Integrales Indefinidas
Integrales Indefinidas
Integrales Indefinidas
DEFINICION: SI f(x) es una unión primitiva de F(x), a la expresión F(x) + C se llama integral
indefinida de la función F(x) y que se designa matemáticamente de la siguiente manera.
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ∗ ⅆ𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑦 = 𝑥2
ⅆ𝑦
= 2𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
∫ ⅆ𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
𝑥2
𝑦=2 +𝐶
2
Propiedades de las integrales:
1:∫ ⅆ𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
3 1
5
3: ∫ √√ √𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓[(𝑥)]10 ⅆ𝑥
𝑎𝑥 3 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑎𝑥 3 𝑥2 𝑐
4:∫ ( ) ⅆ𝑥 =∫ ⅆ𝑥 +∫𝑏 ⅆ𝑥 +∫ ⅆ𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
6:∫ 𝜕𝑥 3 +ⅇ𝑥+𝑓
ⅆ𝑥 = 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 ⅆ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑜ⅆ𝑜
3
𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 2 +𝑐𝑥+𝑑
7:∫ ⅇ𝑥 2 +𝑓(𝑥)+𝑔
= ⅆ𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ⅆ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜
METODOS DE INTEGRACION
1 𝑥−√8
=𝑋−2 ln (𝑥+ 8) + 𝑐
√8 √
√𝑥 2−3 −√𝑥 2+3 √𝑥 2−3 √𝑥 2 +3 √𝑥 2 −3 √𝑥 2 −3 𝑑𝑥
b) ∫ ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ ⅆ𝑥 − ∫ =∫ −∫
√𝑥 4 −9 √𝑥 4 −9 √𝑥 4 −9 √𝑥 2 −3∗√𝑥 2 −3 √𝑥 2 −3√𝑥 2 −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ −∫ =∫ −∫
√𝑥 2 −3 √𝑥 2 −3 √𝑥 2 +(√3)
2
√𝑥 2 −(√3)
𝑑𝑥
= ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 3) − ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 3) + 𝑐 ∫ = ln (𝑣 + √𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2 ) + 𝑐
√𝑣 2 ±𝑎2
𝑥+√𝑥 2 +3
= ln ( )+𝑐
𝑥+√𝑥 2 −3
𝑑𝑡
c)∫ (ln 𝑥 + 1) ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥⋅𝑙𝑛𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ (ln 𝑥 + 1) ⋅ 𝑒 𝑡 1+ln 𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 ⅆ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐 = 𝑧 ℎ 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑐
= 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐
sin(ln(𝑥+1)) sin 𝑢
d)∫ ⅆ𝑥 =∫ (𝑥 + 1) ⅆ𝑢
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
= − cos 𝑢 + 𝑐
= − cos[ln[𝑥 + 1]] + 𝑐
tag 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
e) ∫ ⅆ𝑥 =∫ sin2 𝑥
ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 2 cos2 𝑥+sin2 𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
