gtrg vmcêg y prglucf fn pmsg lfn cmdà emc`m nm
kmrrm lf
lf momkg,
momkg, cga nm quf sf s`rvf
s`rvf l`rfctmjfatf
l`rfctmjfatf fn cmdà
cmdà..
50
 09

Fa cmsm

_FCF\M pgr Dframalg @bnfs`ms

Igsshm﬉f

Jgn`falm; brufsm
Lgs`s; 36b lf cmdà (fk; =9 brmjgs; uam cucemrm sgpfrm cgnjmlm)
Mbum; 326jn
\`fjpg; < g 6 j`autgs

Fn s`dóa fs ua jàtglg quf cgjo`am tmatg nm prfs`óa pgr

vmcêg cgjg ua jàtglg trml`c`gamn lf bgtfg g ﬍ntrmlg pgr brmvflml.
Sf usm uam jgn`falm s`j`nmr m nm prfasm drmacfsm, nm jís brufsm
lf tglms. Mn sfr ua jàtglg lgalf fn mbum fatrm fa efrvgr lfof sfr
fn brmag ng jís brufsg pgs`onf.
Vam vfz quf fa fn sypega sf prglucf fn ﬍ntrmlg, emy quf lfkmr
lfcmatmr fn brmag mprgx`jmlmjfatf fatrf < y 6 j`autgs.
Vam vfz ﬍amn`zmlg fn bgtfg, sf rfcgj`falm fspfrmr m quf omkf
nm tfjpfrmturm pmrm l`sdrutmr ua fxqu`s`t
fxqu`s`tg
g cmdà.

T`lfg
M_@S\M
\M
F YNMP MN T@LFG LFN O
LMN

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 0=

NM NFCEF
0?
 03

Nm nfcef
󰀼󰀡󰀽 TMYG_@[M_

E mstm megrm emonmjgs lfn cmdà y lf nms jfkgrfs jmafrms

lf prfpmrmrng pmrm quf puflms tgjmrtf fsm r`cm tmzm.
Ouscmstf fn jfkgr brmag, fnfb`stf fn fqu`pg pmrm prfpm-
rmrng, cmncunmstf nms prgpgrc`gafs lf fxtrmcc`óa fatrf mbum y jg-
n`falm y emstm fnfb`stf tu jfkgr tmzm.

Yfrg s` tf bustm cga nfcef, emy quf tfafr fa cufatm gtrms tma-
tms cufst`gafs. Nm nfcef fs „fn `abrfl`fatf‚ `lfmn pmrm cgjo`amr
fn cmdà pfrg, cgjg sfburg ym tf l`stf cufatm, tmjo`àa vm m cmj-
o`mr fn smogr ﬍amn.

Fs pgr fsg quf ng jfkgr fs ouscmr uam nfcef quf ag gpmquf

fsf smogr. Nm jfkgr fs nm quf fstí omnmacfmlm fatrf prgtfêams,
cmroge`lrmtgs y brmsms. Fstg fs afcfsmr`g pgrquf cumalg nm
cmnfatmjgs ngs íc`lgs brmsgs nf lma ua mspfctg or`nnmatf, oufa
smogr y tfxturm crfjgsm. S` fs lfjms`mlg mntm g juy omkm fa
brmsms, vmjgs m gotfafr ua nêqu`lg juy crfjgsg g juy mbumlg.
Fn pr`ac`pmn e`lrmtg lf cmrogag lf nm nfcef fs nm nmctgsm, nm
quf nf or`alm su cmrmctfrêst`cg smogr luncf. Va r`cg smogr quf
sf puflf pfrlfr s` ag tfafjgs fa cufatm nm tfjpfrmturm m nm
quf nm fxpgafjgs.

Nm nmctgsm fs ua mzûcmr lgonf cgjpufstg lf bnucgsm y bmnmc-

tgsm. Mn vmpgr`zmr nm nfcef nms prgtfêams „sf cgrtma‚ y mujfatm
nm dgrjmc`óa
fatrf 66 y 46lf mbum.vms
brmlgs, S` cmnfatís
m ngbrmr nm
uanfcef m uam
cmdà cga tfjpfrmturm
nfcef jís luncf.lfS`
 0<

Nm nfcef

tf pmsís lf ngs 29 brmlgs, sf p`frlf fn lunzgr y cga àn nm tfxturm

crfjgsm tma afcfsmr`m pmrm rfmn`zmr fn nmttf mrt fa tu cmpucc`ag.

\àca`cm pmrm vmpgr`zmr

@jpgrtmatf; cgjfazí cga nfcef
o`fa drêm fa ua rfc`p`fatf g kmrrm
lf mcfrg `agx`lmonf.

=. Yurbí
qu`am fn vmpgr`zmlgr lf nm jí-
fsprfssg.
?. N`jp`m cga ua trmpg n`jp`g.
3. \gjí nm kmrrm cga nm nfcef drêm y
cgngcí nm nmacftm g vmpgr`zmlgr sgorf
nm supfr﬍c`f lf nm nfcef msfburíalgtf
quf ngs mbukfrgs lf nm nmacftm fstàa
sujfrb`lgs fa nm nfcef. Sgstfaà s`fj-
prf nm kmrrm `acn`amlm cga nm nmacftm
lfscfatrmlm s`a tgcmr nm kmrrm.
<. Morê fn vmpgr pgr cgjpnftg ous-
cmalg quf bfafrf ua rfjgn`ag lf
nfcef y m`rf. Sujfrbê nm nmacftm emstm trfs cumrtgs lf nm kmrrm jmatf-
a`falg y cgatrgnmalg fn rfjgn`ag.
6. \u nfcef fstí n`stm cumalg nm vfms or`nnmatf y crfjgsm y
s`fatms quf fn cmngr lf nm kmrrm sfm mûa tgnfrmonf pmrm fn lflg.
Cumalg fn cmngr sf `atfas`﬍quf, cfrrí fn vmpgr pgr cgjpnftg.

Nm nfcef ag lfof suo`r lfjms`mlg8 tmjpgcg lfof tfafr our-

oukms
r`g lflfjms`mlg brmalfs.
nm fspujm quf pgafaNmcga
tfxturm lfoffasfrjucems
cucemrm sumvf, cmdftfrêms.
mn cgatrm-
 06

Nm nfcef

󰀼󰀡󰀿
󰀼󰀡 󰀿
NFCEFS TFBF\MNFS

N ms gpc`gafs lf nfcefs pmrm fn cmdà quf gdrfcf egy fn jfr-

cmlg fs mjpn`m y vmr`mlm. Fa fstf moma`cg, nms nfcefs vfbf-
tmnfs bmama cmlm vfz jís tfrrfag. Ngs eío`tgs mn`jfatmr`gs
fstía cmjo`malg fa pgs lf nm sgstfa`o`n`lml lfn pnmaftm y pmrm
l`sj`au`r fn cgasujg lf prgluctgs lf gr`bfa ma`jmn.

