1

APPLICATIONS ON-OFF CONTROL

(RELAY) REPORT N°2
 aplicación de software utilizando un controlador lógico
Abstract— This report will discuss the design of control systems programable. La estrategia de control es, por supuesto dictado
covering many different technologies, depending on the por la aplicación y el nivel deseado de rendimiento, este tipo de
application the appropriate control solution can be complex and control consiste en que una señal de control solo puede tomar
difficult. The ON-OFF control approach is widely used and can be dos valores al igual que dos estados de un interruptor, la
implemented using relays, simple contactors or by software conmutación de la señal de control se realiza fundamentalmente
application using a programmable logic controller, in this case
al cambiar el error del signo. El controlador no tiene la
some applications of this control will be shown for the
understanding of the same. capacidad para producir un valor exacto en la variable
controlada para un valor de referencia dado pues el controlador
Index Terms—Control ON-OFF, systems, technologies, relays, produce una continua desviación del valor de referencia. La
simple contactors, software. acción del controlador de dos posiciones tiene un simple
mecanismo de construcción, por esa razón este tipo de
controladores es de los de más amplio uso.
I. INTRODUCCIÓN B. INTERRUPTORES

P ara el desarrollo del siguiente informe se ha analizado de

forma concreta el tema del control on-off para poder aplicar
estos conocimientos en algunos sistemas de automatización
Los interruptores son operadores de comando que abren o
cierran circuitos eléctricos. Son utilizados de forma manual o
automática, en un típico proceso de automatización industrial.
industrial, en este caso serán aplicados para un sistema de control Algunos interruptores son mixtos, es decir, son de señalización
basado en relés que controlará el nivel de agua en un tanque, también y de comando, lo cual permite automatizar a la misma vez
un sistema de control de seguridad en un banco, para proteger el acceso que se puede intervenir en el proceso de forma manual,
a la caja fuerte a los controles del sistema de seguridad de acceso a la cuando el operario u observador nota una señal luminosa o
bóveda y el sistema de control de una mezcla química. sonora. Veremos aquí ejemplos típicos que son cruciales para
la industria.

Objetivo general
Desarrollar sistemas de control de relé ON-OFF para los
sistemas de control ya mencionados mediante comprensión de
los sistemas de control de relé de encendido y apagado que se
han obtenido dentro de las horas teóricas de clase.
1.1 Objetivos específicos
o Representar los diferentes sistemas de control dentro
del entorno de AutoCAD Electrical.
o Realizar la simulación de los sistemas para su
comprensión.
C. RELÉS
o Aplicar los conocimientos obtenidos en clase para
poder realizar la implementación de los sistemas. Los relés son componentes electromagnéticos que llevan a cabo
1.2 Material utilizado conmutaciones en sus partes mecánicas, y además se controlan
• AutoCAD Electrical. con poca energía. Los relés son utilizados principalmente para
• CADe SIMU. el procesamiento de señales de mando que intervienen en la
lógica de operación de un proceso.
II. MARCO TEÓRICO La forma de hacer funcionar un relé es conectando un voltaje
A. GENERALIDADES SOBRE CONTROL ON-OFF entre los extremos de su bobina, el cual genera una corriente
eléctrica que circula a través de dicha bobina, creando con este
El control ON/OFF es el más simple es de control de fluido un campo magnético que a su vez provoca el
conmutación sencilla a menudo descrito como control bang- desplazamiento de una placa metálica hacia el núcleo que tiene
bang y se pueden implementar con esquemas muy simples (y adherido la bobina. La placa metálica por su parte, está provista
de bajo costo). Este enfoque es ampliamente utilizado y puede de contactos mecánicos que se pueden abrir o cerrar al moverse
implementarse utilizando relés, contactores simples o por la placa; el estado que los contactos pueden adquirir, ya sean
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abiertos o cerrados, representa el estado lógico que tiene el pulsos suministrados por algún circuito oscilador, con una base
relevador en ese momento, manteniéndose este estado mientras de tiempo estable y conocida. El tiempo es determinado por una
el voltaje sobre la bobina esté aplicado. Al interrumpir el voltaje actividad o proceso que se necesite controlar.
de la bobina, la placa metálica vuelve a su posición normal por Se diferencia del relé, en que los contactos del temporizador no
medio de la acción de un muelle de reposición. cambian de posición instantáneamente. Podemos clasificar los
temporizadores en:
o De conexión: el temporizador recibe tensión y mide un
tiempo hasta que libera los contactos.
o De desconexión: cuando el temporizador deja de
recibir tensión al cabo de un tiempo, libera los
contactos.