2+tag2 𝑥 cos 𝑥(2+ 2 ) cos 𝑥( )
cos 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
= 2√𝑥 + 3 2√𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 3 −1 [𝑥−1](𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)
g)∫ 𝑥−1
=∫ (𝑥−1)
ⅆ𝑥
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 + ∫ ⅆ𝑥 = 2+1
+ 1+1
+𝑥+𝑐
𝑥2 𝑥2
= 3
+ 2
+𝑥+𝑐
2
𝑥−5 (𝑥−5) 1 2𝑥−10
2
h)∫ 𝑥 2 −7𝑥+6
ⅆ𝑥 =∫ 2
𝑥 −7𝑥+6
ⅆ𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 −7𝑥+6
ⅆ𝑥
1 2𝑥−7−3 1 2𝑥−7 1 3 𝑑𝑥
= 2∫ 𝑥 2 −7𝑥+6
ⅆ𝑥 = 2∫ 𝑥 2 −7𝑥+6
− 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 −7𝑥+6
1 2𝑥−7 𝑑𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥
= 2∫ − 2∫ 4 6
𝑣 2𝑥−7 𝑥 2 −7𝑥+ − +6
4 4
1 𝑑𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥
= 2∫ 𝜈
− 2∫ 7 2 5 2
(𝑥− ) −( )
2 2
5
1 3 𝑑𝑢 1 3 1 𝑢−
= 𝑙𝑛𝑣 − ∫ 5 2
= 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6) − ∗ 5 ln ( 2
3 )𝑐
2 2 (𝑢)2−( ) 2 2 2( ) 𝑢+
2 2 2
7 5
3 𝑥 +
= ln √𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6 − 10 ln ( 2 3
3 3 )+𝑐
𝑥− +
2 2
−12 3 2𝑥
= ln √𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6 − 10 ln ( 2𝑥−2 )+𝑐
3 𝑥−6
= ln √𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6 − ln ( ) + 𝑐
10 𝑥−1
1
ℎ 3 𝑥−6 10
= √𝜒 2 − 7𝑥 + 6 − 10
𝑙𝑛 (𝑥−1) +𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
I)∫ 3𝑥 2 −5𝑥+1
=∫ 5𝑥 1
(𝑥 2 − + )∗3
3 3
1 𝑑𝑥
= 3∫ 5𝑥 25 25 1
𝑥2− + − +
3 36 36 3
1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝜈
= ∫ 5 2
= ∫ 2
3 (𝑥− ) 3 √12
6 𝑣 2 −( )
6
√12 5 √13
1 1 𝑣− 1 3 𝑥− −
6 6 6
=3∗ 3√13
∗ ln ( )+𝑐 = 3∗ ∗ ln ( 5 √13
)+𝑐
𝑣+
√13 √13 𝑥− +
6 6 6 6
1 6𝑥−5−√13
= 3
ln (6𝑥−5+ 13)
√ √
𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑣
j) ∫ (𝑥 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥−1)𝑎
ⅆ𝑥 =∫ ∗
𝜈𝑎 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑣 −𝑐+1
= ∫ 𝑣 −𝑎 ∗ ⅆ𝑣 = −𝑎+1
+𝑐
(𝑥 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥−1)1−𝐶
= 1−𝑎
+𝑐
= sec 2 𝑣ⅆ𝑣 = tg 𝑣 + 𝑐
= − tg[cos(ln 𝑥)] + 𝑐
L) ∫ √1 + sin 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ √sin2 ( ) + cos𝑦 ( ) + 2 sin ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )dx
2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥 2
= ∫ √[sen (2) cos (2)] dx
𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ sin (2) ⅆ𝑥 + ∫ cos (2) ⅆ𝑥
En la práctica debe buscar u y dv siendo u la función más difícil y dv debe ser aquella función que se
pueda integrar inmediatamente.