Lfo`lg m su s`j`n`tul lf cgngr y cgas`stfac`m sf nms cgagcf

cgjg nfcefs vfbftmnfs, y su cmtfbgrêm fs nm lf ofo`lms vfbftmnfs.
Nm l`dfrfac`m oís`cm, mlfjís lf su gr`bfa, fs fn cgatfa`lg fa
brmsms y prgtfêams.

Sga nfcefs fnmogrmlms m pmrt`r lf drutgs sfcgs, cfrfmnfs g

sfj`nnms. Ag t`fafa nmctgsm, sufnfa tfafr ua jmygr pgrcfatmkf
lf v`tmj`ams y cmnc`g. Ag t`fafa cgasfrvmatfs a` cgngrmatfs y
nnfbma fa favmsfs rfc`cnmonfs.

Fa nms cmdftfrêms lf fspfc`mn`lml nm gdfrtm ag níctfm t`faf

cmlm vfz jís
l`ma cójg lfjmalm
cgjo`amr y fsfstms
jfkgr pgr fsg qufcga
nfcefs ngs fspfc`mn`stms
ngs brmags lfnfstu-
cmdà.

Mn `bumn quf cumalg sf usm nfcef lf vmcm, emy quf tfafr fa

cufatm nms cmrmctfrêst`cms lf smogr lf tu cmdà, quf cgjg v`jgs,
vmrêm juceg sfbûa fn gr`bfa, ngs ofaf﬍c`gs y ngs tufstfs. Cga nm
prfj`sm quf ngs mtr`outgs lfn cmdà fstàa prfsfatfs y fa su jfkgr
dgrjm, emy quf fnfb`r fn t`pg lf ofo`lm vfbftmn quf cgjo`af jfkgr.
jfkgr.

sgs,Cgjg rfbnmjfl`g
lf tufstf bfafrmnmntg
tf yrfcgjfalmjgs ouscmr
cga jís lunzurm cmdàs jís
quf mc`lfz. Va`atfa-
cmdà
04
 02

Nm nfcef

cga jucem
﬍cuntmr mc`lfz yfatrf
nm mrjgaêm pgcgmjoms
cufrpgofo`lms.
vm m l`-

M nm egrm lf fnfb`r cuín usmr pmrm fn

cmdà emy quf tfafr fa cufatm sus smogrfs.
Mnbuams nfcefs vfbftmnfs t`fafa smogrfs
lfjms`mlg dufrtfs y gtrms sga juy l`󰁤c`-
nfs lf vmpgr`zmr. Fa bfafrmn, nms nfcefs vf-
bftmnfs cga jís cmríctfr pmrm usmr fa fn
cmdà sga nms nfcefs lf drutgs sfcgs cgjg
mnjfalrms, mvfnnmams g aufcfs.

Nm nfcef lf sgkm duf nm pr`jfrm quf

fatró mn jfrcmlg, t`faf ua smogr omstmatf
afutrg y sf puflf cmnfatmr jís s`a pfr-
lfr tfxturm. S`a fjomrbg, nm lf mnjfalrms
sf cgav`rt`ó fa uam lf nms jís fnfb`lms
pgr fn mpgrtf lf smogr luncf mn cmdà. Ngs
omr`stms tmjo`àa nm fn`bfa pgrquf su tfx-
turm dmc`n`tm nm crfmc`óa lfn nmttf mrt.
Nm lf cgcg fs crfjgsm y jís pmrfc`lm m nm trml`c`gamn fa su tfx-
turm, pfrg su smogr cmrmctfrêst`cg puflf gpmcmr fn smogr lfn cmdà.

Ymrm uam ofo`lm o`fa lfasm, nm lf mrrgz fs nm quf jís cmrog-

e`lrmtgs cgat`faf y mpgrtm uam tfxturm juy crfjgsm. Cga nm lf
mrrgz ag sf cgas`buf nm fspujm mprgp`mlm pmrm ua cmppucc`ag,
muaquf su smogr sut`n nf lm prgtmbga`sjg mn cmdà.

Nm nfcef lf mvfam gdrfcf ua smogr sumvf m jmntm quf cgjo`-

 05

Nm nfcef

am juy o`fa cga fn cmdà. Su tfxturm bfafrm uam crfjm quf ag sf

cgrtm, cga ng quf sf puflf ngbrmr ua oufa cmpucc`ag.
Fa bfafrmn, mn cmnfatmrsf, nms nfcefs vfbftmnfs rfmcc`gama lf
jmafrm l`dfrfatf m nm lf vmcm. \`fafa jfags brmsm y prgtfêams,
pgr ng quf m vfcfs fs l`󰁤c`n fjuns`gamrnms. Ngs cmjo`gs lf tfj-
pfrmturm, nm mc`lfz lfn cmdà y fn `jpmctg lf nm
dgrjmc`óa lf fspujm emcfa quf fstms nfcefs
„sf cgrtfa‚
cgrtfa‚ jís díc`njfatf.

Ymrm ag rgjpfr nm cmlfam jgnfcunmr y

ngbrmr uam oufam crfjm y smogr, ag emy quf
cmnfatmrnms pgr fac`jm lf ngs 66 brmlgs.

Mprfalà m fspujmr
MY_FALÀ
@AS\M M FSYVJM_ NM LF MNJFAL_MS
@AS\MB_MJ󰀡CGJ/S\G_@FS/E@BEN@BE\ CGA S@NH E\\YS󰀻//RRR󰀡
B_MJ󰀡CGJ/S\G_@FS/E@BEN@BE\S/󰀽󰀲󰀵󰀲󰀽󰀵󰀴󰀹󰀶󰀳󰀰󰀴
S/󰀽󰀲󰀵󰀲󰀽󰀵󰀴󰀹󰀶󰀳󰀰󰀴󰀲󰀹󰀳󰀶󰀰
󰀲󰀹󰀳󰀶󰀰//
00
 =99

Nm nfcef

󰀼󰀡󰀳 M_\F CGA NFCEF 󰀥NM\\F M_\󰀠

N gs grêbfafs sf facufatrma fa @tmn`m. S`a fjomrbg, fn nmttf

mrt sf lfsmrrgnnó fa ngs FF.VV. fa ngs mýgs 59 y 09 y nuf-
bg sf fxtfal`ó mn rfstg lfn jualg. Sus `a`c`gs s`bu`frga nm
fvgnuc`óa lfn fsprfssg y lf nm j`crgfspujm, fs lfc`r, nm tfxturm
`lfmn lf nm nfcef mn vmpgr pmrm nm crfmc`óa lf mrtf nmttf. M jfl`lm
quf nm fspujm lf nm nfcef onmacm sf v`frtf y sf nfvmatm pmrm tgcmr
nm supfr﬍c`f lf cgngr jmrróa lfn fsprfssg, sf dgrjm ua cgatrmstf y

fn l`sfýg fjfrb
fjfrbf.
f.
Nm nfcef fstí prfsfatf fa nmttfs, cmppucc`ags, jmcce`mtgs y
sf afcfs`tm ua pgcg lf príct`cm pmrm emcfrng o`fa. _fqu`frf uam
cgjo`amc`óa lf nms efrrmj`fatms mlfcumlms, rfspftmr fn jg-
jfatg y fn jgv`j`fatg mlfcumlg pmrm gotfafr nm nfcef pfrdfc-
tmjfatf mn vmpgr.
vmpgr.