D. CONTACTORES
Los relés y los contactores son componentes parecidos y que
realizan funciones similares pero con una diferencia esencial y
que es necesario conocer.
Tanto los contactores como los relés son elementos que existen
en prácticamente cualquier máquina, automatismo o
instalación. Por tanto son de especial importancia ya que seguro III. DESARROLLO
que nos los hemos encontrado o no los vamos a encontrar en
prácticamente cualquier automatismo o mantenimiento de
máquina. A. EJERCICIO 1
Crear un esquema de control basado en relés que controlará
Los relés y los contactores son equipos parecidos a un el nivel de agua en un tanque. El sistema tiene válvula que es
interruptor con la diferencia de que los interruptores son ON o OFF que controla el flujo de agua Un sensor de nivel
comandados por la mano del usuario y los relés y contactores de agua da salida a un valor lógico 1 cuando el nivel de agua
son comandados por una tensión. Por tanto un relé o un es mayor que el valor deseado. El esquema debe tener un
contactor es un interruptor automático; con él podemos botón de inicio y un interruptor de emergencia que detendrá
realizar diversas combinaciones y sus aplicaciones son el flujo independientemente del nivel del agua.
múltiples. Un contactor es de constitución parecida a la del relé o Esquema AutoCAD Electrical
pero tiene la capacidad de soportar grandes cargas en sus
contactos principales, aunque la tensión de alimentación de su
bobina sea pequeña.
Por el contrario los contactores son relés que disponen de
contactos de potencia, es decir contactos que tienen la
capacidad de abrir y cerrar contactos por los que circula mayor
intensidad. Suelen representarse por la letra K.

o Simulación CADe SIMU

E. TEMPORIZADORES
Un temporizador es un aparato con el que podemos regular la
conexión o desconexión de un circuito eléctrico después de que
se ha programado un tiempo. El elemento fundamental del
temporizador es un contador binario, encargado de medir los
 3

se abrirá la puerta de la bóveda. • Por último, si se activa la

alarma del banco, la puerta de la cámara debe mantenerse
cerrada, incluso si se pulsan los tres botones.

Figure 2 Botón de inicio para válvula de entrada de flujo de agua

para llenado de tanque
o Esquema AutoCAD Electrical

Figure 1 Sensor de nivel de agua cuando el nivel de agua es mayor

que el valor deseado

o Simulación CADe SIMU

C. EJERCICIO 3
El proceso requiere dos productos químicos (A y B) para ser
liberados simultáneamente en el tanque de mezcla durante 10
segundos. Luego se mezclan juntos durante 30 segundos con
una paleta de mezcla. Se añade entonces una tercera química
(C) al tanque de mezcla durante 10 segundos. La mezcla final
Figure 3 Interruptor de emergencia que detiene el flujo se descansó luego durante 60 segundos. Por último, la válvula
independientemente del nivel del agua. al depósito de salida se abre y el contenido del tanque de mezcla
transfiere al depósito de salida.

B. EJERCICIO 2
El diagrama muestra un sistema de seguridad en un banco. Para
proteger el acceso a la caja fuerte a los controles del sistema de
seguridad de acceso a la bóveda. La especificación del sistema
es el siguiente: • Para abrir la puerta principal de la bóveda, tres
botones deben presionarse simultáneamente. Estos botones
están situados en diferentes zonas del edificio, por lo que es
necesario para tres personas para presionar al mismo tiempo. •
Para permitir un cierto margen de tiempo de respuesta humana;
cada vez que se pulsa un botón se va a cerrar un relé para 2
segundos. Después de que hayan transcurrido 2 segundos, el
relé se abrirá. Si los tres relés están cerrados al mismo tiempo,
se considerará que los botones se presionan simultáneamente y
 4

o Esquema AutoCAD Electrical IV. CONCLUSIONES

 Se concluye que se implementó sistemas de control de
relé usando la herramienta de Cadesimu y así
obtuvimos su simulación.
 Se concluye que realizar este tipo de control es factible
además simplifica inconvenientes aplicando un
control simple y no muy costoso.
 Se concluye que la herramienta de Autocad Electrical
al representar los sistemas fue de gran utilidad ya que
posee una interfaz amigable con el usuario ofreciendo
bibliotecas con componentes eléctricos fáciles de usar.
 Se concluye que se realizó simulaciones usando
conmutadores, bobinas de relé, temporizadores, entre
otros componentes para lograr obtener la simulación
o Simulación CADe SIMU
del control deseado.
 Durante la elaboración del presente informe se
adquirieron nuevos conocimientos sobre el tema
tratado, por ejemplo, se aprendió a desarrollar sistemas
de control on-off de relé para algunas expresiones
lógicas.

Figure 6 Requiere dos productos químicos (A y B) para ser liberados

simultáneamente en el tanque de mezcla durante 10 segundos V. HELPFUL HINTS
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Figure 7 La mezcla final se descansó luego durante 60 segundos. quantities and units. For example, write “Temperature (K),” not
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Multipliers can be especially confusing. Write
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write “Magnetization (A/m)  1000” because the reader would
r2

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or 0.016 A/m. Figure labels should be legible, approximately 8 0 (1)

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1
0
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1
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 6

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