∫ 𝑢 ⅆ𝑣 = 𝑢 ∗ 𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 ∗ ⅆ𝑢
𝑥2
1)∫ ⅇ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 ∗ 𝑒 −𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 Cambio de Variable
𝑑𝜇
= −𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 2𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 ⅆ𝑢 = 2𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
−𝑥 2
= ⅇ −𝑥
+ 2∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 ∫ ⅆ𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 𝑣 = −∫ 𝑒 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡
−𝑥 2
= + 2[−𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 ⅆ𝑥] 𝑣 = −𝑒 𝑡 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥
ⅇ −𝑥
𝑥2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑢1
= − ⅇ 𝑥 − ⅇ 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑢1 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥1
= 1 ⅆ𝑢1 = ⅆ𝑥1
−𝑥 2 −2𝑥−2
= +𝑐 ∫ 𝑣1 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥
ⅇ𝑥
2) ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) ln 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ ln 𝑥 ∗ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)ⅆ𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
= (3 − 2
+ 𝑥) ln 𝑥 − ∫ ( 3 − 2
+ 𝑥) 𝑥
2𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +6𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
=( ) ln 𝑥 −∫ ⅆ𝑥 +∫ ⅆ𝑥 −∫
6 3𝑥 2 𝑥
2𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +6𝑥 1 1
=( 6
) ln 𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 − ∫ ⅆ𝑥
2𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +6𝑥 1 𝑥3 1 𝑥2
=( 6
) ln 𝑥 −3∗ 3
+2∗ 2
−𝑥+𝑐
2𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +6𝑥 1 1
=( 6
) ln 𝑥 − 9 𝑥3 + 4 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
Cambio de Variable
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 = ⅆ𝑢 = ∫ ⅆ𝑣 = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)ⅆ𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 − ∫ ⅆ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥2
𝑣= 3
− 2
+𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡
ⅇ𝑡
=− (cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡) + 𝑐
2
ⅇ 𝑙𝑛𝑥
= (cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡) + 𝑐
2
𝑥
= − 2 [cos(ln 𝑥) − sin(ln 𝑥)] + 𝑐
Cambio de Variable
𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑡 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = 𝑥 ⅆ𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑒𝑡 ⅆ𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 ∫ ⅆ𝑣 = ∫ sin 𝑡
∫ 𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 = −𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + ∫ cos 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 Cambio de Variable
𝑑𝑡1
∫ 𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 = −𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + ∫ cos 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 𝑣1 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑡 ⅆ𝑢1 = 𝑒 + ⅆ𝑡
= −𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 + 3∫ 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
arc sin √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5) ∫ ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ arc sin √𝑥 ∗
√1−𝑥 √1−𝑥
1 1
= (𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin √𝑥)(−2√1 − 𝑥) + ∫ 2√1 − 𝑥 ∗ ∗
√1−𝑥 2√𝑥
1
= (𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin √𝑥)(−2√1 − 𝑥) + ∫ 𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥
1
− +1
𝑥 2
= −2√1 − 𝑥 arc sin √𝑥 + ∫ 1
− +1
2
1
𝜈 = ∫ 𝑡 −2 ⅆ𝑡 𝑣 = −2√1 − 𝑥
2 2 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑡ⅇ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
6) ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥∫ 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑥𝑒 𝑡 2𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Cambio de Variable
2 1 𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = 2 (𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡) 𝑡 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥
2 1 1 𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = 2 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − 2 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐 ⅆ𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑢=𝑡
2 1
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = 2 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 1) + 𝑐 ∫ ⅆ𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑡
2 1 2