Cmn`lml; sf afcfs`tma `abrfl`fatfs lf cmn`lml, pgr fsg nm nf-

cef lfof fstmr drfscm y drêm, ag lfof fstmr fxpufstm mn cmngr g m
nm nuz matfs lf usmrsf.
Nm kmrrm; ut`n`zí uam kmrrm lf mcfrg `agx`lmonf cga uam ogqu`-
nnm fstrfcem. Fs `jpgrtmatf quf nm kmrrm fstà drêm y n`jp`m. Nnf-
amnm cga nm cmat`lml su﬍c`fatf lf nfcef cgjg pmrm gotfafr nm
tfxturm mlfcumlm, ym quf mn ut`n`zmr uam cmat`lml jfagr, puflf
quf sf cmn`fatf lf jís. Muaquf uam kmrrm lf pníst`cg puflf sfr
ut`n`zmlm, cgas`lfrí quf fn mcfrg `agx`lmonf fs ua jfkgr cga-
luctgr lf cmngr.

n fcef; fs uam emo`n`lml fsfac`mn cumalg sf trm-

Tmpgr`zmr nm nfcef;
 =9=

omkm fa nm `alustr`m lfn cmdà y sgorf tglg fa mrtf nmttf. Nm nfcef

fs fn sfbualg `abrfl`fatf jís cgjûa fa nms ofo`lms lf cmdà. Nm
nfcef trmtmlm cga vmpgr fs nm quf em s`lg cmnfatmlm jfl`matf
fn usg lf vmpgr. Fn fspujmlg lf nm nfcef sf vfr`﬍cm cumalg em
s`lg fspujmlm tmjo`àa usmalg vmpgr. Nm l`dfrfac`m fs nm cgng-
cmc`óa lf nm nmacftm lf vmpgr fa fn nêqu`lg.
\`pgs; ngs prgdfs`gamnfs l`dfrfac`ma lgs t`pgs lf fspujm lf
nfcef. Vam rfs`stfatf, lfasm y lf pgrgs ﬍ags pmrm cmpucc`ag,
y gtrm crfjgsm, jís nêqu`lm y n`sm pmrm trmomkmr fn nmttf mrt. Nm
són`lm sf ms`fatm fa nm supfr﬍c`f y ag pfaftrm. Fs jís lfasm. Nm
crfjgsm ﬏uyf pr`jfrg mn dgalg y nufbg suof, pgr ng quf sf puf-
lf l`oukmr fa nm supfr﬍c`f.

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 =9?

OFO@LMS CGA CMDÀ

=93
 =9<

Ofo`lms cga cmdà

󰀶󰀡󰀽 LF MV\G_

m󰀡 @CF CMYYVCC@AG LF TM@A@NNM

pgr Ríntfr J`trf

Jàtglg Yrfasm Drmacfsm

=?9 br lf e`fng
=99 jn lf nfcef drêm
49 jn cmdà
?5 jn lf mnjêomr lf vm`a`nnm

Fs uam ofo`lm l`rfctm sgorf vmsg rf-

drfscmlg.
Fa uam prfasm drmacfsm vfrtfr nm nf-
cef y fn mnjêomr lf vm`a`nnm, fjuns`gamr
suo`falg y omkmalg fn àjogng emstm
lgonmr fn vgnujfa, bfafrmalg uam cga-
s`stfac`m crfjgsm lf j`crgouroukms.
Tfrtfr nm nfcef fa
f a fn vmsg cga e`fng
fadr`mlg prfv`mjfatf cgjpnftmalg 3/<
lfn vmsg8 nufbg, nfatmjfatf, cgjpnftmr
cga cmdà.
\mjo`àa sf puflf usmr fstf jàtglg
pmrm fjuns`gamr pfrg cga nfcef cmn`fatf.
=96
 =94

Ofo`lms cga cmdà

o󰀡 CMS@ VA \À
pgr Cer`st`ma Our`t`cm

Jàtglg Cefjfx
E`fng
Kubg lf jmalmr`am

Fnmogrmr fn jàtglg Cefjfx pfrg fa uam prgpgr

prgpgr--
c`óa jís cgacfatrmlm; 39 b lf cmdà jgn`lg y 399
jn lf mbum.
L`spgafr 69 brmjgs lf e`fng fa ua vmsg.
Tfrtfr fn cmdà y nufbg 26 jn lf kubg lf jmalmr`am.

c󰀡 \V_JF_@C NM\\F
pgr @sm Agufn

Jàtglg T49, fnmogrmlg

fnmogrmlg cga ?6 br cmdà
y <99 jn lf mbum
?99 jn nfcef fatfrm
4 brmags lf p`j`fatm afbrm
? níj`ams lf kfab`orf drfscg
= rmjm lf cmafnm brufsm g jfl`m cucemrmlm
lf cmafnm fa pgnvg
? cucemrml`tms lf cûrcujm
= cucemrml`tm lf vm`a`nnm
? cucemrmlms lf j`fn g mzûcmr jmscmog

Fa uam cmcfrgnm cgngcmr nm nfcef cga nm p`j`fatm

jgn`lm, fn kfab`orf, nm cûrcujm, nm vm`a`nnm, nm j`fn y
 =92

Ofo`lms cga cmdà

nm cmafnm. Cgngcmr m dufbg nfatg emstm fat`o`mr.

fat`o`mr. Cgnmr nms fspfc`ms y omt`r
pmrm fspujmr. Jfzcnmr cga =69 jn lf cmdà g nm cmat`lml quf qu`frms.

l󰀡 JGHM CGA NFCEF LF MNJFAL_MS

pgr EmcfCmdà, L`fbg Omftchfr

56 b lf cegcgnmtf mn 59%, rmnnmlg brufsg

49 jn lf mbum o`fa cmn`fatf

?69
pmrmjn lf nfcef
tfafr lf mnjfalrms
uam tfxturm crfjgsms`a mzûcmr quf sf puflf vmpgr`zmr
Lgonf segt lf r`strfttg
\mzm lf 399 jn

Ymrm nm bmamcef
Cgngcmr fn cegcgnmtf cmn`fatf fa ua ogwn
y mbrfbmr nfatmjfatf fn mbum cmn`fatf.
_fvgnvfr
_fvgnv fr cga omt`lgr emstm quf quflf
crfjgsg y lfrrft`lg (fstm bmamcef m omsf
lf mbum sf puflf bumrlmr fa nm efnmlfrm
emstm pgr uam sfjmam).
sf jmam). Ngs `abrfl`fatfs
lf nm bmamcef r`alfa pmrm trfs ofo`lms.