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 = 2 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝑐
RELACIONES TRIGONOMETRICAS
sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑡𝑔2 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1) ∫ 2 =∫ 2 Cambio de variable
𝑥 √9−𝑥 2 𝑥 √32 −𝑥 2
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑥 = 3 sin 𝜃 = 3 cos 𝜃
9 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃√9−9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑥
= 3∫ ⅆ𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃 ⅆ𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃√9(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= ∫
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑚𝜃
3
1 2 1
= 9
∫ cosec 𝜃 ⅆ𝜃 = − 9 cotag 𝜃 x
1 √9−𝑥 2
= −9 𝑥
+𝑐 √9 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √3 𝑠ⅇ𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2) ∫ 3 =∫ 3 =∫ 3 Cambio de variable
(3+𝑥 2 )2 2
[(√3) +𝑥 2 ]
2 (3+3𝑡𝑔2 𝜃)2
√3 √3 𝑠ⅇ𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 √3 𝑠ⅇ𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 3 ∫ 3 =
3
∫ 3 𝑥 = √3𝑡𝑔𝜃 √3 + 𝑥 2
(3)2 [1+𝑡𝑔2 𝜃]2 √ (𝑠ⅇ𝑐 2 𝜃)2
1 𝑠ⅇ𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1
= 3∫ 𝑠ⅇ𝑐 2 𝜃𝑠ⅇ𝑐𝜃
= 3 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃ⅆ𝜃 ⅆ𝑥 = √3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃ⅆ𝜃 x
1 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= 2 sin 𝜃 + 𝑐 = 3 +𝑐 = √3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑡𝑔𝜃 = √3
√3+𝑥 2 𝑑𝜃 √3
√𝑥 2 +4 √𝑥 2 −22
3)∫ ⅆ𝑥 =∫ ⅆ𝑥 Cambio de variable
𝑥6 𝑥6
√4 sec2 𝜃−4 𝑑𝑥
=∫ 2 sec 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑔𝜃ⅆ𝜃 𝑥 = 2 sec = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑔 𝜃
2 𝑠ⅇ𝑐 6 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 sin2 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
= 16 ∫ 1 ⅆ𝜃 = 16 ∫ sin2 𝜃cos 2 𝜃ⅆ𝜃 = cos 𝜃 ⅆ𝜃 = cos 𝜃
cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
sec6 𝜃
1 1
= 16 ∫ sin2 𝜃cos2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃ⅆ𝜃 = 16 ∫ sin2 𝜃 (1 − sin2 𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃ⅆ𝜃 1 + tg 2 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 x
1 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑥
= 16 ∫ 𝑡 2 (1 − 𝑡 2 ) cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 16 [∫ 𝑡 2 ⅆ𝑡 − ∫ 𝑡 4 ⅆ𝑡] sec 𝜃 = 2 √𝑥 2 − 4
1 𝑡3 𝑡5 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 sin5 𝜃
= 16 [ 3 − 5 ] + 𝑐 = 16 [ 3
− 5
] +𝑐 2
3 5
1 (√𝑥 2 −4) (√𝑥 2 −4)
= 16 [ 3𝑥 3
− 5𝑥 3
]𝑐
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 2cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
4)∫ 3 ∫ 3 = 8∫ 3 = 8∫ 3 Cambio de variable
3
(4−𝑥 2 )2 (4−4 sin2 𝜃)2 [4 (1−sin2 𝜃)]2 (cos2 𝜃)2
42
𝑑𝑥 3 sec 𝜃 tg 𝜃𝑑𝜃 1 tg 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 tg 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑𝜃
5)∫ 2 =∫ = ∫ = ∫ = ∫ 1
𝑥 √ 𝑥 2 −9 2+𝑠ⅇ𝑐 3 𝜃√9𝑥 2 𝜃−1 9 𝑠ⅇ𝑐 2 𝜃√𝑠ⅇ𝑐 2 𝜃−1 27 𝑠ⅇ𝑐 2 𝜃√𝑡𝑔2 𝜃 27
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
1 1 1 cos 2𝜃 1 1 1 cos 2𝜃
= 27 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃ⅆ𝜃 = ∫ cos 2𝜃 ⅆ𝜃 = 27 ∫ (2 + 2
) ⅆ𝜃 = 27 ∫ 2 ⅆ𝜃 + 27 ∫ 2
ⅆ𝜃
1 1 1 1 𝑑𝑣 1 1 1 1
= ∫ ⅆ𝜃 + ∫ cos 2𝜃ⅆ𝜃 = 𝜃 + ∫ cos 𝑣 = 𝜃 + sin 𝑣 +𝑐 = 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 +𝑐
54 54 54 54 2 54 105 54 105
1 1 1 3 1 √𝑥 2 −9 3 1 3 3√𝑥 2 −9
= 54 𝜃 + 105 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑐 = 54 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) + 54 𝑥 𝑥
+ 𝑐 = 54 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [(𝑥) + 𝑥2
]+ 𝑐
Cambio de variable
𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = = x
3 cos 𝜃 3
𝑑𝑥 3
= 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑔 𝜃ⅆ𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = √𝑥 2 − 9
𝑑𝜃 𝑥
2
dx= 3 sec 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ⅆ𝜃 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) 3
𝑥
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃 1
=∫ sec 𝜃
=∫ cos 𝜃
= ∫ cos 𝜃 ⅆ𝜃
𝑥
= sin 𝜃 + 𝑐 = +𝑐
√𝑥 3 +1
Cambio de variable
𝑥
𝑥 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝜃 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝜃 = 1 x √𝑥 2 + 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃
= sec 2 𝜃
ⅆ𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃ⅆ𝜃 1
4° Método: integración por descomposición de fracciones parciales
Este método de integración se utiliza cuando la función es
algebraica cuyo exponente del denominador es mayor que el
exponente del numerador.
2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐
=∫ 𝑥(2𝑥+1)(2𝑥−1)
ⅆ𝑥 =∫ 𝑥
ⅆ𝑥 +∫ 2𝑥+1
ⅆ𝑥 +∫ 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
= −∫ 𝑥
+∫ 2𝑥+1
+ ∫ 2𝑥−1
ⅆ𝑥 = − ln 𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑢
+ 2∫ 2𝑣
= ln 𝑥 + 2 ln 𝑢 + 𝑙𝑛𝑣 + 𝑐
1
= − ln 𝑥 + 2 ln(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝑙𝑛(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐
Cambio de variable
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1 → =2 → ⅆ𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = 2𝑥 − 1 → =2 → ⅆ𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2
Cálculos auxiliares
2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐
𝑥(2𝑥+1)(2𝑥−1)
= 𝑥 + 2𝑥+1 + 2𝑥−1
3𝑥+1 (3𝑥+1)
2)∫ 𝑥 2 −7𝑥+10
ⅆ𝑥 =∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥−5)
ⅆ𝑥 si 𝑥 = 5 → 3𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 5) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)
3𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵 3𝑥+1
= (𝑥−2)(𝑥−5) = (𝑥−2) + (𝑥−5) + ∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥−5)
ⅆ𝑥 3(5)+ = 𝐴(5 − 5) + 𝐵(5 − 2)
𝐴 𝐵 3𝑥+1 12
=∫ (𝑥−2)
ⅆ𝑥 +∫ (𝑥−5)
ⅆ𝑥 + (𝑥−2)(𝑥−5) 16 = 3𝐵 → B= 3
𝐴(𝑥−5)+𝐵(𝑥−2)
= (𝑥−2)(𝑥−5)
si 𝑥 = 2 → 3(2) + 1 = 𝐴(2 − 5)𝐵(2 − 2)
7
7 = −3𝐴 → 𝐴 = − 3
𝑥2 𝑥2
3)∫ 𝑥 3 −7𝑥+6
ⅆ𝑥 = (𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)(𝑥−1) ⅆ𝑥
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝑥2
=∫ 𝑥−2
ⅆ𝑥 +∫ 𝑥+3
ⅆ𝑥 +∫ 𝑥−1
ⅆ𝑥 ⇒ (𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝑥2
= (𝑥−2) + 𝑥+3 + 𝑥−1+ (𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)
𝐴(𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)+𝐵(𝑥−2)(𝑥−1)+𝐶(𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)
= (𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)
4 = 𝐴(5)(1) + 𝐵 ∗ 0 ∗ 1 + 𝐶 ∗ 0 ∗ 5
4
4 = 5𝐴 → 𝐴 =
5
4 𝑑𝑥 9 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥−2)
+ ∫ − ∫ (𝑥−1)
5 20 𝑥+3 4
4 𝑙𝑛 9 𝑙𝑛 1 𝑙𝑛
= 5 𝑥−2 + 20 𝑥+3 − 4 𝑥−1 + 𝑐
𝑥−9 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐
𝑥(𝑥−3)(𝑥−2)
= 𝑥 + 𝑥−3 + 𝑥+2
𝑥−9 𝐴(𝑥−3)(𝑥−2)+𝐵𝑥(𝑥−2)+𝐶𝑥(𝑥−3)
𝑥(𝑥−3)(𝑥−2)
= (𝑥−3)(𝑥−2)𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝑑𝑦 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝐷 𝑑𝑦
5) ∫ (𝑥−2)2 (2𝑥+1)2
=∫ (𝑥−2)
ⅆ𝑥 +∫ (𝑥−2)2
∫ (2𝑥+1) + ∫ (2𝑥+1)2
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝐷(𝑥 − 2)2
1 9 4
Si 𝑥 = − 2 → 1 = 4𝐷 →𝐷=9
1