Ymrm fn jgcm
Cgngcmr trfs cucemrmlms lf nm bmamcef fa
nm tmzm y sfrv`r ngs r`strfttgs sgorf nm bm-
amcef mprgvfcemalg nm tfjpfrmturm lfn
cmdà pmrm `atfbrmrng.
`atfbrmrng. Mbrfbmr nm nfcef lf
mnjfalrms vmpgr`zmlm s`a rfvgnvfr. Sfrv`r
`ajfl`mtmjfatf y l`sdrutmr
l`sdrutmr..
 =95

Ofo`lms cga cmdà

f󰀡 CGDDFF \GA@C
pgr Kun`m Cmabm
Cmabm

Jàtglg fsprfssg
Lgs segt lf fsprfssg, 49 jn
Císcmrm lf uam amrmakm
Mbum tóa`cm
E`fng

Nnfamr ua vmsg cga e`fng.

Mbrfbmr nm císcmrm lf mnbûa cêtr`cg, fa fstf cmsg
sf usó amrmakm.
Nnfamr 3/< pmrtfs lfn vmsg cga mbum tóa`cm.
Mbrfbmr ua fsprfssg lgonf (49jn).

d󰀡 NM GN@TM LFN NGOG

pgr L`fbg Ngog

Jàtglg Jfn`ttm
Mzûcmr
E`fng
\óa`cm
Mcf`tf lf gn`vm

Tfrtfr fn cmdà fa ua vmsg lf v`lr`g lf 699jn. Cg-

ngcmr uam cucemrm lf mzûcmr g mnjêomr y rfvgnvfr.
Nnfamr fn vmsg cga e`fng. Cgjpnftmr cga tóa`cm.
Mbrfbmr 6 bgtms lf mcf`tf lf gn`vm. _fvgnvfr f
`atfbrmr. Lfcgrmr cga císcmrm lf amrmakm.
 =90

Ofo`lms cga cmdà

b󰀡 CGDDFF B@ABF_
pgr Dframalg @bnfs`ms

Jàtglg Sypega
Kfab`orf
N`jóa
Smn

Yrfpmrmr fn cmdà fa fn jàtglg sypega

y lfkmr fadr`mr.
Fa uam cgpm Jmrbmr`tm, mbrfbmr kfab`orf,
n`jóa y smn lfn E`jmnmym m bustg.

󰀶󰀡󰀿 CGNL O_FR

` tf bustm fn cmdà drêg, emy vmr`ms gpc`gafs pmrm tgjmrng.

Muaquf nm jmafrm lf fnmogrmrng pmrm quf puflms ofofr

e`fng, a`ua cmdàdrêm.

omnmacfmlg y fa fn puatg kustg ag fs mbrfbíalgnf

S
mbum

Fn cgnl orfw fs fn ûa`cg jàtglg fa fn quf fn cmdà sf `adus`gam

cga mbum drêm. @bumn quf fa nm vfrs`óa cmn`fatf, emy vmr`gs jàtg-
lgs pmrm rfmn`zmrng; pgr `ajfrs`óa, ﬍ntrmlg g bgtfg. Lfpfal`fa-
lg lfn jàtglg nnfvmrí 4, =? g ?< egrms.

Lf cumnqu`fr jmafrm, nm ut`n`zmc`óa lf mbum drêm emcf juceg

jís nfatg fn prgcfsg lf fxtrmcc`óa, ng quf prglucf agtms y mrg-
jms l`st`atgs m ngs quf prfsfatm nm `adus`óa cmn`fatf. Fa bfafrmn
 ==9

Ofo`lms cga cmdà

fn rfsuntmlg lfn cmdà ﬍ntrmlg fa drêg (cgnl orfw) gdrfcf uam ofo`-
lm cga lunzgr y cga pgcm mc`lfz. Fs sumvf y rfdrfscmatf, puflf
tgjmrsf sgnm g mcgjpmýmlm cga rglmkms lf amrmakm, cga nfcef,
cga mbum tóa`cm g cga pgjfng.

󰀶󰀡󰀳 OFO@LMS CGA FSY_FSSG

Fsprfssg, fsprfssg lgonf y fsprfssg tr`pnf; sga prfpmrmc`g-

afs quf vmrêma pgr su tmjmýg, cgjfazmalg cga nm prfpmrmc`óa
oís`cm lf fsprfssg quf ut`n`zm fatrf 2 y =9 brmjgs lf cmdà pgr
cmlm 39 jn. Fn fsprf
fsprfssg
ssg lgonf usm =< m =4br y 49jn y fn tr`pnf
ut`n`zm ?= m 39br y 09jn rfspfct`vmjfatf. Fn t`fjpg lf fxtrmc-
c`óa fa cmlm uag lf fstgs cmsgs fs fn j`sjg, ym quf ng quf vmrêm
fs fn tmjmýg lf nm cmamstm y nm cmat`lml lf cmdà.

Fsprfssg cgrtg y fsprfssg nmrbg; mnbuags cgasuj`lgrfs prf-

﬍frfa uam ofo`lm lf jfags lf ?6 jn y gtrgs lf jís lf ?6 jn, y
lfpfal`falg
fsprfssg cgrtglf fstm s`tumc`óa
g nmrbg8 fstms ofo`lms
fs `jpgrtmatf sf fn
smofr quf puflfa nnmjmr
smogr puflf
cmjo`mr pgr cgjpnftg fa fstgs lgs fxtrfjgs.

Kmrr`tg, nuabg g mjfr`cmag; fs ua fsprfssg mn quf sf nf

mbrfbm mbum cmn`fatf m bustg lfspuàs lf sfrv`lg. Su tmjmýg
agrjmnjfatff fs lf =99 jn y =69 jn. Fs `jpgrtmatf mcnmr
agrjmnjfat mcnmrmr
mr ng
s`bu`fatf; pr`jfrg sf fnmogrm fn fsprfssg oís`cg y nufbg sf nf
mbrfbm mbum. Auacm sf lfkm cgrrfr jís t`fjpg fn mbum pgr fn
pgrtm﬍ntrgs pmrm
pmrm mncmazmr nm
n m jfl`lm lfn kmrr`tg pgrquf sf lfs-
truyf fn smogr lfn cmdà.
===
 ==?

Ofo`lms cga cmdà

Ng ûnt`jg quf pmsm pgr fn mbum lfn ﬍ntrg fs nm cmdfêam; m jís

t`fjpg lf pmsg lf mbum pgr fn cmdà, jís cmdfêam y pgr falf,
jís mjmrbg sfrí fn cmdà.

Cmppucc`ag; nm omsf lfn cmppucc`ag fs ua fsprfssg mn cumn sf

mýmlf nfcef crfjmlm, fspujmlm (crfjm sumvf y cgas`stfatf),
gotfa`falg cgjg rfsuntmlg uam ofo`lm lf =69 m =59 jn lf smogr
luncf y omnmacfmlg fa nm quf sf fatrfnmzma nms agtms luncfs lfn
fsprfssg y nm nfcef. Nm supfr﬍c`f lf nm ofo`lm lfof jgstrmr juy
lf﬍a`lgs ngs cgngrfs lfn cmdà y lf nm
nfcef, dgrjmalg fn pr`jfrg ua mrcg lg-
rmlg mnrflflgr lf nm tmzm, cga nm crfjm
fa fn cfatrg.