Si 𝑥 = 2 → 1 = 25𝐵 → 𝐵 =
25
1 16
Si 𝑥 = 0 → 1 − 25 − 9
= −2𝐴 + 4𝐶
184
−2𝐴 + 4𝐶 = − 225
1 4
Si 𝑥 = −1 → 1 = −3𝐴 − 9𝐶 + 9 ( )
23 4
1
1 − 23 = −3𝐴 − 9𝐶
76
+3𝐴 + 9𝐶 = 25
174 244
Resolviendo −2𝐴 + 4𝐶 = − 𝐴=
225 375
76 408
3𝐴 + 9𝐶 = 25 𝐶 = 3375
244 1 408 4
=∫ 375 ⅆ𝑥 + ∫ 25 ⅆ𝑥 + ∫ 3375 ⅆ𝑥 + ∫ 9 ⅆ𝑥
(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 2)2 2𝑥 + 1 (2𝑥 + 1)2
244 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 408 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ + ∫ (𝑥−2)2 + ∫ (2𝑥+1) + ∫ (2𝑥+1)2
375 𝑥−2 25 3375 9
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + (𝐴 + 𝐶)𝑥 + (𝐵 + 𝐷)
𝐶=1 𝐷 = −3
𝐴+𝐶 =2 →𝐴+1=2 ; 𝐴=1
𝐵 + 𝐷 = −3 → 𝐵 + (−3) = −3 ; 𝐵 = 0
𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3 𝑥+0 𝑥−3
∫ (𝑥 2 +1)2
ⅆ𝑥 = ∫ [(𝑥2 +1)2 ⅆ𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 +1
ⅆ𝑥]
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=∫ (𝑥 2 +1)2
+∫ 𝑥 2 +1
− 3∫ 𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 2 𝑑𝑥
=∫ +∫ − 3∫
𝑢2 𝑢 𝑥 2 +1
1 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2 ∫ 𝑢−2 ⅆ𝑢 + 2 ∫ 𝑢
− 3∫ 𝑥 2 +1
1 1
= − 2𝑢 + 2 𝑙𝑛⁄𝑢⁄−3𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐
−1 1
= + 𝑙𝑛⁄𝑥 2 + 1⁄−3𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐
2(𝑥 2 +1) 2
1 1
= 2 𝑙𝑛⁄𝑥 2 + 1⁄− 2(𝑥 2 +1) − 3𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝐵𝑥+𝑐)𝑑𝑥
7) ∫ 𝑥 3 +8
=∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+9)
=∫ (𝑥−2)
+ ∫ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4
1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+9)
= (𝑥−2) + 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4
1 𝐴(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4)+(13𝑥+)(𝑥+2)
(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+9)
= (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+9)
3
Si 𝑥 = −2 → 1 = 12𝐴 → 𝐴 = 12
→ 1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 2𝐴𝑥 + 9𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 2𝐶
3 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 2𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 2𝐶 + 4𝐴 + 2𝐶
2
0𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 + 1 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 2 + (−2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶)𝑥 + (4𝐴 + 2𝐶)
0=𝐴+𝐵 ; 0 = −2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 ; 1 = 4𝐴 + 2𝐶
B= −𝐴 𝐶 = 2𝐴 − 2𝐵 2𝐶 = 1 − 4𝐴
1 1 1 1
𝐵=2 𝐶 = 2 (12) − 2 (− 12) 2𝐶 = 1 − 4 (12)
1 1 2
𝐶 =6+6 2𝐶 = 3
1 1
𝐶=3 𝐶=3
1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 (− + )𝑑𝑥
𝑥 12 3
∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4)
=∫ (𝑥−2)
ⅆ𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4)
1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥−2) − ∫ (𝑥 2 + ∫ (𝑥2
12 12 −2𝑥+4) 3 −2𝑥+4)
1 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
= 12 l 𝑛⁄𝑥 − 2⁄− 12 ∫ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1−1+4
+ 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1−1+4
1 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
= 12 l 𝑛⁄𝑥 − 2⁄− 12 ∫ (𝑥−1)2 +3
+ 3 ∫ (𝑥−1)+3
1 1 (𝑡+1)𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡
= l 𝑛 ⁄𝑥 − 2⁄ − ∫ 2 + ∫
12 12 𝑡 +3 3 𝑡 2 +3
1 1 (𝑡+1)𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡
= 12 l 𝑛⁄𝑥 − 2⁄− 12 ∫ 𝑡 2 +3
− 12 ∫ 𝑡 2 +3
+ 3 ∫ 𝑡 2 +3
4
1 1 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑡
= l 𝑛 ⁄𝑥 − 2⁄ − ∫ 2 + ∫
12 12 𝑢 4 𝑡 2 +3
1 1 1 1 1
= 12 l 𝑛⁄𝑥 − 2⁄− 24 ln ∕ 𝑢 ∕ + 4 [ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 3] + 𝑐
√3 √
1 1 1 𝑥−1
= l 𝑛 ⁄𝑥 −2∕− ln ∕(𝑥 − 1)2 + 3 ∕ + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 ( ) + 𝑐
12 24 4√3 √3
𝑑𝑥 (𝐴𝑥+𝐵) 𝐶𝑥+𝑑𝑥
8) ∫ (𝑥 2 −2𝑥+6)(𝑥 2 +1)
=∫ (𝑥 2 −2𝑥+6)(𝑥 2 +1)
+ ∫ (𝑥 2 +1)
1 𝐴𝑥+𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+6)(𝑥 2 +1)
= 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+6 + 𝑥 2 +1
1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 − 2𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 2 − 2𝐷𝑥 + 6𝐷
2 𝑡𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
= − 29 ∫ 𝑡 2 +5
= − 29 ∫ 𝑡 2 +5
= − 29 ∫ 𝑡 2 +5
𝑑𝑢
2 2 𝑑𝑡
= − 29 ∫ 𝑢2 = − 29 ∫ 2
𝑡 2 +(√5)
1 2 𝑡
= − 29 ln ∕ 𝑢 ∕ − 29√5 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 ( ) + 𝑐
√5
1 2 𝑥−1
= − 29 ln ∕ 𝑡 2 + 5 ∕ − 29√5 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 ( )+𝑐
√5
1 2 𝑥−1
=− ln ∕(𝑥 − 1)2 + 5 ∕ − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 ( ) + 𝑐
29 29√5 √5
√2 𝑑𝛽 √2
= 2
∫ 𝑠ⅇ𝑐 2 𝛽 = 2
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽ⅆ𝛽 x √𝑥 2 + 2
√2 1 cos(2𝛽) √2 𝛽 sin(2𝛽)
= 2
∫ (2 + 2
) ⅆ𝛽 = [
2 2
+ 4
]+𝑐
√2 √2
= 2
𝛽 + 4
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐 √2
√2 𝑥 √2 𝑥 √2
= 4
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 2 + 4
∗ 2 ∗ 2 + 𝑐
√ √𝑥 +2 √𝑥 +1
√2 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 ( )+ + 𝑐
4 √2 2(𝑥 2 +2)