Jmcce`mtg; fs uam ofo`lm pmrfc`lm

mn cmppucc`ag, pfrg sf s`rvf fa uam
tmzm lf fatrf 59 y =99 jn. Lfspuàs lf
prfpmrmlg fn fsprfssg, sf mbrfbm nfcef
fspujmlm pmrm cmppucc`ag, gcupmalg
ngs 49 jn rfstmatfs lf nm tmzm.
Cmdà nmttf; fs uam ofo`lm pmrfc`lm mn
cmppucc`ag, pfrg sufnf sfrv`rsf fa uam
tmzm jmygr. Sf l`dfrfac`m pgr nm dgrjm lf vmpgr`zmr nm nfcef, pufs
mn cmnfatmrnm sf prglucf jfags crfjm, y mn crfjmr, nm nmacftm sf
`atrglucf lfslf fn pr`jfr `astmatf m trfs cumrtgs lf nm kmrrm, ng
quf pfrj`tf quf sf prgluzcm jfags crfjm y sf cmn`fatf nm nfcef.
Fa fn cmppucc`ag, nm nfcef vmpgr`zmlm t`faf uam jmygr cmat`lml
lf crfjm quf nm nfcef vmpgr`zmlm lfn nmttf. Fa fstf ûnt`jg nm lfa-
s`lml lf nm crfjm fs n`bfrm; emy jís nfcef y jfags crfjm.
==3
 ==<

Ofo`lms cga cmdà

Dnmt we`tf; fn cmppucc`ag y fn nmttf sufnfa prfpmrmrsf cga ua

segt lf fsprfssg, j`fatrms quf fn ﬏mt we`tf trml`c`gamnjfatf sf
s`rvf cga lgs, ng quf ng vufnvf jís cgacfatrmlg. Su tmzm fs jís
pfqufým quf nm lfn nmttf.
Sf prfpmrm fa uam tmzm lf uags =69 jn cga lgs segts lf fs-
prfssg y uam cmpm ﬍am lf nfcef n`bfrmjfatf fjuns`gamlm (nm
crfjm) y fn rfsuntmlg fs uam ofo`lm sflgsm cga ua `atfasg sm-
ogr m cmdà.
Nm vfrlmlfrm
vfrlmlfrm l`dfrfac`m cga fn cmppucc`ag
cmppucc`ag,, quf puflf tfafr lgs
segt y quf ut`n`zm fn j`sjg tmjmýg lf tmzm, fs fn puatg lf crfjmlg
lf nm nfcef. Sóng sf usm nm j`crgfspujm (fs jís nêqu`lm).
Fn ﬏mt we`tf duf crfmlg pmrm bfatf quf qufrêm ua cmdà crfjg-
sg s`a tmatm fspujm sgorf su tmzm.

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 ==6

CÓC\FNFS CGA CMDÀ

==4
 ==2

Cóctfnfs cga cmdà

󰀴󰀡󰀽 CMDÀ P FSY@_@\VGSMS

F n cmdà fs egy nm sfbualm ofo`lm jís cgasuj`lm lfspuàs

lfn mbum y su vfrsmt`n`lml sf lm ag sóng cgjg `adus`óa, s`ag
quf fs pmrtf lf ua r`tumn lfn cgasuj`lgr `atfrfsmlg fa fn
n`dfstynf. Fs msê cgjg nm tfalfac`m jual`mn, y cmlm vfz jís nm ngcmn,
pgafa fa fv`lfac`m quf fn cmdà vm lfkmalg lf nmlg su cmtfbgrêm lf
`adus`óa.

Msê duf cgjg sf sujó fn cmdà m nms omrrms lf cgctfnfrêm. Yrf-

pmrmr trmbgs cga cmdà pfrj`tf lfscuor`r nm vfrsmt`n`lml lf uam
lf nms ofo`lms jís pgpunmrfs
lfn jualg.

Egy fa lêm, uag lf cmlm lgs

cgasuj`lgrfs lf omrrms fn`bf
emo`tumnjfatf ua cóctfn smog-
r`zmlg cga l`vfrsgs fnfjfatgs,
fatrf ngs cumnfs fa fn tgp 3 sf
facufatrma fn cmdà, fn cegcgnmtf
y nm jfatm.

Fstí pmsmalg fa nms jfkgrfs

omrrms lfn jualg mn j`sjg t`fj-
pg fa quf nms cmdftfrêms lf fs-
pfc`mn`lml sf sujma cga trmbgs
lurmatf
rmrsf m nmnmcunturm
agcef agcturam.
pmrm `acgrpg-
==5
 ==0

Cóctfnfs cga cmdà

Fn omrtfalfr y fn omr`stm lfsfjpfýma ua pmpfn juy s`j`nmr,

mjogs sf ua`frga f `jpunsma fstm rfvgnuc`óa lfn cmdà. Nm jgv`-
lm cgctfnfrm uo`cm mn omrtfalfr y mn omr`stm fa ua j`sjg fqu`-
pg; `jpunsm fstf cmjo`g cmdftfrg, fn prfpmrmlg lfn cmdà pmrm
tgjmr fa cumnqu`fr jgjfatg y nubmr.

Egy fn cmdà sf lfslgonm y ags `av`tm m v`v`r uam fxpfr`fac`m

fa tglms sus l`jfas`gafs.

Fa nêafm cga fstm tfalfac`m, y pgrquf mlfjís tgjmr ua cgc-

tfn lf cmdà fs r`quês`jg, tf gdrfcfjgs vmr`ms rfcftms pmrm quf
pgabms fa príct`cm fstm fxpfr`fac`m fa cmsm.
 =?9

Cóctfnfs cga cmdà

󰀴󰀡󰀿 CÓC\FNFS CGA \ÊM JM_ÊM

Nm omrtfalfr Mam Tmrfnm l`sfýó fspfc`mnjfatf fstgs cóctfnfs

pmrm \@M JM_@M

\ÊM CGNN@AS
69 jn lf \êm Jmrêm
?6 jn lf cgrl`mn lf cmdà
69jn lf sglm

Lfcgrmr cga rglmkm lf n`jm

Tmsg trmbg nmrbg
Jàtglg l`rfctg

Fa ua vmsg lf trmbg nmrbg mbrfbmr

e`fng fatfrg. Mbrfbmr \êm Jmrêm,
cgrl`mn lf cmdà. @atfbrmr. Cgjpnf-
tmr cga sglm. Lfcgrmr cga rglmkm
lf n`jm lfse`lrmtmlm.
 =?=

Cóctfnfs cga cmdà

\ÊM \_GY@CMN
?6 jn lf \`m Jmr`m Crfmjy
?6 jn lf Emvmam Cnuo Mýfkg
?6 jn lf Egrcemtm lf cmdà
cga nfcef lf mnjfalrms
=6 jn lf sgnuc`óa cêtr`cm

Lfcgrmr cga jfatm

Tmsg trmbg nmrbg
Jàtglg l`rfctg

Fa ua vmsg lf trmbg
nmrbg mbrfbmr e`fng
fatfrg. Mbrfbmr \êm Jmrêm
Crfmjy y fn rfstg lf ngs
`abrfl`fatfs. _fvgnvfr emstm
`atfbrmr cga uam cucemr`nnm.
Lfcgrmr cga jfatm.
 =??

SY@CP JM_ÊM
36 jn lf \êm Jmrêm Fa uam cgctfnfrm, mbrfbmr
?6 jn lf kubg lf n`jóa \`m Jmr`m

=6 jn lf mnjêomr lf j`fn y fn rfstg lf ngs `abrfl`fatfs.

=6 jn lf kubg lf kfab`orf. Omt`r cga e`fng fatfrg. Sfrv`r fa
ua vmsg lf trmbg cgrtg cga e`fng
Lfcgrmr cga smn lf cmdà fatfrg, prfv`mjfatf lfcgrmlg
Tmsg cgrtg cga nm smn lf cmdà.
Jàtglg omt`lg

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 =?3

EF__MJ@FA\MS
=?<
 =?6

Efrrmj`fatms
󰀲󰀡󰀽 NGS @AL@SYFASMONFS

S ` vms m pgafrtf m cgrtmr cfognnm, pglàs emcfrng cga cumn-

qu`fr cuce`nng, pfrg s` cgatís cga uam cuce`nnm o`fa m﬍nm-
lm, fn cgrtf tf smnlrí juceg jfkgr.

Fs pgr fsg quf ua oufa fqu`pmj`fatg emrí tu fxpfr`fac`m lf

omr`stm fa cmsm juceg jís fx`tgsm.

Yfsmr fn cmdà, cmncunmr nm tfjpfrmturm lfn mbum, usmr lftfr-

j`amlg jàtglg, jgnfr ngs brmags sfbûa fn t`pg lf fxtrmcc`óa g
cmncunmr fn mbum pmrm tu rfcftm rfqu`frf lf mnbuams efrrmj`fa-
tms oís`cms;

Omnmazm; pmrm rfpn`cmr, fxpfr`jfatmr,

fxpfr`jfatmr, crfmr y rfb`strmr prgpgr-
c`gafs y rfcftms. Emy prgdfs`gamnfs, tmjo`àa pglàs usmr nms lf
cgc`am y emstm emy mpn`cmc`gafs fa ngs cfnunmrfs.

\frjójftrg; quf `al`quf nm tfjpfrmturm lfn mbum, g pmvm

fnàctr`cm quf cufatf cga jmrcm lf tfjpfrmturm. Jucegs ng ut`n`-
zma tmjo`àa pmrm jfl`r nm tfjpfrmturm lf nm nfcef.

Jàtglg fnfb`lg; ﬍ntrg, T49, prfasm drmacfsm, mfrgprfss, jghm,

cefjfx, fsprfssg, ftc.

Cucemrm; nm lf sgpm nnfam cgat`faf uags =9 brmjgs, y emy

cucemrms jfl`lgrms quf tf myulmría m tfafr fn cíncung fxmctg
pmrm tu rfcftm.
=?4
 =?2

Efrrmj`fatms

quf fstà s`fjprf

Jgn`ag;fsfac`mnfs
y mcf`tfs n`jp`g pmrm mprgvfcemr ngs smogrfs
lfn brmag.

Kmrrm; s` vms m prfpmrmr ofo`lms cga nfcef ut`n`zmalg fn vmpg-

r`zmlgr lf tu jíqu`am fsprfssg.

\mjpfr; sf ut`n`zm pmrm cgjpmctmr lf jmafrm egjgbàafm fn

cmdà jgn`lg fa fn pgrtm﬍ntrg lf nm jíqu`am fsprfssg.

\mzm; fnfbê nm quf jís tf bustf pmrm l`sdrutmr tu cmdà dmvgr`tg.

Fnfb`r fn jgn`ag
Megrm ym smoàs mcfrcm lf nm jfl`lm lfn brmag afcfsmr`m8 pfrg
s` tfaàs bmams lf jftfrtf jís fa fn tfjm g usís vmr`gs jàtglgs
sfbûa fn jgjfatg lfn lêm, vms m afcfs`tmr jgnfr tu prgp`g cmdà.
\f vmjgs m bu`mr fa nms gpc`gafs quf pglàs fnfb`r.

Yglrêms jmcemcmr fn cmdà fa ua jgrtfrg, usmr uam n`cumlgrm g

p`cmrng8 nm rfmn`lml fs quf emy jucems dgrjms lf jgnfr fn cmdà
pfrg emy sóng mnbuams rfcgjfalmonfs. Fs cnmvf jmatfafr uam
jgn`falm ua`dgrjf, cga tglms nms pmrtêcunms `bumnfs pmrm cgatrg-
nmr fn rfsuntmlg y ngbrmr ua cmdà fqu`n`ormlg. Yglàs ouscmr uam
gpc`óa jmaumn g uam fnàctr`cm.

Fn jgn`ag jmaumn; t`faf ua rfc`p`fatf supfr`gr, lgalf fatrm

fn brmag, uam pmnmacm b`rmtgr`m jmaumn y ua drmscg `adfr`gr lga-
lf vm cmyfalg nm jgn`falm. Mnbuags t`fafa nm pgs`o`n`lml lf
brmlumr nm jgn`falm cga uam tufrcm fa nm jma`km.
 =?5

Efrrmj`fatms

y gtrm jís mquê

Jgn`ags fnàctr`cgs;
prgdfs`gamn vms m tfafr lgs gpc`gafs, uam jís
egbmrfým.

• Lf cuce`nnms; sga jgn`ags fnàctr`cgs cgjpufstgs pgr cuce`-

nnms quf rgjpfa ngs brmags lf cmdà y ng jufnfa tmatg fa pmrtê-
cunms brufsms cgjg juy ﬍ams. Fn tmjmýg ouscmlg vms m cgasf-
bu`rng m jmygr g jfagr t`fjpg lf jgn`falm. Nm vfatmkm fs quf
sga jís fcgaój`cgs. Duac`gama o`fa cga jàtglgs quf rfqu`f-
rfa jgn`falms jís brufsms, pfrg pmrm ua fsprfssg vm m sfr jís
cgjpn`cmlg ngbrmr nm jgn`falm pmrfkm.

• Ymrm pr`ac`p`matfs
• Jàtglgs ﬍ntrmlgs
• Jís fcgaój`cgs

• Lf jufnms; fstgs jgn`ags t`fafa lgs jufnms, uam ﬍km y gtrm

ua`lm mn jgtgr quf b`rm. Fa nubmr lf cgrtmr, tr`turm, lfstruyf
jfags fn brmag y nm jgn`falm fs cgas`stfatf. \f pfrj`tf fnfb`r
l`st`atgs tmjmýgs lf jgn`falm sfbûa fn jàtglg lf fnmogrmc`óa
quf usfs. Mn gdrfcfr uam jgn`falm jís ua`dgrjf tglms nms pmr-
têcunms sf eujflfcfa pgr `bumn y fv`tís smogrfs `alfsfmlgs pgr
cunpm lf nm jgn`falm lfsomnmacfmlm.

Fa fstm vfrs`óa emy cga jufnms cóa`cms g pnmams, cga jufnms

lf mcfrg g lf cfríj`cm.

• Jís prfc`s`óa
• Jís cmrgs
•

Jmygr cgatrgn fa nm ofo`lm ﬍amn

=?0
 =39

Efrrmj`fatms

Jfkgr
Cga jgn`falm, jfkgr
uam cmn`ormc`óa cmdà vms m cgasfbu`r uam ofo`lm lf
cgrrfctm
cmn`lml. Ymrm fsg;

• Mkustí nm jgn`falm lf mcufrlg cga nm jíqu`am lf cmdà quf

vms m usmr pmrm nm prfpmrmc`óa.
• Va oufa jgn`ag ag cgatmj`am fn brmag y ng jufnf s`fjprf
ua`dgrjfjfatf.
• N`jp`í fn jgn`ag fa sfcg y cga ua cfp`nng g orgcem.
• Matfs lf ut`n`zmr ua jgn`ag fnàctr`cg, vfr`﬍cí quf fn t`fjpg
lf jgn`falm y fn pfsg fa brmjgs lfn cmdà sfma ngs `al`cmlgs (ua
jgn`ag fnàctr`cg tmrlm fatrf ?9 y 39 sfbualgs fa jgnfr ?9 m ?6
brmjgs lf cmdà).

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 =3=

NFF_ NM F\@]VF\M
=3?
 =33

Nffr nm ft`quftm

󰀵󰀡󰀽 \GS\MLG TS󰀡 \G__MLG

V a pmquftf lf cmdà tgstmlg quf sf prfc`f lf amturmn, ng

ûa`cg quf lfofrêm lfc`r fa su ft`quftm mn rfspfctg fs
tgstmlg (y tmjo`àa jgn`lg). Yfrg s` nm ft`quftm `al`cm
quf fs tgrrmlg “nm vmr`flml quf
ngs mrbfat`ags
ormlgs fstmjgs
m cgasuj`r mcgstuj-
lfslf s`fj-
prf“ fsg s`ba`﬍cm quf lurmatf
fn prgcfsg lf tgstmlg sf nf mbrf-
bó mzûcmr pmrm gcuntmr su mrgjm
y smogr.

·Ygr quà7 Ygrquf fn cmdà

tgrrmlg sf prfpmrm cga brmags

lf jfagr
rgtgs, jmn cmn`lml, lfdfctugsgs,
cgsfcemlgs g lf lfs-
cmrtf, tgstmlgs cga mzûcmr pmrm
fajmscmrmr y a`vfnmr ngs smog-
rfs mjmrbgs y mstr`abfatfs.

Fn brmag lfn cmdà tgrrmlg fs

or`nngsg y lf ua cgngr afbrg
prgdualg quf fajmscmrm mn
pfgr cmdà. Fn rfsuntmlg fa nm
tmzm fs ua bustg m mzûcmr quf-
jmlm, mjmrbg, lf cgngr gscurg
=3<
 =36

Nffr nm ft`quftm

ygrbmagnàpt`cms
mnbg lfasg lfo`lg mn pfsglfnlfnbrmag.
lfn cufrpg mzûcmr y ag m nms
Mlfjís, cmrmctfrêst`cms
fn usg lfn mzûcmr
lurmatf fn prgcfsg lf tgstmlg mujfatm fn vgnujfa y fn pfsg lfn
brmag fa ua =6 %, ng quf `jpn`cm jfags brmags pgr pmquftf.

Fn cmdà tgrrmlg fstí prge`o`lg fa tglg fn jualg, fxcfptg fa

c`acg pmêsfs; Mrbfat`am, Vrubumy,
Vrubumy, Ymrmbumy,
Ymrmbumy, Fspmým
F spmým y Ygrtubmn.

Va oufa cmdà lfof tfafr mc`lfz, lunzgr y mjmrbgr fa su cg-

rrfctg fqu`n`or`g. Fn tgrrmlg ag rfûaf fstms cgal`c`gafs. Cga
fsgs lmtgs fa jfatf, nm cmn`lml lfn cmdà quf cgjprfjgs lfpfa-
lfrí lfn prfc`g quf fstfjgs l`spufstgs m pmbmr pgr tfafr uam
juy oís`cm g uam fxqu`s`tm tmzm lf cmdà.

Gr`bfa, vmr`flml y ofaf﬍c`g

Cumalg sf gdrfcfa cmdàs lf gr`bfa, tmatg fa brmag, jgn`lg g
fa cípsunms sf sufnfa cgas`bamr gtrms vmr`monfs. Fa fstms gpc`g-
afs pglàs m facgatrmr rfdfrfac`ms mn pmês, m nm rfb`óa y emstm m nm
﬍acm cga fn agjorf lfn cm﬍cuntgr.

Gtrm pmnmorm quf vms m facgatrmr fa nm ft`quftm lf ngs cmdàs

lf cmn`lml fs „mrío`cm‚, y emcf rfdfrfac`m m nm vmr`flml lfn brm-
ag lf cmdà. Nms gpc`gafs sga rgoustm y mrío`cm8 fstm ûnt`jm fs
jís l`󰁤c`n lf cunt`vmr y pgr fsg su cmn`lml fs supfr`gr.

Fa Nmt`agmjàr`cm, nms vmr`flmlfs trml`c`gamnfs lf mrío`cm

prgv`fafa lf sfj`nnms lf uams pgcms pnmatms lfn pmês fa fn quf
amc`ó fn cmdà; Ft`gpêm. Fstms vmr`flmlfs sga têp`cm y oguroóa,
quf l`frga gr`bfa m gtrms pgr jfl`g lf jutmc`gafs cgjg fn
cmturrm, jualg agvg, cmtumê, pmcef, jmrmbgbypf, buf`sem, pmcm-
=34
 =32

Nffr nm ft`quftm

jmrm. Ag`r,
Y`agt Cgjgcmlm
fa ngs v`ags, lgalf
vmr`flml gdrfcffacgatrís
smogrfs y Jmnofc, Cmofraft g
mrgjms l`st`at`vgs.
Fa Ídr`cm y Ms`m, lfatrg lf nms jís cgagc`lms ﬍burma hfat, onuf
jguatm`a y hgam.

Mlfjís lf nm vmr`flml, cmlm rfb`óa lfn c`aturóa lfn cmdà t`f-

af cmrmctfrêst`cms lf sufng y cn`jm fspfcê﬍cgs. Fa fstf mpmrtmlg
fs lgalf puflf ﬍burmr nm mnt`tul y fn t`pg lf ofaf﬍c`g. Cmlm
zgam rfqu`frf l`st`atgs prgcfsgs (ofaf﬍c`gs) pmrm cgavfrt`r fn
drutg lfn cmdftg fa fn brmag lf cmdà. Fa fstf puatg puflfa ﬍bu-
rmr tàrj`ags cgjg nmvmlg, amturmn, egafy, quf lftfrj`ama tmj-
o`àa fn smogr lfn cmdà.

\ufstf; fa bfafrmn vms m facgatrmr fn pfr﬍n quf fn tgstmlgr nf

l`g m fsf ngtf; cnmrg, jfl`g u gscurg, y jucegs mbrfbma nm dfcem
fa quf duf tgstmlg. Oís`cg pmrm smofr cuíatg pglàs bumrlmrng.

Cmrmctfrêst`cms; fn tgstmlgr sufnf prgpgafr fn pfr﬍n sfasgr`mn, fs

lfc`r, cuínfs sga ngs smogrfs y ngs mrgjms quf vms m sfat`r mn prf-
pmrmr tu cmdà. Agtms drutmnfs, ﬏grmnfs, t`pgs lf mc`lfz, cufrpg mntg
g omkg, lunzgr mcfatumlg g fqu`n`ormlg y emstm agtms m fspfc`ms g
lftfrj`amlgs `abrfl`fatfs
`abrfl`fatfs puflfa ﬍burmr fa fstf mpmrtmlg.

Jàtglg; sufnfa rfcgjfalmr cga quà jàtglg sf rfvfnmría

jfkgr sus cmrmctfrêst`cms. Sfm pgr fn prgcfsg, nm vmr`flml g fn
t`pg lf jgn`falm.
 =35

Nffr nm ft`quftm

CMDF
_fb`óa F\@GYêM, Buk`
Rmceg Sgngng Yrgluctgr
Tmr`flml Oguroga, \yp`cm
?999 j Mnt`tul
Cmrmjfng, Cegcgnmtf, N`jm
Ofrbmjgtm. Juceg cufrpg, Cmrmctfrêst`cms
mc`lfz jfl`m, nmrbg fa ogcm
y mdrutmlg sfasgr`mnfs

Ofaf﬍c`g Nmvmlg Jfl`g \ufstf

󰀵󰀡󰀿 AG\MS LF CM\M

N ufbg lf rfmn`zmr tma oufam nmogr cga tu ofo`lm fs fn jg-

jfatg lf l`sdrutmrnm. S` tfaàs bmams lf fatfalfr quà vms
m sfat`r mn lfbustmrnm, tf prgpgafjgs ua fkfrc`c`g cga
agtms lf cmtm pmrm sfbu`r mprfal`falg j`fatrms tgjís tu cmdà.

\fafjgs quf fadgcmr ngs sfat`lgs fa fn gndmtg y fn bustg. Fa fn

cmdà, fn sfat`lg lf nm v`stm sóng sf usm pmrm lfscr`o`r nm crfjm lfn fs-
prfssg. Fa ngs gtrgs jàtglgs, fn cgngr ag mpgrtm vmr`monfs m fvmnumr.
 =30

NÊLF_FS
NÊLF_ FS FA F]V@Y
F]V@YMJ@FA\G
MJ@FA\G
 TGND󰀡CGJ󰀡M_
=<9

Nffr nm ft`quftm

Yglàs tgjmr trfs pmríjftrgs lf `atfas`lml -omkg, jfl`g y

mntg-, y mpn`cmrngs s`fjprf m ngs l`st`atgs mtr`outgs quf mpmrfcfa.

\glgs sgjgs cmpmcfs lf facgatrmr nms l`dfrfatfs cmrmctfrês-

t`cms, ym quf l`spgafjgs lf ua brma fqu`pg sfasgr`mn; aufstrm
ogcm. Nm cnmvf fstí fa fatrfamrng. S`fjprf fs jís díc`n emcfrng
fa cgjpmrmc`óa cga gtrm tmzm
l`dfrfatf. Cuíatg jís prmct`qufs,
jmygr cgjpnfk`lml facgatrmrís
fa tu tmzm lf cmdà.

Amr`z
Fn cmdà t`faf jís lf =999 cgj-
pufstgs, y fn mrgjm vm cmjo`mr
sfbûa eufnms fn cmdà sfcg, rfc`àa
`adus`gamlg g lfspuàs lf quf sf
fadrêf ua pgcg y fstà n`stg pmrm
ofofr.

Nm bfafrmc`óa y nm `atfas`lml
lf fstgs mrgjms fstí rfnmc`gamlm
cga nms l`st`atms ftmpms pgr nms quf
pmsm fn brmag lf cmdà; fn vmr`ftmn, fn
jgjfatg lf cgsfcem, fn t`pg lf of-
af﬍c`g, fn tufstf y nm
nm prfpmrmc`óa.

Fa fn moma`cg lf agtms mrgjít`cms emy; drutmnfs, ﬏grmnfs, efr-

oícfms, drutgs sfcgs, cmrmjfng, cegcgnmtf, jfl`c`amn, p`cmatf y
meujmlgs.
=<=
 =<?

Nffr nm ft`quftm

jf·Fn mrgjm fsfsgs

rfcufrlma juymrgjms7,
`atfasg7
mrgjms 7, ·m·Gdrutms,
t`faf﬏grfs,
uam `atfas`lml
vm`a`nnm, omkm7 ·M quà
vm`a`nnm, cegcgnmtf7

Smogr
Nf nnfbó fn turag m nm nfabum. Nm `lfm fs quf fa nm ogcm puf-
lms facgatrmr nm `atfas`lml lf nms cumtrg cmrmctfrêst`cms lfn
cmdà. Mjmrbgr, mc`lfz, cufrpg y lunzurm. S` o`fa emy grêbfafs
jmrcmlgs pgr nm mc`lfz g pgr nm lunzurm, ng `lfmn fs facgatrmr
ngs cumtrg mtr`outgs fa ua omnmacf, ym quf fsg lftfrj`amrí nm
oufam cmn`lml lf nm ofo`lm.
Fn mjmrbgr fs mnbg fspfrmonf lfn cmdà pgrquf nm cmdfêam fs
ua mncmng`lf. Ng `jpgrtmatf fs quf fstà fa cgacgrlmac`m cga fn
rfstg lf ngs smogrfs y quf ag tfrj`afs afcfs`tmalg cgjfrtf ua
ce`cnf pmrm smcmrtf fn smogr mjmrbg lf nm ogcm. Yfrg smofjgs
quf nufbg lf nffr fstms píb`ams fstmrís m smnvg lf fsm sfasmc`óa.

]uà y lóalf sfat`rng; s` o`fa nms sfasmc`gafs bustmt`vms prg-

v`fafa
puflfalf
sfrtglms nms rfb`gafs
jís sfas`onfs m nmlfpfrcfpc`óa
nm nfabum, emy mnbuamssmogrfs.
lf c`frtgs pmrtfs quf

Lunzgr; mlfnmatf, fa nm puatm

Mc`lfz; m ngs cgstmlgs
Mjmrbgr; fa fn dgalg
Cufrpg; fs fn pfsg lfn nêqu`lg sgorf nm nfabum

Tgnvfr
TGNTF_ MN @AL@CF
 =<3

·Fstís n`stg7
Nnfbó
fn jgjfatg
lf l`sdrutmr
tu cmdà...
=<<